Desirable Characters Research Articles

Identification of promising chickpea interspecific derivatives for agro-morphological and major biotic traits

The wild Cicer species is well-known for having climate-resilient and productivity-enhancing traits of interest. Therefore, wide hybridization could be used as a realistic strategy for introgressing prospective traits from wild species into the cultivated gene pool. The present study was, thus, undertaken to evaluate F7 chickpea interspecific derivatives derived from Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. and C. echinospermum P. H. Davis wild annual Cicer species. As a result, a set of six interspecific crosses were advanced using the single seed descent (SSD) method of breeding. The F7 generation of these crosses was assessed in two diverse agro-ecological regions of India. The data revealed a wide range of variation with respect to seed yield and its important component traits, which resulted in the identification of the most promising derivatives carrying desirable characters as indicated by range, mean, and coefficient of variation. Further, fruitful heterosis was also estimated as promising selection criteria for identifying superior lines for earliness and high seed yield, including resistance against prevailing stresses (ascochyta blight, botrytis gray mold, dry root rot, and fusarium wilt). The superior derivatives carrying putative characters could be recommended for further breeding and selection of genetic materials for developing suitable genotypes.

Evaluation and Selection of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes for High Yield with Fruit and Shoot Borer Tolerance

Aim: Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is a vital crop of India which belongs to the family Solanaceae with a chromosome number of 2n=24.This study is aimed to evaluate brinjal genotypes and identify superior types with desirable qualities, high yield with fruit and shoot borer tolerance.
 Study Design: The experimental materials consisted of fifteen genotypes and two checks which were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Research: The investigation was carried at Horticultural College orchard, Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2021-2022.
 Methodology: Fifteen local types of brinjal and two checks were collected from several districts of Tamil Nadu and various other sources. Seeds were sown in portrays and then transplanted to main field at the age of 30 days. Growth and yield parameters were observed and recorded.
 Results: Based on the per se performance of the genotypes, CBE SM-006 was adjudged as the best one since, it has recorded superior performance for the characters studied viz., number of branches, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant. Also, CBE–SM-006 found to have minimum fruit borer infestation and shoot borer infestation hence providing maximum marketable yield per plant. The genotype CBE-SM-105 also performed the best for most of the desirable characters. Thus, CBE-SM-006 could be a promising genotype for further breeding programme.
 Conclusion: Thus, the study will provide comprehensive knowledge on evolving and selecting superior genotypes which is indispensable to aim at rational improvement in crop plant.

A One-Point Calibration Design for Hybrid Eye Typing Interface

We present an eye typing interface with one-point calibration, which is a two-stage design. The characters are clustered in groups of four characters. Users select a cluster by gazing at it in the first stage and then select the desired character by following its movement in the second stage. A user study was conducted to explore the impact of auditory and visual feedback on typing performance and user experience of this novel interface. Results show that participants can quickly learn how to use the system, and an average typing speed of 4.7 WPM can be reached without lengthy training. The subjective data of participants revealed that users preferred visual feedback over auditory feedback while using the interface. The user study indicates that this eye typing interface can be used for walk-up-and-use interactions, as it is easily understood and robust to eye-tracking inaccuracies. Potential areas of application, as well as possibilities for further improvements, are discussed.

Genetic Diversity in Snake Gourd (Trichosanthes Cucumerina Var. Anguina L.)

Multivariate analysis of fifty five genotypes of snake gourd was performed at the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh from March to June, 2017 to estimate genetic diversity and choosing the potential parents for a successful hybridization program. The genotypes are grouped into six clusters according to an analysis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis D2. The highest inter-cluster distance was noted between clusters I and VI (205.66) and the lowest between clusters II and V (38.87). The maximum intra-cluster distance was in cluster V (31.23) while the minimum was in cluster VI (15.00). Among the six clusters the IV was the most important cluster, which contains most of the desirable parent selection characters. Taking into account the magnitude of genetic divergence, cluster distance and agronomic performance, 7 parents could be selected from the clusters for the future hybridization program. Crossing among the genotypes of the selected clusters would produce high heterotic progeny.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 45(2): 99-111, June 2020

A Review on Genetic Analysis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crop for Yield and its Contributing Characters

Rice provides major source of calories in the global population. In any crop breeding programme, presence of genetic variability is essential for broadening the gene pool. For selecting a genotype having high desirable traits, high magnitude of variability should be present in the population. The heritability estimates along with amount of genetic variability give us an idea about genetic gain due to selection. Different direct traits (number of panicle/plant, filled grains/plant and test weight) and indirect traits (tiller number/plant, plant height) determine the yield component of rice. Present review draw a clear picture of how variability influences the selection process and also how yield is associated with different direct and indirect traits. Genotypes shows high variability and desirable characters can be used in further breeding programme. A glimpse of molecular advances in rice breeding also has been incorporated in the present review.

OL 15: A high yielding, single cut variety of fodder oat developed for Punjab state

A new high yielding oat variety OL 15 derived from cross between HJ 8 and OL 1610 was released during the year 2021 for irrigated, timely sown conditions of Punjab. Variety reaches to 50 per cent flowering in 115-120 days and ready for harvesting for green fodder. The variety is low in Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content but possess high crude protein (CP) content, crude protein yield (CPY) as well as superior nutritional quality for in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). OL 15 is semi-erect in stature with high tillering ability, good for single cut system with more desirable morphological plant characters such as plant height, leaf length and leaf width and having medium sized grains. The variety showed high responses to nitrogenous fertilizers and is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew. In the overall performance over five years, mean green forage yield of 852.46 q/ha with a superiority of 23.2 per cent over check (Kent) was recorded. The mean dry matter yield recorded for this variety was 180.1 q/ha with 31.4 per cent superiority over check (Kent). At Faridkot district of Punjab, the variety recorded the highest green forage yield (998 q/ha) which justifies the genetic potential of the variety. The variety outperforms other released and tested varieties Kent, OS 6, and OL 125 in terms of green forage yield, dry matter yield and seed yield. The crude protein yield was 10.80 q/ha with an IVDMD of 50.5 per cent and a CP content of 7.1 per cent. The variety OL 15 was recommended in the year 2021 for cultivation in Punjab state of India. Keywords: Oat, multi-location, green forage yield, dry matter content, variety

Convolution-Based Design for Real-Time Pose Recognition and Character Animation Generation

Human pose recognition and its generation are an important animation design key point. To this end, this paper designs new neural network structures for 2D and 3D pose extraction tasks and corresponding GPU-oriented acceleration schemes. The scheme first takes an image as input, extracts the human pose from it, converts it into an abstract pose data structure, and then uses the converted dataset as a basis to generate the desired character animation based on the input at runtime. The scheme in this paper has been tested on pose recognition datasets and different levels of hardware showing that 2D pose recognition can reach speeds above 60 fps on common computer hardware, 3D pose recognition can be estimated to reach speeds above 24 fps with an average error of only 110 mm, and real-time animation generation can reach speeds above 30 frames per second.

Soft variable structure control of linear fractional-order systems with actuators saturation

In this paper, a new method of soft variable structure control for Fractional-Order System (FOS) is proposed to achieve faster response while the control signal is continuous and satisfies actuators’ constraints. Our proposed method, by describing a desired commensurate FOS, with the help of a pole placement algorithm and applying an optimization routine, in the form of a procedure, leads the system to the desired character. The routine is done by solving an optimization problem subject to a control signal constraint qua we obtain the fastest response possible in the sense of stability region. The sufficient condition of stability of the control system is developed based on the stability theory of Fractional Order (FO) linear differential equations, and attributes of the Mittag-Leffler function. Finally, an example and corresponding numerical simulations are presented to show the efficiency of the proposed method. In the proposed method, a new control strategy for the FOS is presented, a complex problem is solved in a simple way, and it can exploit the benefits of using FOS in the modeling and control of complex physical phenomena.

A Review of Horticulturally Desirable Characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): Variable and Deviating Vegetative and Reproductive Morphologies Useful in Breeding Programmes

Variation and deviations in reproductive morphological characters, especially in flower colour and the occurrence of single vs double flowers, in species and hybrids from which cultivars have been selected in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) have given rise to the establishment of a multi-million € horticultural enterprise based on, inter alia, K. blossfeldiana and hybrid material of which it is one parent. Kalanchoes are mostly made available for the trade in material grown indoors. More recently, the breeding of kalanchoes as a source of long-lasting cut flowers, as well as incorporating vegetative, not only reproductive, variation into hybrid offspring have received increasing attention. Vegetative characters of horticultural interest are mostly those of the leaves (colour, maculation, shape). Especially given the ease with which kalanchoes, including nothospecies and cultivars, respond to cultivation outdoors in places where water for irrigation is at a premium, material other than K. blossfeldiana-derived cultivars has recently seen an upsurge in popularity. In the family Crassulaceae as a whole, deviations in leaf morphology, such as surface carunculations, is best known among representatives of other crassuloid genera, including Echeveria (Crassulaceae subfam. Sempervivoideae). Such deviations, too, have given rise to the selection and description of numerous horticulturally popular cultivars, for example derived from E. gibbiflora. The development of leaf carunculations is for the first time reported from K. neglecta and K. nyikae, which are endemic to southern and East Africa, respectively. We provide a review of variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies in Kalanchoe species, nothospecies, and cultivars popular among plant breeders.

Identification of New Sources of Resistance to Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum horii among Persimmon Germplasms

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) anthracnose, predominantly caused by Colletotrichum horii, is a destructive disease of persimmon. Thus, the evaluation of resistance resources is imperative for persimmon breeding and resistant variety deployment. In this study, the isolate from persimmon branches was identified as C. horii by using molecular and morphological characteristics. A total of 142 varieties were tested for anthracnose disease response by inoculation with the conidial suspension of C. horii. A significant variability was observed among the studied accessions. Only two accessions, which had a hypersensitive reaction with a slight lesion at the infection site at 14 days post inoculation, were highly resistant to anthracnose. A total of 7 and 24 accessions exhibited resistant and susceptible responses, respectively, to anthracnose. A total of 109 varieties with the highest proportion (76.76%) of accessions showed high susceptibility to C. horii. A total of 43 persimmon main cultivars were selected for the re-evaluation of the resistance level by counting the natural disease incidence of branches and fruits that showed similar resistant response. Moreover, nine of highly resistant or resistant accessions possessed desirable agronomic characters, including high fruit weight and strong growth potential. These resistant accessions could be used in the breeding of anthracnose-resistant persimmon varieties.

Variability, heritability, and performance of 28 West Sumatran upland rice cultivars, Indonesia

Abstract. Marwan AP, Munandar A, Anwar A, Syarif A, Hayati PKD. 2022. Variability, heritability, and performance of 28 West Sumatran upland rice cultivars, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1058-1064. The abundance of genetic diversity, especially local upland rice cultivars, makes an excellent opportunity to obtain local cultivars with the desirable character. The study aimed to assess the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic traits among local upland rice cultivars from West Sumatra. In this study, 28 local upland cultivars from West Sumatra were subjected to the analysis of variance. The research was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 at the Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. The evaluation was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Results showed variation in each agronomic trait, ranging from intermediate to tall in plant height, short to moderate in panicle length, low to moderate in the number of tillers, days to flowering and days to maturity, and light to moderate in grain yield. Plant height, number of tillers, days to flowering, and days to maturity were traits with high to moderately high GCV values and high heritability values. The number of tillers and days to maturity could be chosen as selection criteria for assembling superior varieties. Both traits performed high heritability estimates and significant genotypic correlation with grain yield.

​Yields and its Component Characters in Upland Rice of Manipur

Background: Yield is a complex entity. The pre-requisite for achieving high yields in rice depends on identification of superior new genotypes for various traits associated with yield. These characters may help in advancing the yield like the plant height, tillers per plant, length of panicle, grains per panicle, grain weight and their relationship with yield and direct and indirect contribution to grain yield. The present study was conducted to identify the yield and its related characters of all the rice cultivars which are collected from the hill farmers of Manipur. Methods: Field experiment of 90 local rice cultivars were conducted in the experimental farm of ICAR, Lamphel, Imphal, Manipur. Sample random sampling technique with a sample size of 6 competitive plant were study in the present study. Data of plant height, total tillers per plant, length of panicle, total spikelet’s per panicle, grain per panicle, grain weight, grain yield per plant were analysed. Result: The present finding shows that a large number of local cultivars are used by the hill farmers of Manipur without appropriate selection. Some of these cultivars were having those agronomic traits which are considered to be associated with yield characters of rice. If improved high yielding varieties for upland rice cropping is not available to the farmers’ they can select to those local cultivars having desirable yield characters.

Compression of image using multi-wavelet techniques

Digital compression of images is a topic that has appeared in a lot of studies over the past decade to this day. As wavelet transform algorithms advance and procedures of quantization have helped to bypass current compression of image standards such as the JPEG algorithm. To get the highest effectiveness in compression of image transforms of wavelet need filters which gather a desirable character's number i.e., symmetry and orthogonally. Nevertheless, wave design capabilities are restricted due to their ability to have all of such desirable characters at the same time. The multi-wavelet technology removes a few of the restrictions of the wavelet play more than the options of design and thus able to gather all desired Characters of transforming. Wavelet andmulti-wave filter banks are tested on a larger scale with images, providing more useful analysis. Multiple waves indicate energy-compression efficiency (a higher compression ratio usually indicates a higher mean square error, MSE, in the compressed image). Filter bank Characters such as orthogonal and compact support, symmetry, and phase response are important factors that also affect MSE and professed quality of the image. The current work analyzes the multi-wave Characters effect on the performance of compression of images. Four multi-wavelength Characters (GHM, CL, ORT4) were used in this thesis and the compression of image performance of grayscale images was compared with common scalar waves (D4). SPIHT quantification device in stress chart and use of PSNR and subjective quality measures to assess performance. The results in this paper point out those multi wave characteristics that are most important for the compression of images. Moreover, PSNR results and subjective quality show similar performance to the best scalar and multi-waves. The analysis also shows that a programmer based on multi-band conversion significantly improves the perceived image quality.

Genetic variability of bioactive compounds in Capsicum chinense

Capsicum is one of the most important genera of the Solanaceae family. Among the domesticated species, C. chinense is considered the most Brazilian pepper, besides being known for having high levels of phytochemical compounds and, consequently, high antioxidant capacity. This work was intended to perform the chemical characterization of bioactive compounds present in C. chinense accessions from the Capsicum Genebank of Embrapa Temperate Agriculture. Fruits from 19 accessions were evaluated regarding the concentration of total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids, total anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. It was possible to observe a high genetic variability among the evaluated accessions. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds was found in accession number P391; the highest concentrations of total carotenoids were found in accession numbers P240; P348 and P399; the highest concentration of total anthocyanins was in accession number P240; and the highest antioxidant activity was found in accession numbers P386, P391, P366, P350, P346 and P399. There is a correlation between antioxidant activity and the content of phenolic compounds, as well as between antioxidant activity and carotenoids in Capsicum chinense. The genetic variability noticed can be exploited in breeding programs for the selection of accessions with desirable characters.

Assessing the Morphological Variability and Some Seed Quality Contributing Traits for Mid Altitude Maize Inbred Lines (<i>Zea Mays</i> L.) in Western Ethiopia, Bako

Maize is one of the highly cross pollinated crop having two or more parents forming hybrid. Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization of parental lines are crucial for sustained quality seed production and formation of new varieties. This Study was initiated to provide information on Phenological characters of fourteen inbred lines. These were: (BKL001, BKL002, BKL003, BKL004, CML161, CML165, CML395, CML204, CML536, CML444, CML202, CML312BK, 142-1-e, 124-b (109), sourced from Bako national Maize research. Most of them were originally introduced from CIMMYT Kenya and Nigeria, among these parents two (CML161 and CML165) are Quality protein maize while 12 of the inbred lines are conventional. DUS characterization was conducted as per as UPOV guidelines. The result revealed that, inbred lines were vary widely differ in their characters. Among the 14 inbred lines, CML161 and CML165 were distinct from other in their yellow kernel color and 142-1-e had the distinguishable character of tassel anthocyanin coloration at glumes base. Dendrograms were constructed based on the morphological characters that briefs differences among the individuals indicating reportable variation among the 14 maize inbred lines which would aid in selection of inbred lines with desirable characters for further seed DUS identification. Generally knowing the DUS character of these parents have significant value to develop a new hybrid for the feature in Maize breeding and help to register new hybrid will be formed and serve as guide lines for different seed producers.

Genetic parameters, diversity and character association studies in germplasm lines of castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor is an important non-edible oilseed crop having huge industrial and export potential. It is used as an efficient lubricant for high-speed engines and as an ingredient in several commodities. There is a critical need to identify or to improve the germplasm lines with desirable characters. In the present study, 82 germplasm lines were evaluated in augmented design to estimate the genetic parameters viz., PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean, principal component analysis and correlation studies. Results showed that the difference between PCV and GCV was low indicating less impact of environment on trait expression. Heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as per cent of mean values were high for all the traits thus role of additive gene action is found important in governing the traits. Cluster analysis studies revealed that all the genotypes were grouped into eight clusters and cluster VIII documented the highest mean values for hundred seed weight and plant yield. The entries PRC-2 and PCS-337 recorded higher hundred seed weights of 56.5 and 48.6 g, respectively and in turn higher yield. These lines can be utilized as parents in the hybrid development programme for yield improvement. Correlation studies revealed that plant yield showed a significant positive association with all the characters except for days to 50% flowering. Thus selection for these traits viz., primary spike length, effective primary spike length, the number of effective spikes per plant, the number of capsules per spike and hundred seed weight will be advantageous in attaining higher yields. Key words: Castor, cluster analysis, correlation, genetic variability, germplasm lines

Improvement of yield in Guizotia abyssinica (L.F.) Cass. by using backcross method

Guizotia abyssinica (L.F.) Cass. is one of the important oilseed crops cultivated in India. The seed of the plant is used by the tribal and rural people of our country as a source of edible oil. The present investigation of the Niger plant deals with the study of the back cross-program and improvement in the variety. Unknown local variety (A) of niger was selected as a non-recurrent parent because of having some desirable characters like less vegetative growth (dwarf), resistance to waterlogged condition, and large seed grains while IGP-76 variety (B) was selected as a recurrent parent and used as a female having characters like small black grains, resistant to leaf-eating cater Piller and powdery mildew result shows successfully transfer of the characters in the F1 generation. The average number of capitulum/plant shows very good and positive results in F1 as well as BC1 generation. As compared to the recurrent parent (B) an average number of capitulum per plant was increased in F1 generation by 14.28% and in BC1 generation by 28.5%. The table indicates that there is incensement in the average number of seeds per capitulum. The average number of seeds per capitulum was increased by 8.3% in the F1 generation and by 11.11 % in the BC1 generation as compared to the recurrent parent. Average weights of 1000 seeds were also increased in F1 generation by 31.78% and in BC1 generation by 47.28% along with the total yield per plant.

The Leading Traits of the Modern Corporate Leader: Comparing Survey Results from 2008 and 2018

This article deals with the evolution of leadership in the corporate business environment by presenting the results of comparative empirical studies conducted in 2008 and 2018. Based on an analysis of empirical research on the 2000 largest global corporations, obtained from the Forbes Global 2000, this work presents the changes that took place over a decade in the characteristics and competencies of contemporary leaders. The results allowed us to identify the desired characteristics, competencies, and character traits of contemporary leaders. In fact, the comparative analysis of these data showed the dynamics of change in the approach of global corporate leaders over the decade. The research results have important implications for the energy sector. Some of the companies participating in the study operate in the energy sector, therefore the opinions of these CEOs indicate significant determinants of modern leadership in this type of enterprise. When analysing the research results on the vision and scope of leadership impact in corporate business, we pointed, among other things, to the assessment of leadership traits, the evolution of leadership activities’ delegation, and the assessment of the importance of managers’ individual action areas and leadership factors.

Russell’s View of Character and Its Insight on Children’s Anti-Smoking Education

Objectives: In this study, we qualitatively studied Russell’s view of character and tried to seek the insight on children’s anti-smoking education. Results: Russell’ view suggests that human character refers to human qualities which are distinguishable as good (i.e., desirable) or bad. Russell focused on desirable human qualities, and he raised that the four characteristics of human beings (i.e., vitality, courage, sharpness, and reason) together absolutely constitute the basis of an ideal personality. This standpoint stems from Russell’s assumption that human character attention can promote personal good habits and consider the details of education. This assumption has formed Russell’s view that human character can be cultivated through games and imagination, skill learning and scientific explanation, knowledge acquisition, and accuracy training. Conclusion: The findings show that Russell’s concept of human character is neutral. Russell advocates the pursuit of universal desirable character. Russell’s view of character connects children’s behavior to human character development. From Russell’ s view, children’s smoking behavior is far from four good human qualities, which is obstructive to their character development. Russell’ s insights instruct people that anti-smoking education should promote children ’ s performance spirit of anti-smoking propaganda, cultivate children’ s coping abilities of smoking allure, and guide children’ s comprehensive thinking of smoking damage.

Virulence and SSR Diversity of Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) Adapted on Differential Rice Host Varieties

Brown planthopper biotype 1, 2, 3 and a representative field population are required for resistance screening of promising rice lines in Indonesia, but the current biotype stocks has shown deviation in virulence patterns. The objectives of this study were to develop a set of brown planthopper populations with differential virulence and to investigate their genetic variability using SSR marker. Females originated from two field populations were selected on variety Mudgo (carries Bph1 gene) or ASD7 (bph2 gene) using honeydew excretion as the virulence parameter. Selection cycles resulted in population T, M, A, and R, which was raised and adapted on variety TN1 (carries no Bph gene), Mudgo, ASD7, and Rathu Heenathi (Bph3, Bph17), respectively. Population R was the most virulent as expected and can be used to represent a field population, but the remaining populations still showed high virulence level. AMOVA and PCoA results based on analysis with 38 SSR primer pairs revealed partial genetic separation among populations, with population R was the most genetically distant from the remaining populations. The desired virulence character of the remaining populations is expected could be achieved after further selection and prolonged adaptation on their respective hosts.