Migration Destination Research Articles

Theorising the effects of EU emigration for origin countries: win-win, dependency or agency?

ABSTRACT Theory on East-West migration and EU freedom of movement reveals a bias towards accounts from neoclassical economics predicting a win-win for destination and origin countries of migrants. To counter the bias, we juxtapose the neoclassical perspective with the dependency school and the state capacity literature. Empirically, we find that benefits of migration occur regarding the effects of remittances yet not for expectations on return and demography as well as GDP development and growth. The two alternative accounts explain better how emigration may aggravate a country's peripheral position in the EU or how countries manage to reverse and limit outmigration.

Educational migration of youth: status, prospects

This article examines the issue of educational migration of youth in Kazakhstan in conditions of fierce competition. As a result of the research, it was revealed that educational migration in Kazakhstan is becoming a trend of the present time, which has its pros and cons, in particular: obtaining a diploma from a well-known foreign university is prestigious, helps in the growth of personal success, but also has a great threat - this is very It is difficult to name the exact number of people who returned from abroad after training. These figures were not found by us, which requires studying the state and prospects of educational migration. In the process of the study it was found that among Kazakh students the migration destinations to the Czech Republic, Russia, Turkey and China are in the greatest demand and availability. At the same time, it is worth noting that such countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, the UK and Singapore also attract attention, but access to these states is limited. The article touches upon the topic of public policy in the field of educational migration and considers the impact of public policy in the education system through SWOT analysis. Factors that confirm that the Republic of Kazakhstan is a student-supplying country to other EAEU countries and at the same time receives students from Uzbekistan, India and Russia are described. The scientific research was based on the use of information base, including open sources of specialised databases of normative and legal acts, as well as official web resources of the Scopus Preview database, which showed and existing problems concerning the adaptation of students, the most relevant of them: the impossibility of legal employment, the high cost of housing and poor living conditions. To reduce the burden on the state, focus on creating opportunities for youth self-realization and utilizing their potential for regional development.

Diasporic Somali migration to Turkey: Exploring the intersection of mobility, place, and geopolitics

Abstract This article explores the recent migration of diasporic Somalis to Turkey. Drawing on ethnographic studies, we examine the interplay between mobility and place within this context. Through an analysis of historical ties, geographical location, and geopolitical implications, we investigate how diasporic Somalis’ sense of Turkey as a place emerges as a preferred destination. We argue that Turkey's engagement with Somalia and its growing presence in the region have not only been valued but also highly regarded, thus motivating diasporic Somalis to choose Turkey as their new migration destination. However, the issue of diasporic Somalis' migration to Turkey extends beyond its perceived moral and strategic appeal, encompassing aspects of neo-colonialism and a place of exclusion. In conclusion, this article highlights the complex interplay of political and geopolitical factors that contribute to the uncertain future of diasporic Somalis in Turkey.

Can Thanksgiving Destinations Predict Climate Migration Patterns?

This research explores the relationship between climate-induced migration destination choice and social ties in the US, using anonymized smartphone data from SafeGraph. It shows that Thanksgiving travel patterns correlate with relocations following Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation, suggesting that states with a greater change in visitors during Thanksgiving week compared to regular week are likelier destinations for post-disaster relocation, emphasizing social ties’ crucial role in such decisions. This research highlights the need for urban planning and emergency management to consider the spatial distribution of social networks, which could inform evacuation strategies and disaster recovery policies.

Causes of child labor and working conditions in Ethiopia: evidence from temporary inter-rural child labor migrants from Sekela district

Child labor migration is a critical issue that has received limited attention from academic and policy domains in many developing countries. This article analysis the causes of child labor migration and working conditions at the destination of temporary inter-rural child labor migration from Sekela district, Northwest Ethiopia. Mixed research methods is employed. Quantitative data is collected from randomly selected 204 respondents engaged in child labor migration. Focus group discussion, informal conversational interviews, and observation are also undertaken to gather qualitative data. Most child labor migrants participate in child labor migration due to localized economic constraints, which are reflected through a desire to have modern goods and cloth, food scarcity, and resource degradation. Also, the expansion of commercial farms at destination areas directly or indirectly due to the globalized market indicates that migrant children’s local labor cannot be delinked from material realities created by both national and international economic policy. The income from child labor migration supports children and their households’ livelihood, though it is at the expense of children’s education as well as exposure to worse working conditions at their destination in terms of exploitation, underpayment, malnutrition, breaching of an agreement by employers, and harassment. Hence, to exploit the benefits and minimize the risks, balanced measures should be taken at the origin and destination. Education programs should be supportive in increasing food productivity and assisting households to diversify their means of income by allowing them to participate in non-farm activities. It is also essential to the establishment of support groups in migrant destination places and the expansion of labor inspectorates who continuously supervise the safety of child labor migrants.

Exploring the Role of the Migration Policy Resolution in Enabling Anticipatory Governance in North Macedonia

Abstract The migration landscape is a dynamic phenomenon shaped by geopolitical shifts, economic transformations, and climate change. North Macedonia, located in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula, serves as a critical transit country for significant migration patterns due to its strategic location and political aspirations towards Europe. Facing internal demographic challenges such as population decline and aging, the country is transitioning towards attracting immigration and becoming a destination for migrants. The Mediterranean Crisis of 2015 highlighted North Macedonia's pivotal role in migration routes, with over 800,000 individuals crossing its borders amid Europe's refugee and migrant influx. Despite containment efforts, the country remains part of mixed-movement routes, with significant border crossings observed in subsequent years. The long-term suspicions of brain drain were confirmed when the demographic census of 2021 revealed a startling 10% population decline over nearly two decades, emphasizing persistent outmigration and aging trends. To address migration challenges, North Macedonia adopted the Resolution on Migration Policy 2021-2025, aiming to establish a robust framework for managing both legal and illegal migrations. Anticipatory governance emerges as a proactive approach to navigating migration complexities, incorporating foresight and policy integration to shape sustainable migration policies in the country. The development of an Anticipatory Migration Governance model that seeks to foster transformative mindset shifts among stakeholders and institutionalize forward-looking planning, ensuring the effectiveness of migration management strategies. Through capacity development, improving of data collection, and decisions based on data, North Macedonia aims to navigate migration dynamics and achieve economic development with future-looking inclusive policies and collaboration.

Migration sentiments of modern youth of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

The subject of the research in this article is the migration sentiments of the modern youth of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). For Yakutia, both in Soviet and modern times, the importance of migration has always been enormous. Migration indicators are the most sensitive in relation to the socio-political and economic conditions of the development of the country and the region and require more careful research. The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as the socio-demographic characteristics of potential young emigrants from Yakutia, and preferred destinations for migration. Special attention is paid to the identification of the causes of migration that stimulate the active outflow of young people from Yakutia, the factors that shape migration moods among residents of the region. In addition, the article reveals the relationship between the potential migration activity of young people and satisfaction with the standard of living in the region, as well as the experience of traveling abroad. The main research method was a questionnaire survey of residents of Yakutia aged 17 to 35 years, conducted in October 2023. 239 respondents from 9 districts of Yakutia and Yakutsk took part in the survey. The study revealed a high level of migration sentiment among the youth of Yakutia, more than 90% of respondents plan to move to another locality in the future, either to another region or abroad. The share of those wishing to move to another country was 46.6%, to another region of Russia - 52.2%. Emigration sentiments were highest among men aged 17 to 25, single, unemployed and students. The main reasons that encourage young people to emigrate are the desire to improve the quality of life, unfavorable natural and climatic conditions in the north, the desire to travel and a more fulfilling life. Dissatisfaction with the standard of living among young people leads to an increased desire to move to other regions of Russia or abroad.

Exploring Labor Migration Patterns: A Study On Uzbek Migrant Workers Abroad

This study explores the various methods employed by labor migrants from Uzbekistan to migrate abroad for employment, both temporarily and permanently. It provides a comprehensive analysis based on data from a survey conducted by official sources. The research reveals the significant presence of Uzbek migrant workers in countries such as the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Turkiye, and Korea, with construction being the primary sector of employment. It also examines the role of the Foreign Labor Migration Agency (FLMA) in facilitating overseas employment and highlights Uzbekistan's efforts to diversify its labor migration destinations amidst growing concerns regarding migrants in Russia. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive review incorporating data from both Uzbekistan and the receiving countries to understand the full scope of labor migration dynamics.

Information frictions, belief updating and internal migration: Evidence from Ghana and Uganda

Information frictions about benefits of migration can lead to inefficient migration choices. We study the effects of randomly assigned information treatments concerning regional income differentials in Ghana and Uganda to explore participants’ belief updating and changes in internal migration intentions, destination preferences, and actual migration. Treated participants prefer higher income destinations, while effects on intent plausibly follow subjects’ initial under- or overestimation of potential gains, with asymmetric updating propensities. Effects persist for 18 months, and discussions with others about migrating increase, but actual migration does not. Knowledge about income affects intentions and destination choices, but barriers to actual relocation are complex.

Dinamika Kesultanan Panai Tahun 1862 – 1946

Cultural history in East Sumatra, close relationship with interactions between residents and immigrants. North Sumatra is one of the well-known migration destination areas in Indonesia and even Asia, because it is supported by its rapid economic development. The governments of kingdoms and sultanates in the past were founded on the banks of rivers which were the means and source of social and economic life. The Panai Sultanate was one of the sultanates that built a government center on the river bank. Apart from being a strategic location and a source of livelihood. The main focus of this thesis problem is the history of a sultanate that was once established in the city of Labuhanbilik by analyzing the sultanate. This sultanate is called the Panai Sultanate which is located in Labuhanbilik Village, Central Panai District. Another problem is that the author discusses the dynamics of the Panai Sultanate in 1862-1946 and the factors of the destruction of the Panai Sultanate. The type of method used in this research process is the historical research method. Meanwhile, for the approach, the author uses a qualitative approach. In searching for data, this research uses data collection techniques which consist of three types, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The observation technique was carried out by going directly to research locations such as the Panai Grand Mosque, Tengku Kelana Putra Tomb, Labuhanbatu Regency Regional Library, Tengku Luckman Sinar Reading Park, and the area of ​​the former Panai sultanate located in Labuhanbilik Village, Central Panai District. Meanwhile, the interview technique was carried out using interview sessions with informants, namely community leaders from Labuhanbilik Village, staff from the Panai Tengah sub-district office, and officials from the Mabmi Medan office management. And documentation techniques are carried out by collecting sources, both oral and written sources. The results obtained from this research are that the Panai Sultanate was an ethnic Malay Sultanate that was founded around 1670 with the first capital being Kampung Sipege, then Mabar Negeri Lama and finally Labuhanbilik. The Panai Sultanate has a royal leadership lineage of ten kings. The ten kings are Raja Murai, Raja Umu, Raja Muhammad Soleh, Raja Kaharuddin, Raja Abdullah, Raja Muhammad Tahir, Tengku Sulong Syahnara, Tengku Kelana Putra, Tengku Mahmud Aman, and Tengku Hamlet. The Panai Sultanate was destroyed when the social revolution occurred in 1946 in East Sumatra. The fact that can prove the existence of the Panai Sultanate is the existence of the remains of this Sultanate to this day in the form of mosques and tombs.

Adaptation of Migrated Upper Mustangi People in Pokhara, Nepal

The adaptation process of migrant people from the Upper Mustang to Pokhara found a social issue. The trend of permanent and seasonal shifting was prominently observed in this study. The individual and community-level adaptation process of the in-migrants in Pokhara, and multi-ethnic societal adjustment were considerable. This research concentrated on specific ethnics of the Himalaya region of Mustang district who migrated to Pokhara and adapted in hilly ecology. The study was trying to seek the pattern of migration from the Upper Mustang their circumstance and their adaptation in Pokhara. The study area of this research was covered the migrant population in Pokhara from Lomanthang and Lo Ghekar Damodar Kunda Rural Municipalities of Upper Mustang. This study was based on a qualitative research design with interpretative research paradigm. Six informants residing in Pokhara seasonally or permanently both rural municipalities were selected representatively. For the qualitative information in-depth interview was taken with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. Due to the climatic vulnerability, people from Upper Mustang were shifting in Pokhara permanently or seasonally for survival. The extreme cold, occasional summer rainfall, soil erosion and glacier outburst are major threats of the life security of migrants. Whereas, the common destination of migrants found Pokhara becaue favorable climate, life survival opportunities and historical legacy of socio-economic connection.

Towards carceral protectionist territories: Relational geographies of anti-trafficking confinement in Nepal

The article draws on labour and migration bans in Nepal as a case study to advance nascent, yet growing attention towards trafficking borders in critical geographical research on anti-trafficking. It does so by highlighting a relational geography of carceral protectionist spaces which are encountered, navigated, and sometimes escaped by women citizens on the move who are pre-emptively rescued/‘saved’ from the possibility of being ‘trafficked.’ Specifically, we aim to extend these critical interventions on carceral protectionism in two interconnected ways. First, whilst extant research mainly focuses on institutions and actors within migrant destination states, we examine the operations of carceral protectionist spaces within the home countries of migrant women. Second, we tease out the ways carceral protectionist spaces can actively produce the very subjects they seek to deter or eradicate as they navigate and challenge these institutional spaces. Through the discussion, we develop threads of the conceptualisation of a carceral protectionist territory to indicate the multiple and diffuse, yet interconnected, sites through which women’s mobility aspirations are constrained by anti-trafficking infrastructures.

Old but gold: The use of multiregional life tables and the place-of-birth-dependent approach for studying recent internal migration in Italy

There has been a significant shift in migratory behavior within Italy over time. The origins and destinations of the migration flows, which were previously characterized by a clear prevalence of moving from the south to the center-north, are now much more heterogeneous and complex. Despite the important progress achieved in the past 20 years, the measurement of internal migration remains a contentious topic in international research. Using data provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics, we applied Rogers’ multiregional model place-of-birth-dependent approach to assess the internal migration flows that occurred in Italy in the period 2002 – 2013. This approach provides accurate measurements of internal migration, noting in particular the years of life expectancy for each birth cohort living in each geographical Italian macroregion (northeast, northwest, center, and south). The results indicate that the northwest is the main area of destination for internal migration. The birth cohort in the south is the one that has the greatest number of years of life expectancy in other macroregions. Interestingly, this cohort is the only one characterized by a predominantly male migratory model.

The NB Housing Summit: Solutions to Promote Housing Affordability in the Mid-sized City of Saint John, New Brunswick

Canada is in the midst of a national housing crisis that renders households vulnerable to unstable and unaffordable housing, and various forms of homelessness. New Brunswick is a largely rural Canadian province with three mid-sized cities that have lower housing values than larger Canadian centres. However, affordability is eroding in the province’s housing market, and the rental market offers few options for low-to-moderate-income renters. Simultaneously, visible homelessness and encampments are on the rise. Saint John, one of the mid-sized cities, is a relatively new destination for housing market investment and interprovincial migration, which is leading to higher rents and housing purchase prices. Through an analysis of World Café data collected with 85 individuals (representatives from government, people with lived experience of housing instability, non-profit agencies, housing developers, etc.) in Saint John, New Brunswick, this paper presents locally driven, on-the-ground solutions to the housing and homelessness crises in a mid-sized city.

Skill the low-skilled: the knowledge-driven stepwise migration of Vietnamese workers in South China

This article investigates the interplay between knowledge acquisition and the stepwise migration trajectories of low-skilled Vietnamese workers in China. Utilizing a rich array of data garnered from face-to-face interviews, customized surveys, on-site observations, media narratives, and an archival review of government regulations in Guangxi—a province bordering Vietnam—and in Guangdong, a non-adjacent province, this study proposes an analytical framework, skill-driven migration, to highlight the synergy between the pre-migratory socio-demographic attributes of migrants and the circumstances prevailing in both the places of origin and destination which orchestrates distinct job allocations and skill augmentation avenues. Notably, our study underscores that the competencies acquired in manufacturing employments potentially broaden the horizon of destinations for migrants in their subsequent stepwise migration endeavors. This phenomenon, in turn, poses intricate immigration management quandaries for newly emerged destination nations like China, spotlighting a nuanced dimension of labor mobility and policy frameworks in the evolving regional economic integration. Last, our findings challenge the conventional dichotomy of high-skilled and low-skilled categories of labor migration, as well as the dichotomy of explicit-tacit knowledge.

Migration choices for farming households in rural areas: Why new countryside locations are important for the inhabitants of traditional agricultural areas in central China

AbstractIn the urbanisation stage of bilateral urban–rural interaction, China is adopting various policies to achieve rural revitalisation and provide diverse destinations to which farmers can migrate. Most previous studies have focused on urban destinations; thus, new countryside locations are not as well understood in this context. This study focused on first migration practices to examine new countryside destinations for farmers in China. This study established a conceptual framework to explain the diverse migration destination options based on three aspects: human capital, economic characteristics, and social characteristics. Based on survey data from farming households in a traditional agriculture area in Xinxiang, a multiple logit model was used to examine why new countryside destinations were adaptive first migration destinations. The results indicated that farmers were influenced by land capital and low initial household incomes. Specifically, many farmers were attracted to new countryside locations close to their original villages because of the need for cultivated land and farming, thus providing a logical first move in the rural–urban migration process. Poorer households were willing to first improve their living conditions in this way. This suggests that new countryside construction can help achieve rural revitalisation.

Institutional quality and emigration nexus: Empirical evidence from Türkiye

AbstractThis study attempts to fill an important gap in the empirical literature by investigating the impact of institutional quality in destination countries on emigrants from Türkiye using bilateral migration data from 2010 through 2020. For this purpose, the study builds an augmented gravity model, including economic, geographic, and cultural variables in an exponential form and estimates it by the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. Empirical results significantly confirm the pulling role of strong institutions in destination countries for emigrants from Türkiye since all institutional quality indicators are positively associated with emigrant movements, albeit just one of them, regulatory quality, is statistically insignificant. Among indicators of institutional quality, the most pulling ones for emigrants are voice and accountability and the rule of law, followed by government effectiveness, control of corruption, and political stability and absence of violence, respectively. Overall results indicate that institutions are front‐line players in the emigrants' migration decision and destination choice process. In this context, policy‐makers in both Türkiye and the destination country may implement an institutional policy considering the outcomes stemming from migration movements.

Greccy i macedońscy uchodźcy polityczni w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej a obecny kryzys migracyjny na granicy polsko-białoruskiej

The aim of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of two different approaches to the migration problem. The first one refers to the government of the Polish People’s Republic, which agreed to accept several thousand Greek and Macedonian political refugees fleeing from Greece after the communist side lost the civil war. The policy of the Polish communist authorities brought success in the form of successful coexistence between Greeks and Macedonians with Poles. The second approach is presented by the current Polish government. This is a policy of not admitting any migrants brought to the Polish-Belarusian border by the Belarusian and Russian regimes that are hostile to Poland. The presented comparison is an original attempt to draw conclusions regarding the sources of these different approaches and their political and social consequences. The topic discussed in the article is important not only for Poland and the eastern countries of the European Union, but for the entire EU, because the destination of migrants is not countries such as Poland, Lithuania or Latvia, but wealthier Western countries.

The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on the Remittances and Major Economic Factors of Nepal: A Retrospective Assessment

The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on Nepal, primarily due to the closure of businesses in key migrant labor destinations such as the Gulf countries, Malaysia, and South Korea. Remittances account for 26% of Nepal's GDP, but they have dropped significantly since COVID-19. This study examines the impact of a negative shock to remittances on macroeconomic variables and makes policy recommendations. The analysis finds that a drop in remittances correlates with slower growth in consumption (2.5%) and foreign exchange reserves (17.7%) over a 20-year period, using both quantitative and qualitative data. The result shows that the Nepalese migrant crisis, exacerbated by the economic downturn in destination countries, has led to a substantial decline in remittance inflows, causing a 15.33% monthly decrease. This poses a threat to Nepal's economy, affecting consumption, GDP growth, and key macroeconomic variables. The results thus emphasize the importance of immediate relief and bolstering economic recovery initiatives by investigating potential outcomes of the pandemic's impact on key economic indicators.

A Sociological View on The Impacts of Minority Rights in EU and Migration

After the fall of communism in Albania, migration destinations occurred toward neighbouring states such as Italy, Greece, European countries (Germany, Switzerland, England, Belgium, etc) and also all over the world (US, Canada Australia, etc.). The flow of Albanian migration was expended in a huge amount from different social classes to other states. Because of different social, cultural, economic and political reasons, the migration flow can be identified as a complex migration phenomenon. Consequently, for these reasons, sometimes the Albanian migrants have been discriminated against. This research paper is going to be focused on the Albanian migrants and their minorities’ rights in European states. Another aspect of this paper will be focused on the problem of the well of functions of minority rights causing the anomies to the social and personal identities of migrants.
 
 Received: 19 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024