Destruction Debris Research Articles

A Review Paper on Assessing the Environmental Impact of Recycled Aggregate Production and Use

Garbage management has emerged as one of our planet's most serious challenges, owing to its considerable contribution to environmental issues. Waste from construction and destruction (C&D), together with agricultural waste, glass, and plastic garbage, account for the majority of this waste. Due to its considerable role in environmental problems, garbage management is an urgent global task. Recycling has gained popularity as a way to reduce landfill trash, including the aggregate made from recycled concrete (RCA) from construction and destruction debris (C&D), which has positive environmental impact, the society and the economy. India continues to employ a little amount of RCA in new construction despite its rising cement demand and generation of C&D waste. The use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in construction impacts concrete characteristics with advantages and disadvantages. Challenges include workability, density, and water absorption, mitigated by super plasticizer and altered absorption methods. This paper emphasises the advantages of RCA in structural concrete and the need for enhanced knowledge and ability for sustainable methods for trash management in the context of India's cement consumption and C&D waste management. The paper urges more investigation and effort to advance RCA as a practical option for handling C&D waste and minimising environmental effects.

Neues zu den Giebeln des frühklassischen Tempels der Aphaia auf Aegina und zu anderen Werken des ›Aphaia-Architekten‹

AbstractSince the publication of Volume I of Dieter Ohly’s Die Aegineten in 1976 and the present author’s monograph on the Aphaia temple’s architecture in 1993, further ceramic, sculptural, and archaeological research has problematized Ohly’s late 6thcentury BC date for the burning of the archaic temple, the construction of its successor from around 505 BC, and the replacement of its east pediment (›East I‹) with another (›East II‹) around 485 BC. An alternative thesis (Stewart 2008; et al.) points to the discovery of burned fragments of the archaic temple in the construction fills of its successor along with attic black figure pottery contemporary with the extensive ›Perserschutt‹ destruction debris from the Athenian agora. It therefore attributes the old temple’s destruction to the invading Persians in 480 BC and its replacement to the 470s. This article has sought an architectural ›third way‹ out of this impasse.Research on the later temple has confirmed the existence of ›surplus‹ horizontal geisa with sockets in the style of the west pediment, which Ohly connected with some ›surplus‹ sculptures from the altar court, and attributed to East I. Yet the latter never proceeded beyond its (unfinished) corner geisa, ruling out Ohly’s theory of its installation on the temple and later replacement.Together with the extensive epigraphical data on oversight procedures in Greek temple building, and other evidence from the site, all this points to a rejection of one of the pediments by an ad hoc building committee before installation, its rapid replacement by East II, and entire construction lasting not more than seven years.Clear traces of the same architect at the Delion on Paros in the 480s and on the ›Temple of Juno Lacinia‹ at Agrigento around 460 BC, all but irreconcilable with Ohly’s chronology, now are best explained by the post-Persian date for the new temple signaled by the ceramic and stratigraphic evidence noted above (Stewart 2008; et al.).

Life and death of four individuals in the destruction of the Late Bronze Age city of Azekah, Israel

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the skeletal remains of four individuals discovered trapped below destruction debris of Building T2/627 at the site of Tel Azekah, Israel, dating to the late 12th Century BCE. Osteological analysis shows that these individuals suffered from anemia and other systemic illness during their lives. Patterns of musculoskeletal stress markers show that they were likely highly active; in the context of artifacts recovered from the building, we suggest that specific activities included grinding grain and carrying heavy objects. Heat damage to the remains shows that the bodies were extensively burned. The archaeological and osteological evidence suggest that a high temperature fire fueled by flammable goods stored in the building caused the building to collapse on top of these individuals, preserving their burnt remains in situ. Together, these lines of evidence enhance our understanding of these individuals' ways of life and manners of death against the backdrop of the “crisis years” of the Late Bronze Age Collapse during the end of the 2nd Millennium BCE.

Late Roman pottery from Room III/North at the Visegrád-Gizellamajor fort

AbstractPottery at the late Roman fort of Visegrád-Gizellamajor contains both forms common in the 4th century as well as new ones, which appear at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries. On traditional Roman household pottery and glazed vessels new surface ornaments (incised and notched) and new designs (fired yellowish-white, very gritty fabric) appear. Additionally, there are vessels with smoothed and smoothed-in ornaments. Although the excavators distinguished various layers in the fort, pottery from the layers often fit together. What survived to the greatest extent were the materials from the upper destruction debris. Room III of the north wing was a later addition to the fort; hence its pottery can be dated from the Valentinian period until the Hun period.

Archaeology, Epigraphy, Philology

Archaeology, Epigraphy, Philology Christopher T. Begg, Victor H. Matthews, William J. Urbrock, Randy C. Payne, John M. Halligan, Paul R. Redditt, Joseph E. Jensen, and Andrew W. Litke ________ 185. [Kazanli Höyük] Alexander Ahrens and Federico Manuelli, “Observations on John Garstang’s Excavations at Kazanli Höyük (Cilicia) in 1937,” Altorientalische Forschungen 44 (2017) 187–200. In 1937, the British archaeologist John Garstang (1876–1956) excavated several trenches at the site of A. and M.’s title as part of the so-called Neilson Expedition in Cilicia. The site is located in “Plain Cilicia,” approximately 2 km from the modern coastline (ca. 11 km east of modern-day Mersin, and 17 km west of Tarsus, roughly located by the ancient/modern road connecting these two cities). After these short trial excavations, however, Garstang’s interest shifted to the site of Mersin/Yumuktepe, where he then excavated for several years. Apart from two very brief preliminary reports on his Kazanli Höyük excavations, which he published in the journal Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology of the University of Liverpool, not much is known about Garstang’s work at the site. Unpublished photographs held in the Special Collections of University College London (UCL) do, however, shed new light on Garstang’s work there. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 186. [Upper Khabur] Sawssan Alchkar, “La céramique métallique dans le haut-Khabur: l’apport de nouvelles données issues de prospections,” Syria 94 (2017) 157–79. During the Early Bronze Age in northern Mesopotamia, the so-called “Metallic Ware” was produced in small quantities, but was of exceptional quality. A.’s article presents a hitherto unpublished series of this pottery, deriving from a survey carried out in the Upper-Khabur region of the Syrian Jezirah. Morpho-typological classification of the artifacts in question makes possible a comparison of these with other such items from sites elsewhere in the Jezirah and the middle Euphrates, this leading to the conclusion that the corpus dates to the Early Jezirah periods 2–4 (ca. 2700–2150 b.c.). The distribution of the artifacts at the surveyed sites shows that the presence of Metallic Ware was concentrated in the northern part of the Khabur area. This finding lends support to the hypothesis of the existence of a production zone in south-eastern Anatolia in the above period that made use of the region’s special clay deposits. This pottery appears in a context marked by the emergence of bronze metallurgy and urbanization. However, a direct link between the Metallic Ware and the foundation of the circular towns known as Kranzhügel seems unlikely, given the current state of our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these two phenomena. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 187. Loay Abu Alsaud and Amer Al-Qobbaj, “Joseph’s Tomb: A Model of Traditional Islamic Shrines in Palestine,” NEA 82 (2019) 114–23. The Islamic shrine known as Joseph’s Tomb is dedicated to the OT patriarch of that name, and since early in its history has been an important site for all religious communities in Palestine, despite disagreements about the status of the patriarch. The authors describe the shrine following its restoration in 2005. New drawings of the main shrine and annexes are presented, and the architecture of the shrine is traced over time, using biblical, [End Page 58] Byzantine, and more recent sources. In its restored form, Joseph’s Shrine reflects Ottoman-Islamic style maqam architecture. [Adapted from published abstract—V. H. M.] 188. [Megiddo] Eran Arie, Elisabetta Boaretto, Mario A. S. Martin, Dvory Namdar, Orit Shamir, and Naama Yahalom-Mack, “A New Jewelry Hoard from Eleventh-Century BCE Megiddo,” NEA 82 (2019) 90–101. A jewelry hoard uncovered in Megiddo in destruction debris securely dated to the Early Iron I period was found 30 m from the Canaanite palace of the city in Stratum VIIA. Three groups of objects from the finds are presented here: a bundle of silver objects; a necklace made of electrum, carnelian, and...

A New Jewelry Hoard from Eleventh-Century BCE Megiddo

A jewelry hoard was recently uncovered in Megiddo in destruction debris securely dated to the Early Iron Age I. The hoard was found only about 30 m from the Canaanite palace of the city of Stratum VIIA. Three groups of objects contained in the hoard are presented: a bundle of silver objects; a necklace made of electrum, carnelian, and silver beads; and ten elaborate electrum jewelry pieces. An earring from the latter group is a work of art that has never been seen before in the jewelry discovered in the region. In light of the accurate excavation methods of the hoard, its good stratigraphical affiliation, and several additional examinations, such as metallurgy, petrography, and residue analysis, the authors discuss the stages of hoarding and point out the social, economic, and historical circumstances of this unique find.

STATE OF THE ART, RECONSTRUCTION OF DAMAGED ZONES: TRANSITORY STRESSES EFFECT AND FACTORS CONTROLLING ROCK MASS STABILITY

For the last three decades, many countries in the Middle East have been bombarded by wars.In these damaged zones, removing of destruction debris and the effect of the direct impact of blasts mighttrigger rock mass instabilities. This paper discusses the influence of explosives on factors controlling stabilityof rock masses and shows the available methods to back-analyze, investigate, and/or design near-surfacerocks. Explosion waves and the resulted debris may jeopardize the geomaterial stability through differentfactors such as; introducing new fractures inside rocks and/or soils, temporary increasing water pressure, anddynamic loading-unloading cycles. Upon unloading as a result of removing destruction debris, the stresschanges and consequently destabilize soil/rock masses. These effects become of great concern in many civilengineering projects such as, road cuts, foundations, and retaining walls. Rock slopes susceptible toinstability could be divided into two categories; the structurally controlled slopes, and the complex rockslopes. One mechanism, to form a continuous rupture surface in complex slopes, is by introducing newfractures through explosions and/or high rate of loading and/or unloading as transitory stresses. The modes ofinstabilities that have been documented are summarized to introduce the factors affecting the geomaterialslope movement in damaged zones. Hybrid modeling approaches might be the best choice to examine a rockmass vulnerability to movement by simulating the explosive stresses. Modeling the entire reconstructionprocess and the effect of explosions would help to reduce or to eliminate risks in the construction of newstructures in after war region.

Archaeological evidence for a destructive earthquake in Patras, Greece

Oriented collapse of columns, large-scale destruction debris and temporary abandonment of the area deduced from an archaeological excavation provide evidence for a major (intensity IX) earthquake in Patras, Greece. This, and possibly a cluster of other earthquakes, can be derived from archaeological data. These earthquakes are not included in the historical seismicity catalogues, but can be used to put constraints to the seismic risk of this city. Patras was affected by a cluster of poorly documented earthquakes between 1714 and 1806. The city seems to be exposed to risks of progressive reactivation of a major strike-slip fault. A magnitude 6.4 earthquake in 2008 has been related to it. This fault has also been associated with a total of four events in the last 20 years, a situation reminiscent of the seismic hazard at the western edge of the North Anatolian Fault.

MORE EARLY HELLADIC SEALINGS FROM GERAKI IN LACONIA, GREECE

In 2002, excavations conducted by the University of Amsterdam at the acropolis site of Geraki (Laconia) revealed a storage room attached to the EH II defensive wall, apparently a casemate built into that wall. Along with pottery and abundant destruction debris were many fragments of clay sealings, some stamped with seal impressions. Sealings had already been discovered at Geraki in 1997 (OJA 18.4, 1999 = Geraki I). Together with the new sealings, Geraki becomes second only to Lerna in terms of the quantity of published sphragistic material from the EH II Aegean. This report considers their significance in terms both of recent finds in the Aegean islands and western Anatolia and their implications for exchange relations across the Aegean. Two appendices describe the formation of the contexts of the new sealings, and a further 12 sealings found elsewhere on the site, suggesting still other areas with sealing activity on the acropolis. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd..

A Decorated Jewellery Box from Hazor

An almost complete box decorated with engraved bone plaques was found in the destruction debris of the Canaanite ceremonial palace at Hazor. Twenty-two additional, similarly engraved bone plaques were found scattered in the building and its immediate surroundings. Among the box plaques and scattered plaques alike, the head of the Egyptian goddess Hathor is the most common motif. A study of the iconography shows that similar artistic portrayals are present on comparable boxes found in Palestine, Syria, Egypt and Cyprus. These boxes fall into two categories: game-boxes and container boxes. Based on the Hazor example, the latter were used for the storage of jewellery and other valuables. The motifs depicted on both types of boxes have much in common. Egyptian influence on the Hazor artist is clearly evident, however it seems that the influence was not always direct: some of the Egyptian motifs seem to have reached Hazor via Syrian intermediaries. Even though the Hazor box was discovered in a 13th century BCE context, a comparative study of similar boxes from Egypt and Cyprus clearly shows that this type of box was produced sometime in the 16th–early 15th centuries BCE. Being valuable objects, the boxes were certainly cherished by their owners and passed on from one generation to the next, which may explain the fact that some, like the Hazor box, were found in contexts two to three centuries later than the date they were produced.

The Collapse of the Assyrian Empire and the Continuity of Ceramic Culture

The complete ground plan (5400 m 2 ) of the so-called Red House has been excavated at Tall Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu on the Habur River in Northern Mesopotamia. Cuneiform tablets can date the period in which the Red House was in use to the reign of the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II after the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Large quantities of pottery were found on the floors covered by the destruction debris. Pottery from go rooms has provided insight into a wide range of forms and their functions, which occurred simultaneously. The analysis of the stratigraphic sequence covering a time span from the late Neo-Assyrian period (seventh century BC) to the turn of the sixth to the fifth century BC clearly demonstrates that there is continuity in both wares and forms. This result calls for a re-evaluation of Iron Age chronology based on pottery periodisation, especially the differentiation of Neo-Assyrian and 'Post-Assyrian' pottery.

The Persian and Carthaginian Invasions of 480 B.C.E. and the Beginning of the Classical Style: Part 1, the Stratigraphy, Chronology, and Significance of the Acropolis Deposits

This study, in three parts, addresses the problem of the beginning of the classical style-the so-called Severe Style-from an archaeological perspective, focusing on those sculptures found or allegedly found in Persian destruction contexts or directly associated with the Persian and Carthaginian invasions. Part 1, the present article, reexamines the 19th-century excavations of the Acropolis and argues that the style almost certainly did not predate the Persian invasion of 480-479 B.C.E. The only deposit thai appears to be pure Perserschutt (uncontaminated destruction debris from the Persian sack) contained only archaic material. The remaining deposits are all later construction fills for the Kimonian/Periklean fortification project. of ca. 467-430. The 15 Severe Style sculptures found in them can be shown to postdate the Athenian reoccupation of the citadel bv as much as 40 years. Parts 2 and 3 will appear in forthcoming issues of the AJA Part 2 reexamines deposits from elsewhere in Athens and Attica, in the Aphaia sanctuary at Aigina, and on Sicily, with similar results. Part 3 summarizes current theories about the origins and meaning of the Severe Style; examines the trend toward austerity in Late Archaic Greece, suggesting that the Tyrannicides of Kritios and Nesiotes (477/6) indeed inaugurated the Severe Style; and proposes that the theory that it was somehow occasioned by the Greek victories of 480-479 is worth reconsidering.*

Eagle owl (Bubo bubo) pellets from Roman Sagalassos (SW Turkey): distinguishing the prey remains from nest and roost sites

AbstractTwo concentrations of animal bones, almost exclusively from small mammals and wild birds, were found within the destruction debris of a Roman bath complex in Sagalassos (SW Turkey). The overall species spectrum, skeletal element representation, fragmentation and preservation condition of the bones indicate that they represent the prey remains of a large nocturnal avian predator, more precisely the eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Differences in skeletal element representation and in prey species' spectrum show that the two bone clusters derive from pellets deposited near a nest site and a roost site, respectively. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the bones indicate that eagle owls lived in the collapsing bath complex during the second half of the 6th to the beginning of the 7th century AD, before the final abandonment of the town. The MNI of the prey animals found at the nest site, confronted with the daily dietary needs of a female eagle owl and its young, indicates repetitive use of the same place during several years. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

New Archaic Coin Finds at Sardis

Two Archaic coins were discovered in excavations of the western fortification of Lydian Sardis in the summer of 2002. The coins, one gold and one silver, are Lydian 12th staters with the confronting foreparts of a lion and bull on the obverse and a square incuse punch on the reverse, the type of coins that are commonly referred to today as "croeseids." They come from under and around a cobbled pavement belonging to the fortification. The pavement and the coins under it were sealed by destruction debris when the fortification was demolished, an event that can be confidently assigned to the capture of Sardis by Cyrus the Great of Persia in the 540s B.C. A third coin, although not recognized as such at the time, was found in 1988 in the destruction debris itself with the skeleton of a young man, probably a casualty of the battle. Upon cleaning, this coin proved to be a croeseid silver 24th stater. The discovery of these coins from a secure context offers a new and much-needed fixed point in the chronology of the Archaic coinage of Asia Minor.

Carved Ivories from Til Barsib

Twelve carved ivories were discovered at Tell Ahmar (ancient Til Barsib) in Syria from excavations conducted by the University of Melbourne. The majority of the ivories come from the destruction debris of the earliest occupation phase of a large domestic structure (building C1). This destruction level can be dated to the second half of the seventh century B.C. on the evidence of cuneiform tablets discovered in the same level. The Til Barsib ivories can be assigned to various schools of Syrian ivory carving and find their closest parallels among the Nimrud ivories. Their presence in a domestic structure, as late as the second half of the seventh century, raises questions about the time when ivories ceased to be carved in Syria and about the social context in which they were used.

The Chronology of Early Greek Pottery: New Evidence from Seventh-Century B. C. Destruction Levels in Israel

Recent excavations at Ashkelon, Tel Miqne-Ekron, and Tel Batash-Timnah have revealed sealed destruction layers attributable to the Babylonian conquests of the late seventh century B. C. The destruction debris at these sites contains sherds of imported East Greek and Corinthian pottery, some of which can be directly paralleled at the nearby coastal site of Meṣad Ḥashavyahu, a site that is generally interpreted as a garrison of Greek mercenaries. While the Greek pottery from all four sites consists of types dated stylistically to the seventh century B. C., there has previously been little independent historical evidence to confirm this dating. The chronology of early Greek pottery is based on its presence at other Near Eastern sites that have problematical stratigraphy. Some scholars, in questioning the traditional chronology for Greek pottery, have tried to lower the accepted dates, though still without specific historical evidence. Syro-Palestinian archaeologists, on the other hand, have used the standard chronology of Greek imports to help date the local material at sites such as Meṣad Ḥashavyahu and Tyre. The new, securely dated material from Ashkelon and Tel Miqne-Ekron, supported also by evidence from Tel Batash and Kabri, shows definitively that specific types of East Greek pottery were present in the Levant before the end of the seventh century, and that the final days of Meṣad Ḥashavyahu were closely contemporary with the destructions of Miqne and Batash.

The Kingscote Wall-Paintings

During the early stages of excavation at the Chessalls, Kingscote, Gloucestershire (ST 8065 9608) late in 1975, several large fragments of wall-plaster were exposed in the destruction debris of an early-fourth-century building with mortared stone walls. Subsequent excavation revealed that the plaster was lying in situ, face up and face down, concertina fashion, as it had fallen. Dr Norman Davey gave instruction and assistance in the lifting of this material and it was removed to his workshop in Potterne, near Devizes, for reconstruction to be carried out. As a result of several months of painstaking work Dr Davey was able to restore large areas of a mural painting or paintings, which will shortly be put on exhibition in the Corinium Museum, Cirencester.

Two Cuneiform Fragments from Tel Aphek

During the third season of excavations at Aphek-Antipatris (summer 1974), two cuneiform fragments were found in the destruction debris of a Late Bronze Age building of substantial proportions. The structure, which was only partially uncovered, was exposed in Area X, beneath the courtyard of the Turkish Fort, near the mosque described in the preliminary report of the first two seasons (Kochavi 1975a). Although only a portion of the entryway to the building was unearthed during the third season, its nature as a public building was made clear by such details as: thick stone walls of standard width (1.4 m.); flagstone pavements; a stairway made of well cut monoliths. Debris from the upper storey covered the lower floor to a depth of ca. 1.5 m. This consisted of burnt bricks and charred wooden beams. The homogeneous finds from the debris date the conflagration to the end of the 13th century B.C.E. The cuneiform fragments were found in Locus 1137 near the stairs in the entryway by Mrs. Linda KeIrn of the expedition staff. The present writer is grateful to Dr. M. Kochavi for intrusting him with the responsibility for their publication (for additional details about the 1974 season at Aphek-Antipatris, see Kochavi 1974; 1975b). In this preliminary study no new numbers have been assigned to the texts other than their registration numbers from the daily journal. Naturally, it is hoped that further excavations will bring to light more texts, at which time a logical, perhaps topical, system of enumeration can be devised.

Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas the Second Century B.C.

A S we have seen in the previous articles of this series, Athens during the 3rd century B.C. produced an abundance of figurines of which the Agora excavations obtained a fair, if fragmentary, sampling. For the coroplastic work of the 2nd century, we have not discovered so much material nor so much chronological evidence. This period was evidently not very productive. The groups of terracottas which we have studied above (pp. 276-292), the Komos Cistern and Group C, moreover, did not end neatly with the end of the 3rd preChristian century, but they evidently included a certain amount that must be dated within the next half-century. The line of demarcation is vague between work of the latest 3rd century and of the earlier 2nd century. Similarly, at the other end, the natural limit of chronological grouping falls not at 100 B.C. but at 86 B.C. when the sack of Athens by Sulla filled wells and cisterns with destruction debris. This discussion is therefore devoted to the period ca. 200-86 B.C. and will be divided into three sections.