Experience Of Designer Research Articles

Factors Affecting Project Owners' Commitment to Implement Green Building Principles in the South Kalimantan Province of Indonesia

The construction of green buildings faces various challenges, including high costs, extended implementation timelines, and numerous requirements that must be satisfied. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the implementation of green buildings. The research focuses on the PUPR Office in South Kalimantan Province, as well as planning consultants, construction management personnel, and contractors involved in the construction projects of the South Kalimantan Sports Hall and the Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari Mosque in South Kalimantan Province. Key factors affecting the implementation of green buildings include financial commitment, energy savings, and the utilization of environmentally friendly materials. These factors encompass several variables: additional fund allocation for green buildings, the skills and experience of designers, the integration of natural and artificial lighting, energy-saving planning, the application of prefabrication technology and flatpack design, the use of sustainable materials, the incorporation of local wisdom, and strategies for light efficiency and outsourcing that involve gain sharing. Keywords: Building Construction, Building Energy Performance, Energy, Green Building, Green Construction

Automatic optimization design of laser triangulation ranging sensors using an improved genetic algorithm

Optical system parameter design is of great importance to ensure the accuracy of asymmetry systems such as laser triangulation ranging systems. However, the system parameter determination often depends on the experience and manual attempts of designers, which is not only time-consuming but also inevitable to introduce human errors. Therefore, in this paper an automatic optimization design method based on nonlinear programming genetic algorithm with elitism strategy (E-NPGA) is proposed, to accurately and fast determine the optimal system parameters of laser triangulation ranging systems assisting in improving the measurement accuracy. Firstly, an optimization model of system parameters is developed under the Scheimpflug rule establishing the constraints for various measurement resolutions and ranges. An image size constraint is constructed for the first time to improve and evaluate the parameter optimization. Secondly, the E-NPGA is proposed with nonlinear optimization and elitism strategy, which can determine the optimal system parameters in 15 iterations avoiding local extremum. In design examples, using the E-NPGA determined system parameters ZEMAX simulation and experimental results of the parameters depended image spot size show a slight relative difference below 0.6%. Moreover, the experiment results demonstrate the sensor system designed by using the E-NPGA enables a distance measurement with submicron absolute error and 10−4 relative uncertainty. The automatic optimization method proposed in this paper is compared with the conventional GA method and PSO method, and it is validated that the convergence accuracy of the proposed method is much higher than the conventional ones.

Engineering approach to construct robust filter for mismatched nonlinear dynamic systems

AbstractThis article proposes a novel approach to design a robust estimator that is able to keep its consistency in system state estimation when system process model mismatch occurs. To successfully develop such an estimator, not only the estimation strategy proposed but also the designer's knowledge and experience about the system behavior are crucial and determining. To assess the performance of the resultant estimator, its performance is compared with that of three well‐known estimators, that is, the unscented Kalman filter, the cubature Kalman filter, and the extended Kalman filter on the IEEE 5‐generator 14‐bus system. The results indicate that the proposed method has led to an estimator outperforming its rivals under the presence of model errors.

Developing an Automated Virtual Reality Therapy for Improving Positive Self-Beliefs and Psychological Well-Being (Phoenix VR Self-Confidence Therapy): Tutorial.

Virtual reality (VR) is an immersive technology in which delivery of psychological therapy techniques can be automated. Techniques can be implemented similarly to real-world delivery or in ways that are not possible in the real world to enhance efficacy. The potential is for greater access for patients to effective therapy. Despite an increase in the use of VR for mental health, there are few descriptions of how to build and design automated VR therapies. We describe the development of Phoenix VR Self-Confidence Therapy, designed to increase positive self-beliefs in young patients diagnosed with psychosis in order to improve psychological well-being. A double-diamond, user-centered design process conducted over the course of 18 months was used, involving stakeholders from multiple areas: individuals with lived experience of psychosis, clinical psychologists, treatment designers, and VR software developers. Thirteen meetings were held with young patients diagnosed with psychosis to increase the understanding and improve the assessment of positive self-beliefs, help design the scenarios for implementing therapeutic techniques, and conduct user testing. The resulting Phoenix therapy is a class I United Kingdom Conformity Assessed (UKCA)-certified medical device designed to be used on the standalone Meta Quest 2 (Meta Platforms) headset. Phoenix aims to build up 3 types of positive self-beliefs that are connected to psychological well-being. In a community farm area, tasks are designed to increase a sense of mastery and achievement ("I can make a difference"); in a TV studio, users complete an activity with graded levels of difficulty to promote success in the face of a challenge ("I can do this"); and in a forest by a lake, activities are designed to encourage feelings of pleasure and enjoyment ("I can enjoy things"). Phoenix is delivered over the course of approximately 6 weekly sessions supported by a mental health provider. Patients can take the headsets home to use in between sessions. Usability testing with individuals with lived experience of psychosis, as well as patients in the National Health Service (aged 16-26 years), demonstrated that Phoenix is engaging, easy to use, and has high levels of satisfaction.

Applying reinforcement learning to learn best net to rip and re-route in global routing

Physical designers typically employ heuristics to solve challenging problems in global routing. However, these heuristic solutions are not adaptable to the ever-changing fabrication demands, and the experience and creativity of designers can limit their effectiveness. Reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective method to tackle sequential optimization problems due to its ability to adapt and learn through trial and error. Hence, RL can create policies that can handle complex tasks. This work presents an RL framework for global routing that incorporates a self-learning model called RL-Ripper. The primary function of RL-Ripper is to identify the best nets that need to be ripped and rerouted in order to decrease the number of total short violations. In this work, we show that the proposed RL-Ripper framework’s approach can reduce the number of short violations for ISPD 2018 benchmarks when compared to the state-of-the-art global router CUGR. Moreover, RL-Ripper reduced the total number of short violations after the first iteration of detailed routing over the baseline while being on par with the wirelength, VIA, and runtime. The proposed framework’s major impact is providing a novel learning-based approach to global routing that can be replicated for newer technologies.

Artificial intelligence in optical lens design

Traditional optical design entails arduous, iterative stages that significantly rely on the intuition and experience of lens designers. Starting-point design selection has always been the major hurdle for most optical design problem, and different designers might produce different final lens designs even if using the same initial specification. Lens designers typically choose designs from existing lens databases, analyse relevant lens structures, or explore patent literature and technical publications. With increased processing capability, producing automated lens designs using Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches is becoming a viable alternative. Therefore, it is noteworthy that a comprehensive review addressing the latest advancements in using AI for starting-point design is still lacking. Herein, we highlight the gap at the confluence of applied AI and optical lens design, by presenting a comprehensive review of the current literature with an emphasis on using various AI approaches to generate starting-point designs for refractive optical systems, discuss the limitations, and suggest a potential alternate approach for further research.

Multifunctional design of lattice metamaterial with desired thermal expansion behaviors using topology optimization

Designing metamaterials with unprecedented coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) is an urgent demand for the majority engineering structures suffering from ambient temperature variation. Current studies on such artificial materials are mainly focused on achieving CTE tunnability through the purposeful design of material microstructure using an intuition based mechanism. In this study, the mechanical properties including maximum bulk modulus, specific stiffness and high thermal conductivity are combined with desired CTEs for designing multifunctional lattice metamaterials through the application of a non-intuitive topology optimization method. Toward this end, the continuous variable of member cross-sectional area is adopted to optimize lattice topology, section sizes of lattice members and material distributions, simultaneously. To meet the manufacturing requirements, an improved member intersection constraint that can cooperate with the present continuous design variable is introduced. A self-programmed routine that can be coupled with any commercial FEA software is developed to implement the present optimization method for the design of lattice metamaterials. Four typical optimization cases corresponding to different practical engineering issues are completed. Compared with the previously reported representative lattice metamaterials that are devised from the intuition or experience of designers, the optimization results obtained in this work demonstrate an obvious superiority in bulk modulus and specific stiffness. Additionally, a bimetallic specimen, fabricated using mechanical processing technology and composed of the metallic constituents Invar and Aluminum alloy, is presented to demonstrate the manufacturability of the optimized lattice microstructures.

Cooperative Multi-Objective Bayesian Design Optimization

Computational methods can potentially facilitate user interface design by complementing designer intuition, prior experience, and personal preference. Framing a user interface design task as a multi-objective optimization problem can help with operationalizing and structuring this process at the expense of designer agency and experience. While offering a systematic means of exploring the design space, the optimization process cannot typically leverage the designer’s expertise in quickly identifying that a given “bad” design is not worth evaluating. We here examine a cooperative approach where both the designer and optimization process share a common goal and work in partnership by establishing a shared understanding of the design space. We tackle the research question: How can we foster cooperation between the designer and a systematic optimization process in order to best leverage their combined strength? We introduce and present an evaluation of a cooperative approach that allows the user to express their design insight and work in concert with a multi-objective design process. We find that the cooperative approach successfully encourages designers to explore more widely in the design space than when they are working without assistance from an optimization process. The cooperative approach also delivers design outcomes that are comparable to an optimization process run without any direct designer input but achieves this with greater efficiency and substantially higher designer engagement levels.

Scenario-based anticipatory failure determination and patent technology inspiration for product innovation design

Exploring opportunities of technologies for product is critical in the highly competitive market. Anticipatory failure determination (AFD) identifies likely failure modes of a product, which provides a tool to explore the technology opportunities for product improvement. The existing methods of AFD are limited in the failure analysis of system components and the acquisition of technical solutions for the failure cause is depending on designer experience. This research proposes an approach to product innovation design based on the scenario-based evolution of AFD and patent technology inspiration. Scenarios obtained based on the proposed scenario generation rules are used to form failure events from the product function level. The failure events are then used to explore technical opportunities based on the anticipatory failure determination. A word vector model is trained with the patent data to extract patent technology terms in combination with the semantic similarity of the functional basis. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is used to cluster patent technologies. The best technical solution is finally selected based on the relative technology maturity and technological distance. The TRIZ tool is used to resolve possible conflicting problems. A complete product innovation design process is proposed from the technology opportunity exploration to concept design formation.

The effect of main dimensions on the preliminary design of motor yachts

The design process of motor yachts mainly relies on the experience of designers, who have confidence in the knowledge acquired from designing units with similar hull-form characteristics. However, once a new concept needs to be developed, the acquired experience on a standard platform is no longer sufficient to achieve in a short time a successful design. The design of a motor yacht implies considering multiple aspects of ship hydrodynamics: resistance, propulsion, seakeeping, and manoeuvring. Such factors have been widely discussed individually on different kinds of ships, but an appropriate joint investigation of hulls like motor yachts is missing in the open literature. Therefore, the present paper intends to cover this gap, providing guidelines for the design of motor yachts in a length range between 20 and 40 meters. As a preliminary study, a series of 15 yacht hulls has been developed, starting from a reference hull form. Seakeeping, manoeuvring, and propulsive performances have been evaluated at a reference environmental condition and speeds according to the ISO 22834:2022 guidelines. Such calculations allow for developing response surfaces of the hydrodynamic properties for the series of yachts as a function of the hull's main dimensions. As a final result, the obtained responses allow for identifying the best compromise solutions for the main dimension selection of a new motor yacht in the length range of 20-40 meters.

DesignFusion: Integrating Generative Models for Conceptual Design Enrichment

Abstract Conceptual design is a pivotal phase of product design and development, encompassing user requirement exploration and informed solution generation. Recent generative models with their powerful content generation capabilities have been applied to conceptual design to support designers’ ideation. However, the lack of transparency in their generation process and the shallow nature of their generated solutions constrain their performance in complex conceptual design tasks. In this study, we first introduce a conceptual design generation approach that combines generative models with classic design theory. This approach decomposes the conceptual design task based on design process and design attributes, and uses the who, what, where, when, why, how (5W1H) method, function-behavior-structure model, and Kansei Engineering to guide generative models to generate conceptual design solutions through multi-step reasoning. Then we present an interactive system using a mind-map layout to visualize multi-step reasoning, called DesignFusion. This empowers designers to track the generation process and control inputs/outputs at each reasoning step. Two user studies show that our approach significantly enhances the quality of generated design solutions and enriches designer experience in human–artificial intelligence co-creation.

Research on and Application of Feature Recognition and Intelligent Retrieval Method for Multi-Component Alloy Powder Injection Molding Gear Based on Partition Templates

The forming process of multi-alloy gears by metal powder injection molding is tedious, and the current design process mainly depends on the experience of designers, which seriously affects the product development cycle and forming quality. In order to solve the problem of the gear feature expression being missing, which hinders the automatic retrieval of similar parts in the analogical design process, a feature recognition and intelligent retrieval method for a multi-alloy powder injection molding gear based on partition templates is proposed in this paper. The partition templates of the gear are defined, and gear digitization is completed by using the automatic recognition algorithm. Searching for similar gear parts in the knowledge base, designers can analogically design the forming process for new parts according to the mature process of the parts in the knowledge base. The automatic identification and intelligent retrieval system developed according to this method has been implemented in two MIM (metal injection molding) product manufacturing enterprises. Case studies and industrial applications have proved the effectiveness of the system, the efficiency of identification and retrieval has been improved by more than 97%, and the number of mold tests has been reduced by 60%.

Fathom: a technology-enhanced learning environment for teaching-learning of expand-reduce skills in software design

Software design problems are often characterized as ill-structured because the requirements are not clearly defined. These problems offer various solution paths and the criteria used to select the solution may not be known initially. The expertise and experience of designers play a crucial role in determining the quality of software design. Less experienced designers often tend to prematurely narrow down their options to a single solution without fully exploring the problem-solution space. This tendency has a negative impact on the overall quality of software design. Studies have shown that systematically expanding the problem space before reducing to problem formulation and exploring the solution space before reducing it to a single solution (expand-reduce skills) improves the quality of the design. We have designed and developed a technology-enhanced learning environment (TELE) named Fathom for scaffolding expand-reduce (ER) skills in software design problems in a data structures course. In this paper, we present three cycles of design, development, and evaluation of Fathom based on the design-based research (DBR) approach. In the first DBR cycle, we identified and evaluated Fathom’s pedagogical features in learning ER skills. In the second cycle of DBR, the aim was to improve the design of Fathom for the learning and transfer of ER skills. Fathom was revised in the third cycle of the DBR to scaffold metacognitive skills. The main contribution of this research is pedagogical design for facilitating the learning of expand-reduce skills in solving software design problems.

Substructure-based design method for vertically irregular steel buckling-restrained braced frame structures

Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) can mitigate the uneven inter-story drifts of vertically irregular steel frame structures during earthquakes, preventing unfavorable seismic forces and failure patterns. However, the structural lateral displacement profile of vertically irregular steel buckling-restrained braced frame structures (VSBFSs) can hardly be predicted; hence, parameter tuning and iterative designing are commonly required in conventional direct displacement-based design (DDBD) methods, which strongly rely on the experience of designers and consumes a considerable amount of time. This study proposes a substructure-based design (SBD) method developed explicitly for VSBFSs. In this method, the substructures of every story of a VSBFS are separated from the entire structure and individually analyzed in the subsequent procedures. The boundary conditions of the substructures are initially simplified as hinges, and an explicit equation of BRB stiffness and inter-story drift for the substructures is established. An iterative calculation procedure is consequently applied to correct the equation by considering the influence of the constraints of adjacent stories. In this manner, the inter-story drifts of all the stories of the entire structure uniformly converge to the predetermined targets, in which the demand of BRBs for each story is also determined. Compared with conventional DDBD methods, the proposed method does not assume the structural lateral displacement profile and is not based on experience, yielding relatively economical and safe design outcomes in a timely manner. The proposed SBD method was first validated by comparing it with existing elastic and elastoplastic design methods through a 15-story VSBFS example. Then, the applicability of the SBD method was further explored through four 6-story VSBFSs with different plan layout reductions and two VSBFSs with heights of 20 stories and 30 stories. Finally, the SBD method was applied to redesign the BRBs of a vertically irregular thermal power plant model (an example of a VSBFS) in a shaking table test.

Common Defects of Prefabricated Prestressed Elements for Industrial Construction

This manuscript attempts to classify typical errors occurring during the design, production, and use of prefabricated and prestressed concrete girders and slabs manufactured in Poland for industrial buildings since the 1950s. Although the cases discussed concern Poland, most of them have a universal character, and as such are also found in other countries. The defects and errors are illustrated with examples and the causes of their occurrence are also discussed. A method of classifying flaws based on the period of their occurrence was proposed. Most of the examples discussed were encountered by the authors during their professional work. In most of the presented cases, repair was possible, enabling further safe operation. This paper shows how important it is to periodically check the technical condition of prestressed structures and how common and at the same time trivial mistakes may be made by designers and contractors of this type of structure, despite the experience of over 70 years of their mass use. The quality of modern prestressed structures is undoubtedly higher. Using the experience of previous generations, designers and contractors abandoned the less durable post-tensioned concrete lattice girders. Errors, if they appear, are most often at the stage of implementing new products or are the result of poor workmanship or disregard for unfavorable weather conditions.

FORMATION OF WORLDVIEW AND PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATIONS OF AIRCRAFT DESIGNER O. ANTONOV

The article provides a thorough comparative and historical analysis of the process of formation of worldview and professional guidelines in the activities of Oleg Antonov, a prominent master of the national aircraft construction and design industry. In particular, the author, based on numerous biographical materials, highlights certain issues of shaping the worldview of the future founder of the aviation industry in his early youth, outlines the range of interests and hobbies related to Oleg Antonov's own beliefs and the influence of his immediate environment.The author highlights the initial steps of Oleg Antonov's amateur activities towards the creation of the first aircraft, in particular, his participation in the «club of aviation amateurs» organized by him in Saratov in his youth. The first experience of the future aircraft designer's participation in the second All-Union glider rally in the Crimea and his confirmation in choosing his future profession are highlighted.The author emphasizes the importance of Oleg Antonov's fateful meetings in his youth with future prominent spacecraft and aircraft designers S. Korolev, S. Ilyushin, and test pilots S. Anokhin and K. Arceulov.The author points out that despite the failure in Koktebel due to the fact that the Golub glider did not take off due to certain design flaws, O. Antonov used this experience as a springboard to the big world of aircraft construction, taking into account all his mistakes and embarking on the path of improving and modernizing the models he had already created. This event can be classified as the starting point of the national gliding industry and Oleg Antonov's professional growth.The author emphasizes that all subsequent aircraft designs by O. Antonov's design bureau were distinguished by their high-tech component and innovative design approaches. The author emphasizes the fact that in his professional activities, O. Antonov solved all the tasks he set with due regard to the laws of aerodynamics, design, strength testing, manufacturability, etc. Such a credo of professionalism was laid down at the initial stage of O. Antonov's formation as an aircraft designer and head of a leading design bureau.

Determining the estimated cost of project works using aggregated indicators of labor intensity.

The article is devoted to the determination of the estimated cost of project works using aggregated indicators of labor intensity. The instruction on determining the estimated cost of design works of construction objects provides for the application of percentage indicators of the cost of design works to the calculation base. The cost of the calculation base is determined with the help of similar objects, or by aggregated indicators of the cost of construction per unit of measurement. The use of analog objects has a number of disadvantages, namely: limited experience and qualifications of designers, an indefinite number of comparative objects that are available in the archive of the project enterprise, the total cost of the analog object includes the cost of material resources that affect on the estimated cost of the analogue object, and accordingly on the cost of the estimated project documentation.
 To get rid of the presence of the specified shortcomings, it is necessary to change the basis of justification for determining the cost of project works. It was found that the basis can only be regulatory labor intensity, as it is stable and uniform for all regions of Ukraine.
 The authors propose to change the basis of the justification for determining the cost by arriving at the determination of the labor intensity of the analogue object using the following methodology. The methodology shows the extent to which specific values of technical and economic indicators change for homogeneous groups of housing reconstruction objects and regression equations of specific values of labor intensity for certain types of works of a similar object.
 The methodology was developed on the basis of normative labor intensity values of more than 30 objects of housing reconstruction. It was determined that the normative labor intensity depends on the technical and economic indicators of the objects under investigation, namely: perimeter, height, superstructure volume and base area. As a result of the study, the limits of technical and economic indicators corresponding to 3 regression models of specific values of normative labor intensity were obtained.
 To verify the specified methodology, an example of determining the specific labor costs of a similar object depending on the specific values of the technical and economic indicators of the new object based on the regression equations of homogeneous groups is given. According to the equations of homogeneous groups and the corresponding technical and economic indicators, a search is made for the correspondence of the technical and economic indicators of the object under study.
 The specified method allows you to find a quantitative estimate of the cost of project works by individual types.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF WOODEN BOATS

The contemporary environmental challenges faced by the maritime industry have triggered a regain of interest in wood as a sustainable material. Modern classics and replicas of historical vessels have been increasingly popular. However, owing to their historical nature and small market share, wooden yachts and small ships do not benefit from a robust and detailed regulatory framework. Instead, their structural design remains driven by designer and builder experience, historical scantlings and rules of thumb. As such, the lack of detailed regulations for the scantlings of traditional timber vessels has been identified as a limitation to their wider implementation in the maritime industry. Consequently, this paper explores existing regulations and recent experimental research to provide novel insights in to wooden structures and their associated scantling rules. First, a classification of wooden boatbuilding techniques is offered. Then, the lower carbon footprint of traditional carvel construction compared to modern cold moulding, strip planking, and plywood construction is quantified. Finally, recommendations are provided regarding the remaining outstanding research questions that need to be addressed to ensure reliable traditional wooden boat scantlings in modern regulations. It is anticipated these findings will facilitate the wider adoption of wooden construction for small crafts, support the use of more sustainable materials, and may further contribute to the development of future regulations.

Optimization of direct injection mixture formation for dual-fuel low speed marine engine using novel compound electric gas injection devices

For two-stroke low speed marine engines, using a natural gas-diesel dual-fuel mode can effectively reduce emissions such as NOX, SOX, and CO2, making it an important approach to promote the low-carbon and environmentally friendly development of the shipping industry. To address the issues of abnormal combustion and gas leakage faced by low-pressure gas direct injection, a novel compound electric gas injection device is proposed, which is designed with a coaxial arrangement of a moving coil actuator and a moving iron actuator. Based on this new device, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the low speed marine engine operating process is established to simulate the distribution characteristics of the in-cylinder flow field under 16 different scenarios, including different injection side-slip angles and lower deflection angles, and to clarify the impact of these factors on the formation, diffusion, and evolution of the mixture. Based on this, an evaluation system was established from two dimensions: mixture uniformity and gas leakage rate. An improved multi-attribute decision-making TOPSIS algorithm based on the entropy weight method was used to define the attribute importance using information entropy, and to construct an optimization evaluation model for the spatial arrangement of the injection device. The optimal arrangement angle was calculated, in which a side-slip angle was 20° and a lower deflection angle was 10°. This method avoids the problem of unreasonable decisions caused by subjective factors such as designer preferences and experience, effectively improving the in-cylinder mixture uniformity and reducing gas leakage rate.

Dependability Patterns: A Survey

Patterns embody the experience and knowledge of designers and are effective ways to improve nonfunctional aspects of software systems. Although there are several catalogs and surveys of security patterns, there is no catalog or general survey about dependability patterns. Our survey presented an enumeration of dependability patterns, which include fault tolerance, reliability, safety, and availability patterns. After defining classification groups and showing basic pattern relationships, we showed the references to the publications where these patterns were introduced and enumerated their intents. Another objective was evaluating these patterns to see if their descriptions are appropriate for a possible catalog, which would make them useful to developers and researchers. We found that most of them need remodeling because they use ad hoc templates or no templates. We considered some models from which we can derive patterns and methodologies that incorporate the use of patterns to build dependable software systems. We also provided directions for research.