Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing Protocol Research Articles

Modifikasi Protokol Routing DSDV Menggunakan Algoritma Dynamic-power transmission untuk Mengurangi Interferensi Sinyal dalam Pengiriman Data Berdasarkan Tingkat Kepadatan Node di Jaringan MANET

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a decentralized collection of nodes that exchange information temporarily via wireless transmission. When nodes communicate, all nodes in the communication range will be affected by signal interference from other nodes. The problem that arises due to this signal interference is that it will affect or interfere with the signal transmitted to the receiver, resulting in a decrease in network performance which will impact the quality of service (QoS). To overcome the problem of signal interference, use interference management. This study applies the Dynamic-Power Transmission (DPT) algorithm to the Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol framework. DPT-DSDV will adjust the communication range automatically based on the node density level. When a node sends data packets to neighbouring nodes, the communication range will be adjusted automatically based on the selected level. The performance of DPT-DSDV will be compared with standard DSDV and standard AODV by looking at performance based on three parameters, namely throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay. Based on the results of research trials, applying the dynamic-power transmission algorithm can improve the performance of the standard DSDV routing protocol. Throughput results on DPT-DSDV increased by 0.90%. The packet delivery ratio (PDR) increased by 0.50%, and end-to-end delay decreased by 2.80%.
 Key words: MANET, Interference, Quality of Service, Routing, DSDV, Dynamic-Power Transmission.

DESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SIGNAL TO NOISE FOR FLYING AD HOC NETWORK

Flying ad hoc network (FANET) is becoming more popular in both military and civilian applications. The primary characteristic of the FANET is high mobility, which results in a constantly changing topology. This is a significant challenge for protocols that control data transmission from nodes to base stations. As a result, many research groups have recently been attracted to the study of data transmission control protocols in FANET, typically routing protocols. This paper presents the application of the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols for FANET. We improve the DSDV routing protocol by considering signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when discovering new routes. The simulation results show that the improved DSDV algorithm outperforms the traditional DSDV algorithm in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay and SNR.

Quality of service assessment routing protocols for performance in a smart building: A case study

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor network (WSN) with several sensors is used to group measurements of certain physical quantities or environmental conditions, including sound, temperature, pressure, vibration, motion, or pollution, at various locations and ranges. In WSNs, several protocols address the issue of routing. Sensor nodes in WSN usually have limited energy resources and storage capacities. Therefore, the issue of energy usage in sensors and protocols is very important. This paper analyzes and compares the quality of service (QoS) performances of three important routing protocols of the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) including Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), and destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), in a smart building case study. The QoS evaluation metrics include residual energy of nodes, instant throughput (IT), average throughput (AT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and route discovery latency (RDL) based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol standard. The simulation is carried out using NS2, and the WSN has 16 fixed and 4 mobility nodes with different speeds and paths. The simulation results illustrate that average throughput in AODV is 1.985118 (kbps), however, the figures for DSR and DSDV are 1.977780 and 1.720700 (kbps), respectively. PDR, also, in DSR stands at 1.0, but the figures for AODV and DSDV are lower with the range of 0.999572 and 0.997930, respectively. Overall, The DSR protocol provides a better performance compared to AODV and DSDV routing protocols in terms of PLR and PDR. Also, AODV has better efficiency in RDL and AT compared to other assumed protocols.

An Optimized and Efficient Routing Protocol Application for IoV

IoV is the latest application of VANET and is the alliance of Internet and IoT. With the rapid progress in technology, people are searching for a traffic environment where they would have maximum collaboration with their surroundings which comprise other vehicles. It has become a necessity to find such a traffic environment where we have less traffic congestion, minimum chances of a vehicular collision, minimum communication delay, fewer communication errors, and a greater message delivery ratio. For this purpose, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was devised where vehicles were communicating with each other in an infrastructureless environment. In VANET, vehicles communicate in an ad hoc manner and communicate with each other to deliver messages, for infotainment purposes or for warning other vehicles about emergency scenarios. Unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) assisted VANET is one of the emerging fields nowadays. For VANET’s routing efficiency, several routing protocols are being used like optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, and destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol. To meet the need of the upcoming era of artificial intelligence, researchers are working to improve the route optimization problems in VANETs by employing UAVs. The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance. Comparisons of traditional routing protocols with UAV-based protocols have been made in the scenario of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Later on, communication of vehicles via aerial nodes has been studied for the same purpose. The results have been generated through various simulations. After performing extensive simulations by varying different parameters over grid sizes of 300 × 1500 m to 300 × 6000 m, it is evident that although the traditional DSDV routing protocol performs 14% better than drone-assisted destination-sequenced distance vector (DA-DSDV) when we have number of sinks equal to 25, the performance of drone-assisted optimized link state routing (DA-OLSR) protocol is 0.5% better than that of traditional OLSR, whereas drone-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (DA-AODV) performs 22% better than traditional AODV. Moreover, if we increase the number of sinks up to 50, it can be clearly seen that the DA-AODV outperforms the rest of the routing protocols by up to 60% (either traditional routing protocol or drone-assisted routing protocol). In addition, for parameters like MAC/PHY overhead and packet delivery ratio, the performance of our proposed drone-assisted variants of protocols is also better than that of the traditional routing protocols. These results show that our proposed strategy performs better than the traditional VANET protocols and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.

Performance Analysis Of DSDV, AOMDV and ZRP Routing Protocols Application Simulation In Pekanbaru Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

The increase in the number of vehicles without the development of driving safety technology, tends to create adverse impacts on society, such as a rise in casualties due to road accidents. Therefore, vehicles need information on the condition of the surrounding traffic environment to provide driver with safety. One of the methods used to obtain prompt information between vehicles that move dynamically is communication technology such as Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). VANET has network characteristics that change rapidly due to the highly dynamic node movement. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right routing protocol for optimal data transmission. In this study, the DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), AOMDV (Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector), and ZRP (Zone Routing Protocol) routing protocols were tested using 3 field data scenarios. The first scenario is a variation of the number of nodes 100, 250, 600, and 700 nodes. The second scenario is a variation of the transmission ranges of 250m, 500m, and 1km. The third scenario is the variation of node speeds of 10 km/hour, 20 km/hour, 30 km/hour, 40 km/hour, and 50 km/hour in Pekanbaru city of Riau province. This research was carried out using the simulation method along with the QoS (Quality of Service) performance testing parameters comprising packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput, collision rate, and packet loss. Out of the three scenarios tested, AOMDV is the best routing protocol to be implemented because it outperforms the other two protocol evaluated in all designated scenarios in the paper. Meanwhile, DSDV and ZRP are superior in end to end delay and routing overhead parameters, respectively.

Performance evaluation of MANET routing protocols based on QoS and energy parameters

Routing selection and supporting Quality of Service (QoS) are fundamental problems in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Many different protocols have been proposed in the literature and some performance simulations are made to address this challenging task. This paper discusses the performance evaluation and comparison of two typical routing protocols; Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) based on measuring the power consumption in network with varing of the QoS parameters. In this paper, we have studied and analyzed the impact of variations in QoS parameter combined with the choice of routing protocol, on network performance. The network performance is measured in terms of average throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), average jitter and energy consumption. The simulations are carried out in NS-3. The simulation results show that DSDV and AODV routing protocols are less energy efficient. The main aim of this paper is to highlight the directions for the future design of routing protocol which would be better than the existing ones in terms of energy utilization and delivery ratio.

RGIM: An Integrated Approach to Improve QoS in AODV, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols for FANETS Using the Chain Mobility Model

Abstract Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles that communicate without any predefined infrastructure. FANET, being one of the most researched topics nowadays, finds its scope in many complex applications like drones used for military applications, border surveillance systems and other systems like civil applications in traffic monitoring and disaster management. Quality of service (QoS) performance parameters for routing e.g. delay, packet delivery ratio, jitter and throughput in FANETs are quite difficult to improve. Mobility models play an important role in evaluating the performance of the routing protocols. In this paper, the integration of two selected mobility models, i.e. random waypoint and Gauss–Markov model, is implemented. As a result, the random Gauss integrated model is proposed for evaluating the performance of AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), DSR (dynamic source routing) and DSDV (destination-Sequenced distance vector) routing protocols. The simulation is done with an NS2 simulator for various scenarios by varying the number of nodes and taking low- and high-node speeds of 50 and 500, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed model improves the QoS performance parameters of AODV, DSR and DSDV protocol.

A hybrid approach for the optimization of quality of service metrics of WSN

The core objective behind this research paper is to implement a hybrid optimization technique along with proactive routing algorithm to enhance the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSN). The combination of two soft computing techniques viz. genetic algorithm (GA) and bacteria foraging optimization (BFO) techniques are applied individually on destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) routing protocol and after that the hybridization of GA and BFO is applied on the same routing protocol. The various simulation parameters used in the research are: throughput, end to end delay, congestion, packet delivery ratio, bit error rate and routing overhead. The bits are processed at a data rate of 512 bytes/s. The packet size for data transmission is 100 bytes. The data transmission time taken by the packets is 200 s i.e. the simulation time for each simulation scenario. Network is composed of 60 nodes. Simulation results clearly demonstrates that the hybrid approach along with DSDV outperforms over ordinary DSDV routing protocol and it is best suitable under smaller size of WSN.

Impact of black hole attack on reliability of mobile ad hoc network under DSDV routing protocol

There has been considerable use of many devices that run on wireless infrastructure such as the mobile ad hoc network (MANET). MANET has become a preferred means of communication in recent times. The reliability and security aspects of MANET need to be investigated further to provide robust and reliable communication. However, current literature shows that little work has been done towards reliability analysis of MANET. The paper gives the reliability analysis of MANET with black hole attack running DSDV routing protocol. NS-2.35 simulation software is used to analyse the impact of black hole attack on the reliability of MANET under destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) routing protocol. Simulation result shows that the reliability of MANET under multiple black hole attack is lower than the reliability of MANET under single black hole attack in DSDV routing protocol.

Comparative Analysis of VANET Routing Protocols: On Road Side Unit Placement Strategies

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a communication paradigm where vehicles can communicate directly with other vehicles or via intermediate fixed architectures called as road side units (RSU). Generally, the density of vehicles vary from very dense to shallow depending on various factors and different scenarios of the roads. In cities the number of cars is high and on highways and specifically in rural areas the density of vehicles varies. Therefore, direct vehicle to vehicle communication faces many problems in communication due to outages. In such scenarios the intermediate infrastructure needs to play an important role. Various routing protocols are implemented for VANETs with variety of design goals. In this paper we investigate the performance of proactive and reactive routing protocols, namely destination sequence distance vector (DSDV) and ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, for various placement strategies of RSU based relays and in city scenario. The simulations were carried on NS2 which suggest that in various settings AODV perform better than DSDV routing protocol.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DSDV, AODV ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN VANET

Wireless networks between vehicles formed by VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks). VANET incorporates the wireless communication and data sharing capabilities to turn into vehicles as a network topology. VANET is showing great potential in research area. Inter-vehicle communication system in VANET improves traffic safety. VANET consists of high dynamic topology, Intermittent connectivity Patterned mobility and on board sensors etc. A challenging task in vehicular ad hoc network is routing of data due to its high dynamic behavior. An efficient routing protocol by understanding the dynamic behavior of VANET topology will plays an essential role in communication of vehicles. Mobility of nodes, road topologies are some of the internal factors are presented on the performance of routing protocols. Routing protocols are of mainly categorized into: Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid routing protocols. This paper occurs with performance evaluation of AODV (Ad-Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector), DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector) routing protocols using mobility model IDM-IM (Intelligent Driver Model with Intersection Management, this mobility model is from VanetMobisim) based on metrics such as packet delivery ratio, throughput and average end to end delay. AODV is reactive routing protocol and DSDV is proactive routing protocol. IDM_IM is the VanetMobisim tool mobility model with a simulation area. In this paper we also present how the VanetMobisim interacts with Network Simulator. VanetMobisim presents results as a text file. The simulation results are presented with graphs. VanetMobisim and Network Simulator tools are open access tools. VanetMobisim a vehicular ad hoc network tool and network simulator-2(NS2) a simulation tool are used for implementation purpose.

Predictability of Aggregated Traffic of Gateways in Wireless Mesh Network with AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols and RWP Mobility Model

When evaluating the performance of routing protocols in wireless mesh network (WMN), we need deeper analysis from the aspect of network traffic complexity to show how traffic characteristics are influenced by routing protocols and node mobility. The predictability of network traffic can be used as one metric of complexity and can be analyzed by multi-scale entropy (MSE) method. With 20 different random waypoint (RWP) mobility scenarios and with destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), a typical proactive protocol, and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), a typical reactive protocol, the predictabilities of aggregated traffic of gateway in WMN are analyzed using MSE method to show how different routing protocols bear different mobility scenarios. The MSE results show that the aggregated traffic of gateway with DSDV is more difficult to be predicted than that with AODV for different mobility scenarios. The maxspeed parameter of RWP dominates the traffic predictability for AODV. Both of the pause time and the maxspeed parameters, have great influence on the traffic predictability for DSDV. The reasons lie in the behaviors of routing protocols, i.e., AODV has up-to-date paths while DSDV does not.

Energy-Efficiency based Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs)

mobile MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is an actively self organizing and self configuring network without the need of any centralized base station. This is a collection of various mobile nodes that is connected through a wireless medium forming rapidly changing topologies in the network. The MANETs are infrastructure less in nature and can be set up anytime, anywhere. In the MANETs, all the nodes are mobile and are battery operated. As because all the nodes in MANETs have limited battery resources and due to node mobility, multi hop routes are used over a changing network environment, so to limit the power consumption, to prolong the network lifetime and to improve the robustness of the system, energy efficient routing protocols are required. The design of efficient routing protocols is a fundamental problem in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET). Many routing protocols have been proposed in the literature, each one is based on different characteristics and properties in MANETs. Some of these respective protocols have been studied and their performances have been analyzed focusing on aspects like energy consumption, packet delivery fraction, network lifetime etc. In this paper, a performance comparison of the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector) and DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) routing protocols is evaluated on the basis of energy efficiency metrics by varying number of nodes, number of connections and pause time. Simulations are done using NS-2(version NS- 2.35). It has been verified through extensive simulations, which mostly represents a wide spectrum of network conditions that DSR delivers the better performance and needs smaller energy expenditure as that of algorithms AODV and DSDV but it is observed that DSDV prolongs the network lifetime better than the other two protocols and provides better load balancing capability.

Applicability of DSDV and DSR Routing Protocol for MANET with Mobile Gateway

this technological era mobile communication among air transportation is increasing day by day. Maintaining seamless communication by avoiding congestion in a cost effective way is a future challenge. This future challenge can be met by developing solutions for an aeronautical air-ground communication network based on internet technologies. This is done by developing Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less dynamic networks allowing mobile nodes to communicate beyond transmission range. Nodes in a MANET that connect it to the Internet are called Internet gateways. This research will present a new paradigm for aeronautical communication in air to ground and air to air at future with mobile gateway. Most of the previous researches on MANET were focused on static gateway. In this paper two routing protocols DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing Protocol) are considered for simulation by Network Simulator (NS-2.35) and shown by performance metrics which is the best one. KeywordsSequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), MANET, mobile gateway, Network Simulator (NS-2.35).

A Comparative Study of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocol of the Vehicle Ad Hoc Network Based on NS2

This document analyzes the wireless ad hoc networks used in vehicle communication. Using the NS2 software, the typical ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) and destination-sequenced distance-vector (DSDV) routing protocol are simulated respectively with 25 mobile nodes and 11 mobile nodes. By reasoning on the simulation data, many performance indicators including the routing protocol throughput, jitter, packet loss rate and end-to-end delay performance are compared and analyzed. Final we have come to an important conclusion that AODV is better than DSDV protocol on a number of performance indicators.

A Modified Algorithmic Approach of DSDV Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Network

An ad-hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of Mobile Hosts without the required intervention of any centralized Access Point. A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork called MANET is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network that is a self configuring network of mobile routers. These mobile routers are connected by wireless links. In MANET there are various routing protocols available. DSR, AODV and DSDV are most popular. Our proposed works are related to examine routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks -the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and On Demand protocol that evaluates both protocols based on the packet delivery fraction and average delay while varying number of sources and pause time. In this Improved -DSDV approach we can overcome the problem of state routes, as well as improve the performance of regular DSDV. We compare the performance of our work with DSDV. In our improved DSDV routing protocol, nodes can cooperate together to obtain an objective opinion about another nodes trustworthiness.

Performance Evaluation of the IBETX Routing Metric Over DSDV Routing Protocol in Wireless Ad hoc Networks

Wireless ad-hoc networks are characterized by a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network without the use of any pre-defined network infrastructure or centralized administration. They have attributes such multi-hop wireless connectivity, continuously changing topology and easy deployment. The increasing demands that are made by users pose a challenge in the improvement of the quality of wireless ad-hoc networks. The performance of wireless ad-hoc networks depend on the efficiency of routing protocols, especially the routing metric operating within it. In this paper, the performance of the recently proposed routing metric Interference Bandwidth Adjusted Expected transmission count (IBETX) metric is compared with two prominent existing metrics, the Expected transmission count (ETX) and the Inverse Expected Transmission count (InvETX) over the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol. The performance differentials are analysed using varying packet rates and node densities. From the simulations results, IBETX metric outperforms the ETX and InvETX metric because it implements the bandwidth sharing mechanism and makes use of the information available at the MAC layer. It can also be noted that it is very sensitive to data traffic rate. It performs well in low and medium node densities.

An Improved DSDV Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network and is a self configuring network of mobile routers connected by wireless links. The wireless links form the union of an arbitrary topology. There are various routing protocols available for MANETs. The most popular ones are DSR, AODV and DSDV. This paper examines routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks– the Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and On –Demand protocol that evaluates both protocols based on the packet delivery fraction and average delay while varying number of sources and pause time. In this paper we consider the new approach an Improved-DSDV Protocol is proposed for Ad Hoc networks. Improved -DSDV overcomes the problem of stale routes, and thereby improves the performance of regular DSDV. The proposed protocol has been implemented in the NS-2 Simulator and performance comparison has been made with regular DSDV and improved DSDV protocols. We compare the performance of our work with DSDV. In our improved DSDV routing protocol, nodes can cooperate together to obtain an objective opinion about another node's trustworthiness. The performance metrics considered are packet-delivery ratio.

QoS Parameter Analysis on AODV and DSDV Protocols in a Wireless Network

Wireless networks are characterized by a lack of infrastructure, and by a random and quickly changing network topology; thus the need for a robust dynamic routing protocol that can accommodate such an environment. To improve the packet delivery ratio of Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks with high mobility, a message exchange scheme for its invalid route reconstruction is being used. Two protocols AODV and DSDV simulated using NS-2 package and were compared in terms throughput, end to end delay and packet faction delivery varying number of nodes, speed and time. Simulation results show that DSDV compared with AODV, DSDV routing protocol consumes more bandwidth, because of the frequent broadcasting of routing updates. While the AODV is better than DSDV as it doesn’t maintain any routing tables at nodes which results in less overhead and more bandwidth. AODV perform better under high mobility simulations than DSDV. High mobility results in frequent link failures and the overhead involved in updating all the nodes with the new routing information as in DSDV is much more than that involved AODV, where the routes are created as and when required. AODV use on -demand route discovery, but with different routing mechanics. AODV uses routing tables, one route per destination, and destination sequence numbers,

Multi-Fractal Characteristics of Mobile Node’s Traffic in Wireless Mesh Network with AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols

The analysis of traffic characteristics can be used for performance evaluation, design and implementation of routing protocols in WMNs (Wireless Mesh Networks). Higher bursty traffic will cause larger queue size, which means more dropping packets, and thus affects other metrics. Because burstiness can be modeled by multi-fractal characteristics effectively, multi-fractal characteristics of mobile node's traffic in WMNs are analyzed with typical proactive and reactive routing protocols, which are DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) and AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector), respectively. Three types of traffic models are used to generate traffic at application level, which corresponding to open-loop and closed-loop scenarios. With different configurations, the probability distribution of inter-arrival time and multi-fractal characteristics of traffic at mobile node and gateway are analyzed with DSDV and AODV protocols. Results show that inter-arrival time with AODV and DSDV protocols possesses heavy-tailed property. And traffic with DSDV protocol exhibits more multi-fractal characteristics than that with AODV protocol, which can explain the higher routing performance of AODV.