Desired Action Research Articles

Protocols for Studying How Thyroid Hormone Receptors Trigger Adaptive Thermogenesis in Mice.

The ability of thyroid hormone T3 to stimulate energy expenditure and regulate different aspects of whole body metabolism has been recognized for over a 100years. Indeed in 1895 Adolf Magnus Levy was already describing the influence of the thyroid on setting the basal metabolic rate. Now it has been well characterized that the level of circulating T3 is correlated with energy expenditure both in humans and in rodent models (Mullur et al., Physiol Rev 94:355-382, 2014; Silva, Thyroid 5:481-492, 1995). Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are respectively associated with low and high energy expenditure leading to high and low body mass index. Moreover, T3 also reduces the level of cholesterol in the serum, which is one of the key risk factors to develop atherosclerosis (Mullur et al., Physiol Rev 94:355-382, 2014; Hak et al., Ann Intern Med 132:270-278, 2000). Given the worldwide pandemic of obesity and associated metabolic disorders in the last two decades, the metabolic activities of T3 gained a renewed interest. However, one has to keep in mind that despite its desirable actions, T3 cannot be used as a pharmacological agent since it also triggers unacceptable effects including tachycardia, lean mass loss, and osteoporosis. To solve this conundrum, a recent intense effort has been dedicated to understand how T3 fulfills its different activities, looking for the target tissues and the specific T3 receptor (TR) involved. Indeed recently it was shown that injection of T3 in the brain could efficiently trigger thermogenesis (López et al., Nat Med 16:1001-1008, 2010). This questioned the classical paradigm in which most metabolic actions were the result of local T3 action in the different metabolic tissues. To tackle this problem, many new models of transgenic mice carrying selective Knock-out and Knock-in mutation of TR in specific metabolic tissues are currently generated using conditional mutant alleles of THRA (Quignodon et al., Mol Endocrinol 21:2350-2360, 2007) and THRB (Billon et al., Endocrinology 155:2735-2745, 2014). In parallel some new compounds that allow the targeting of T3 to selective metabolic tissues (Finan et al., Cell 167:843-857, 2016) have also been obtained.In this chapter we will provide and comment two different protocols that are useful to study the adaptive thermogenesis in response to two physiological stresses: cold exposure and high fat diet feeding. They can also be used to test the thermogenic activity of the new designed compounds.

Https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2018/IJMIE_APRIL2018/IJMIEApril18_7b.pdf

To raise awareness, spark interest, and affect the behavior of potential customers, advertising is a crucial part of every marketing strategy. The use of advertising appeals, which are meant to forge an emotional or rational connection between a good or service and its target audience, is one of the fundamental aspects of advertising. The purpose of advertising appeals is to persuade consumers to carry out a desired action, such as purchasing a product, using a service, or altering their behavior. Yet, the effectiveness of advertising appeals depends on several variables, including the capacity to relate to the target audience and the environment in which the campaign is placed. Marketers are more likely to be successful in influencing consumers' behavior if they are aware of their target market and utilize appeals that speak to them. Advertising is more effective in changing consumer behavior when it is in line with the media in which it appears. It provides a thorough grasp of the function of advertising appeals in contemporary marketing by exploring the essential components of advertising appeals and their effect on consumer behavior.

Medical students and professionalism – Do the hidden curriculum and current role models fail our future doctors?

Purpose: Formal medical curricula aim to promote professionalism through learning from lectures, interactive tutorials and simulations. We report an exploratory voting exercise, conducted within a new integrated professional teaching module, examining the likely influence on students’ knowledge and perceptions of truth telling.Methods: Responses were collected from cohorts of final year students over a six-year period. Students were asked to pick between two responses to a standardized clinical vignette, firstly the response that they personally thought was the more desirable action, and subsequently the response they believed would most likely result in the context of everyday real-life clinical practice.Results: The difference (proportional change) in voting for “avoid full disclosure” from vote 1 (more desirable action) to vote 2 (likely real-life response) was 50% (95% CI: 36–64%, p < 0.001) favoring avoidance of full disclosure.Conclusions: This finding highlights a substantial inconsistency between the knowledge taught by the formal curriculum, and the perception generated by the hidden curriculum. Medical Schools should develop strategies to manage the hidden curriculum, prepare clinical teachers to be good role models, and prepare students to be discerning about the hidden curriculum and when choosing role models.

Caffeic Acid in Dermatological Formulations: In Vitro Release Profile and Skin Absorption.

Caffeic acid (CA) is a cinnamic acid derivative, found in many vegetable products, with powerful antioxidant activity, the ability to increase collagen production and capacity to prevent premature aging of the skin. The classic emulsions of CA are widely used by the consumer to provide a pleasant, refreshing sensorial experience; however, preparations developed in the form of dry film are presented as a technological alternative due to its facile and safe transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release, permeation, and retention of CA in a film and emulsion through in vitro experiments. The release evaluation of CA from the emulsion and the film was performed using modified Franz diffusion cells, with an area of 1.77 cm², using Microette equipment (Hanson Research) with a cellulose membrane. The evaluation of the permeation of CA from the formulations was conducted using a similar technique of release, except that a biological membrane was used. High release of active compound and reduced permeation was observed, indicating that CA was able to be retained in the epidermis/dermis, where it should have the desired action. The concentration of caffeic acid in the skin was higher for the film formulation than for the emulsion. This demonstrates a greater efficiency of this type of innovative release system, besides its facile and safe transportation. The formulations tested in this paper can release caffeic acid with a Higuchi kinetic profile, in which release of active ingredient occurs by a diffusion process. The film formulations exhibited a lower permeation rate and higher retention in the skin, which is essential for a cosmetic product. The concentration of CA in the skin was also higher for the film formulation when compared to the emulsion. This demonstrates a greater efficiency of this type of innovative release system, in addition to its easy and safe transportation. Therefore, it is possible to suggest CA as a promising substance for dermal use due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and collagen production stimulating activity.

Maximal linear groups induced on the Frattini quotient of a p-group

Let p>3 be a prime. For each maximal subgroup H⩽GL(d,p) with |H|⩾p3d+1, we construct a d-generator finite p-group G with the property that Aut(G) induces H on the Frattini quotient G/Φ(G) and |G|⩽pd42. A significant feature of this construction is that |G| is very small compared to |H|, shedding new light upon a celebrated result of Bryant and Kovács. The groups G that we exhibit have exponent p, and of all such groups G with the desired action of H on G/Φ(G), the construction yields groups with smallest nilpotency class, and in most cases, the smallest order.

The Effect of Values on the Perception of Sustainable Efforts Towards Event Greening

Values are general guides to behaviour from the principles and fundamental convictions which are the standards by which particular good or desirable actions are judged. Every facet of human existence such as health, diet, leisure, quality of life, every day practices; production, consumption, education, research, politics, and societal values are touched by global environmental change. The flourishing of life on earth can be enjoyed when human goods—life, love, liberty, the freedom to pursue a meaningful existence is aligned with the environment around us. Efforts to save the planet remains to be seen from a societal paradigm shift that is taking place. However, it cannot be determined whether the transformation is comprehensive or fast enough. A socially shared cognitive-normative framework in values, norms, beliefs, and strategies typically entails new principles of social organization in the paradigm shift. A significant impact on everyday thinking and practices in substantial parts of the world is a result from sustainability ideas, norms, and values that permeate an ever-increasing part of modern life. This is occurring not only in developed countries but also in developing ones such as Malaysia. The emerging sustainability paradigm is being established by a process of multiple initiatives facilitated by collective learning of new values, ideas, and practices through associations, communities, business, and political networks. There are not only values and beliefs shifting, some reordering of priorities such as governance reforms and innovations, and changes in many daily practices as well. The higher values indicate greater image transfer on the state of the environment. As such, higher values indicate stronger intentions towards environmental issues. The aim of this study is the attendees’ perception on efforts from event organizers to implement sustainable practices in event management and to explore event attendees’ perception of sustainable efforts towards event greening. The focus of this research is to investigate the relationships between the proposed psychological components of values and the influences on perception of attendees on sustainable efforts towards event greening.

Konsekwencje przemian demograficznych na rynku pracy – w kierunku zrządzania wiekiem

In connection with the demographic changes taking place in recent decades, one of the key issues are the appropriate management of the potential of the growing number of elderly people and undertaking action to mitigate the economic and social impact of aging of the population. The involvement of older workers in the labor market and the maintenance of good health, activity and independence are the best ways to alleviate the problems resulting from aging of societies and to preserve intergenerational solidarity. The aim of the article is to analyze the demographic situation in Poland in the context of the potential of labor resources and to present the concepts and instruments of age management. The research hypothesis oscillates around the claim that the application of age management strategies makes it possible to make the best use of the potential of all employees in a company, regardless of their age. If restructuring of positions and tasks can increase productivity of employeesand improve the use of human capital, dissemination of age management systems in companies is one of the most desirable actions minimizing negative trends in the labor market, both in the social and economic sphere.

When a Sinner Does a Good Deed: The Path‐Dependence of Reputation Repair

AbstractThis study examines how shareholders will interpret a socially desirable action taken by firms with a damaged corporate reputation status. We first explain theoretically why shareholders’ path‐dependent judgments of a tainted firm increase the likelihood of shareholders making less favourable judgments of the firm's socially desirable actions. We then test the theoretical predictions using a sample of Chinese listed firms that were sanctioned for securities fraud and subsequently made donations to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake relief funds. We find that the shareholders evaluate the donations made by fraud‐tainted firms less favourably than those made by firms that have not been sanctioned for fraud. Furthermore, the shareholders’ evaluations of the donations made by fraud‐tainted firms is less favourable if the firms have committed more serious fraud and undertaken fewer positive remedial actions in the post‐fraud period. Overall, our evidence demonstrates that shareholders’ path‐dependent judgments of fraud‐tainted firms constitute a major obstacle that constrains the effectiveness of reputation repair.

LYMPHATIC DELIVERY: CONCEPT, CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS

The lymphatic system is an additional circulatory system throughout the entire body. It plays a critical role in the recognition of immune system and response to disease. Lymphatic delivery has attracted a lot of attention for providing preferential chemotherapy and enhancing bioavailability of drugs that undergo hepatic first-pass metabolism. The anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system, routes of administration and different physicochemical parameters of drug/carriers are overviewed. There are numerous challenges in targeting drugs and bioactives to specific sites, maintaining the desired action and crossing all the physiological barriers. Lymphatic delivery for various diseases employing various nanocarriers emerges as a new technology to provide a better therapeutic and diagnostic outcome.

EEG Signals Analysis for motor imagery based on Curvelet Transform

EEG-based brain-computer interface is a computer-based system provides effective communication and control channels between human brain and computer to carry out a desired action. However, classification of single-trial EEG signals and controlling a device continuously during motor imagery is a difficult task. In this paper, we propose feature extraction method for a single trial online motor imagery using curvelet transform. These curvelet coefficients were used to extract the characters from the motor imagery EEG and classify the pattern of left and right hand movement imagery by Bayesian analysis with Gaussian model. The performance of motor imagery tested by the eye dataset for BCI competition 2003. The hypothetical results presented highest classification accuracy of 96% and superior information transfer rate is obtained. Keywords: Electroencephalograph (EEG), Curvelet coefficients, Motor imagery, Bayesian classifier, Gaussian model, Brain-computer interface (BCI).

Language and other complex behaviors: Unifying characteristics, computational models, neural mechanisms

Similar to other complex behaviors, language is dynamic, social, multimodal, patterned, and purposive, its purpose being to promote desirable actions or thoughts in others and self (Edelman, 2017b). An analysis of the functional characteristics shared by complex sequential behaviors suggests that they all present a common overarching computational problem: dynamically controlled constrained navigation in concrete or abstract situation spaces. With this conceptual framework in mind, I compare and contrast computational models of language and evaluate their potential for explaining linguistic behavior and for elucidating the brain mechanisms that support it.

Chemical Modifications of Ketoprofen (NSAID) in Search of Better Lead Compounds: A Review of Literature From 2004-2016.

Ketoprofen, a potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic drug belonging to the propionic acid class was synthesized in 1968. Rapid absorption, simple metabolism, faster blood brain barrier crossing and high antinociceptive activity are the features responsible for its high use. But, free acidic moiety present in its structure is the major factor that declines its popularity by causing various gastric side effects. Many researchers have chemically modified this drug with the aim to discover an improved and safe NSAID candidate or a new drug with altered activity. We thoroughly searched the literature and found that during the period 2004-2016, more than fifty reports are available on chemical modification of ketoprofen. Along with this, many patents involving chemical modification of ketoprofen have also been reported. However, it was very surprising to note that there are only a few review articles available covering only its pharmacological and clinical properties. There is no review article available covering the chemistry part of ketoprofen. This motivated us to compile the information available on ketoprofen and its derivatives. The purpose of this article is to present an updated review about this topic. We thoroughly searched the peer reviewed research literature and compiled all such reportings (2004 onwards) for the benefit of researchers who further want to work on ketoprofen or other NSAIDs. Studies have been conducted to invent strategies to reduce the ulcerogenic properties of ketoprofen and in the course of time, its modified and improved derivatives have been synthesized in search of safer NSAIDs. Along with the aim of reducing the gastric side-effects, researchers have also done chemical modifications in the structure of ketoprofen to improve its solubility, to alter its blood brain-barrierr permeability, to improve its pharmacodynamic profile and to get derivatives possessing antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. The findings of the review confirm that chemical modifications of ketoprofen decrease ulcer producing side effect while maintaining its desirable actions. Some derivatives were also found to possess better activity profile compared to the parent drug.

Effects of Acid/Alkali and Cellulase Enriched Mixed Enzyme Treatments on Properties of Jute-Cotton Union Furnishing Fabric

The effects of chemical pre-treatments using dilute acids [HCl, CH3COOH, HCOOH, (CH2COOH)2C(OH)COOH] and alkali (NaOH) on raw jute and jute-cotton(75:25) union fabric and the effects of specified mixed enzyme system (different proportion of mixture of cellulase, xylanase and pectinase) pretreatment on conventional 2% H2O2 bleached jute-cotton union fabric have been comparatively evaluated. Among different organic/ mineral acid pretreatments 1% HCl treatment shows higher surface brightening action than that obtained by formic acid, acetic acid and citric acid pre-treatment. All these acid pretreatment do not show desirable softening action but show varying degree of surface leaching action associated with measurable changes in K/S value, whiteness, yellowness and brightness indices. However, 10-18 % NaOH pretreatment of raw jute-cotton union fabric show appreciable softening action but is associated with higher mass loss, appreciable reduction in tenacity and surface darkening. While, 5% dilute NaOH pretreatment show somewhat less softening action, but exhibit lower mass loss, lower surface darkening and lower reduction in tenacity which may be practically useful in imparting desirable softness in jute-cotton union fabric. Treatment with specified cellulase enriched mixed enzyme system (175 unit/ml of cellulase, 96 unit/ml of xylanase and 136 unit/ml of pectinase) on either 1 or 5% NaOH pretreated or conventional 2%H2O2 bleached jute-cotton union fabric renders a moderate degree of softening action and surface smoothening with overall good balance in important textile related properties. However, higher degree of softening action may be achieved, if the said mixed enzyme treatment is carried out after both sequential pretreatments i.e. 5% NaOH pretreatment followed by conventional H2O2 bleaching at the cost of higher weight loss and reduction in tenacity. Studies on Dyeability of such chemically treated jute-cotton union fabric reveals that NaOH pretreatment show an increasing trend for acid dye uptake and reactive dye uptake, while all the dilute acid pretreatments show an increasing trend of basic dye uptake in general.

Brief of Amici Curiae Professors of Patent and Administrative Law in Support of Neither Party, Wi-Fi One, LLC v. Broadcom Corporation, No. 1551944, -1945, -1946 (Fed. Cir., Feb. 23, 2017)

This case implicates a significant balance in the patent system between the competing powers of the federal courts and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to review patent validity. Although Congress already allocated these powers through various provisions of the America Invents Act, this Court’s decision in Achates Reference Publishing, Inc. v. Apple, Inc., 803 F.3d 652 (Fed. Cir. 2015), failed to take account of that balance of power and now threatens to obstruct this Court’s ability to safeguard the balance from further disruption. Intervening guidance from the Supreme Court in Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC v. Lee, 136 S. Ct. 2131 (2016), sheds new light on the court-agency balance of patent powers, whose scope and impact extend well beyond the USPTO Patent Trial and Appeal Board and into the courts. New empirical evidence reveals that litigants use the USPTO to a significant extent as a strategic substitute for courts in reevaluating patent validity. Strategic substitution is subject to important statutory constraints, especially the one-year bar of 35 U.S.C. § 315(b). These constraints promote repose for litigants, conservation of both court and agency resources, and inter-branch respect for the judgments of competing tribunals. Notably, these constraints appear to channel litigants into socially desirable collective action but may also foster undesirable harassment of patent owners and delay in adjudicating patent disputes. Accordingly, in deciding the judicial reviewability of USPTO determinations regarding timeliness under § 315(b), this Court should take careful account of the significant scope and impact that § 315(b) has beyond the inter partes review setting in preserving the balance of power that Congress has allocated to the USPTO and to the courts.

T004 Cognitive processes of motor behavior revealed by tDCS

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive tool, which effectively modulates behavior, and related brain activity. When applied to the primary motor cortex (M1), tDCS affects motor function, enhancing or decreasing motor learning and action execution in both healthy participants and brain-damaged patients. Evidence in both humans and macaques has shown that multiple cortical areas beyond M1 are involved in controlling and guiding movement, including the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the premotor cortex (PMC). Recent evidence in healthy humans and brain-damaged showed that the modulation of cortical excitability of PPC and PMC can be used to improve action-related cognitive processes, highlighting interesting hemispheric asymmetries. Indeed, the anodal tDCS of the PPC of the left hemisphere can be used to selectively facilitate action planning and gesture recognition, while excitability shifts within the PM of the right hemisphere affects action monitoring and awareness. These results indicate that a left parietal system contributes to the activation of motor engrams (such as the pattern and sequence of movements needed to execute an action), while left premotor areas are mostly involved in the operation of the motor monitoring, namely detecting the mismatch between the actual motor output and intended action goal. The final relay is M1, which converts the motor program into the desired action. In conclusion, this evidence offers a functional and anatomical framework for understanding how selective neuromodulatory effects on different higher-level (action planning and monitoring) stages of motor processing can be induced by tDCS in order to optimize motor control and learning. This knowledge opens up novel perspectives in the neurorehabilitation of stroke patients with apraxic and motor awareness disorders, which represents a considerable burden for motor and cognitive rehabilitation.

Bayesian Persuasion and Moral Hazard

We consider a three-player Bayesian persuasion game in which the sender designs a signal about an unknown state of the world, the agent exerts a private effort that determines the distribution of the underlying state, and the receiver takes an action after observing the signal and its realization. The sender must not only persuade the receiver to select a desirable action, but also incentivize the agent’s effort. We develop a general method of characterizing an optimal signal in this environment. We apply our method to derive concrete results in several natural examples and discuss their economic implications

How consumers respond to incentivized word of mouth: An examination across gender

While word-of-mouth (WOM) activities may be planned by marketers, customers have to execute them. And although marketers may attempt to encourage customers to do so by providing either unconditional or conditional incentives, customers have the ultimate control whether or not they execute WOM-related activities. WOM senders' actions might be somewhat aligned with a company's objectives, but marketers have even less control over the responses of WOM receivers. Thus, from the receivers' perspective, this paper examines how incentivized WOM should be designed to boost the success of a marketing program. The theory of planned behavior serves as a framework to explain both the internal and the external drivers that determine receivers' reactions to WOM stimuli. An experimental design is applied to investigate different modes of mobile coupons as a novel tool of WOM. Gender is identified as a major source of heterogeneity in receivers' responses. Results show that incentives' conditionality exerts a negative impact on receivers' responses. The inequality of incentives does significant harm to WOM campaigns that are aimed at male consumers. By contrast, external drivers exert a particularly strong influence on females' reaction to WOM stimuli. Situations of reciprocity reduce women's perceived behavioral control and thereby increase their likelihood to execute the desired WOM action. Research findings hint at the need to design gender-specific incentive schemes to foster WOM.

Demography of woody species in a semi-arid African savanna reserve following the re-introduction of elephants

The hypothesis that African elephants may cause the local extirpation of selected woody species was evaluated in a medium-sized, semi-arid reserve following their reintroduction at low density. Mortality, state-change, and regeneration of 25 tree and 17 shrub species were studied between 1997 and 2010. Annual mortality of shrub species ranged from 0.2 to 8.0%, with six species experiencing 6–8%. Eight shrub species lost more than half their adult population (range 10–94%). Annual tree mortality ranged from 0.2 to 10.5%. The two dominant dryland tree species experienced <1% annual mortality, 18 species lost more than half their tree population, and one was eliminated. Elephants accounted for >63% and stress-related agents >20% of tree deaths. The manner in which elephants induced tree death depended on species. The proportion of individuals of a species killed by pollarding or uprooting ranged from 0 to 74%, and by debarking from 0 to 100%. Complete uprooting was a common cause of death for three shrub species. Regeneration ranged from zero for six tree and one shrub species to a seedling every 7 m2 for Colophospermum mopane and 23 m2 for Dichrostachys cinerea in riparian habitat. Three shrub and eight tree species were identified as vulnerable to local extirpation owing to a combination of high mortality and poor regeneration that is likely to result in a considerably simplified system. Reintroduction of elephants into medium-sized reserves without regulation of their numbers may not be a desirable action.

Addressing Transboundary Cooperation in the Eastern Nile Through the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Insights from an E-Survey and Key Informant Interviews

The Nile is the lifeblood of northeastern Africa, and its roles for and interdependency with the national economies it traverses and binds together grow as it moves from source to sea. With rapid economic development — population growth, irrigation development, rural electrification, and overall economic growth — pressures on the Nile’s water resources are growing to unprecedented levels. These drivers of change have already contributed to stark changes in the hydropolitical regime, and new forms of cooperation and cross-sectoral collaboration are needed, particularly in the Eastern Nile Basin countries of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and South Sudan. As direct sharing of water resources is hampered by unilateral developments, the need has increased for broader, cross-sectoral collaboration around the water, energy, and food sectors. This study is conducted to assess and understand the challenges of and opportunities for cooperation across the water-energy-food nexus nationally in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan, as well as regionally across the Eastern Nile. To gather data, the paper uses an e-survey supplemented with key informant interviews geared toward national-level water, energy, and agriculture stakeholders, chiefly government staff and researchers. Findings from the survey tools suggest that most respondents strongly agree that collaboration across the water, energy, and agriculture sectors is essential to improve resource management in the region. At the same time, there is ample scope for improvement in collaboration across the water, energy, and food sectors nationally. Ministries of water, energy, and food were identified as the key nexus actors at national levels; these would also need to be engaged in regional cross-sectoral collaboration. Respondents also identified a wide range of desirable cross-sectoral actions and investments — both national and regional — chiefly, joint planning and operation of multipurpose infrastructure; investment in enhanced irrigation efficiency; joint rehabilitation of upstream catchments to reduce sedimentation and degradation; and investment in alternative renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar energy.

What are the highly important and desirable patient engagement actions for self-care as perceived by individuals living in the southern United States?

AimThis exploratory survey study aimed to identify patient engagement actions that are the most frequently named as being highly important (top 30 by importance) or ones that they want to do (top 30 by desire) for community-dwelling adult patients living in the southern United States. Items not making the list of the top 30 by ability were also identified.BackgroundPatient engagement is still an ambiguous term among population health and health care professionals in the United States as we lack a clear understanding of what it entails.MethodsThis 2015–2016 study used convenience sampling to recruit subjects in a university’s student health service department and in eight senior centers. Two hundred and fifty adult patients older than 18 years in the Upper Cumberland region of Tennessee participated in the study (82% response rate). A 57-item inventory, “The Patient Action Inventory for Self-Care,” was developed and used to ascertain patients’ self-designated preferences and capabilities in order to understand their needs for education and support.ResultsRespondents included 159 (63.6%) women, 62 (24.8%) men, and 29 (11.6%) who did not indicate their gender. Combining the list of the top 30 importance items and the list of the top 30 desired items yielded a list of 35 items; noteworthy is the fact that the list of the top 30 ability actions contained nine items that were not found in a previously mentioned list of 35 high-ranking importance and desired items. This study validated the necessity of analyzing patient engagement actions by importance, desirability, and ability to accomplish it. These three levels are distinct from each other.ConclusionNurses may use future versions of the inventory to assist patients in identifying self-care actions to engage in. Use of the inventory will demonstrate respect for patients’ preferences and may thus improve engagement.