Abstract
The number of granulocytes is maintained by a regulated balance between granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and clearance and destruction in peripheral tissues. Granulopoiesis plays a fundamental role in the innate immune response. Therefore, factors affecting the normal granulopoiesis lead to alterations in innate defenses and reduce the resistance against infections. In this study, we give a description on recent advances regarding the molecular and cellular events that regulate steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis, which are crucial processes for the generation of protective innate immune responses. Particular attention will be given to emergency granulopoiesis alterations in immunosuppression states caused by malnutrition and chemotherapy. The role of microbiota in maintaining a steady-state granulopoiesis and the immunological mechanisms involved are also discussed. Moreover, we describe the findings of our laboratory demonstrating that the dietary supplementation with immunobiotics is an interesting alternative to improve steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis, the respiratory innate immune response, and the resistance against respiratory pathogens in immunocompromised hosts.
Highlights
The microbiota is a complex community of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses that colonize the mucosal surfaces and skin of the human body [1]
We showed that preventive treatment with immunobiotics is capable to increase GMPs in bone marrow (BM) (CD34+ and CD34+Gr-1+ cells), which enables a prompt recovery of peripheral blood neutrophils after Cy-administration [8]
Research from the last years demonstrated that the oral administration of immunobiotics improves the recovery of steady-state granulopoiesis and stimulate the emergency granulopoiesis in malnourished and Cy-immunocompromised host
Summary
The microbiota is a complex community of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses that colonize the mucosal surfaces and skin of the human body [1]. The immunomodulatory probiotic lactic acid bacteria (immunobiotics) are capable to improve the recovery of myeloid cells production affected by malnutrition or chemotherapy, and to increase the immune response against bacterial pathogens [7, 8]. The mechanisms for systemic immunomodulation by the microbiota provide a probable mechanism for immunobiotics activity, demonstrating that translocated microbial products benefit the host by enhancing systemic innate immune function. In this mini review, we examine the interaction between microbiota and immune system, and how this crosstalk affects the maintenance of a steady-state granulopoiesis that is crucial for the generation of protective innate immune responses.
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