Design System Research Articles

Development of Ballistic Protection Soft Panels According to Regulatory Documents

The development of Ballistic Protection Vests (BPVs) has gained significant attention, particularly focusing on the design of Ballistic Protection Soft Panels (BPSPs), which are crucial to the overall size and configuration of these vests. Despite their critical role, there is a noticeable lack of a standardized design method for surface area patterns of BPSPs in the existing literature. The findings indicate that the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standard 0101.06 Ballistic Test Templates (BTTs) are only partially applicable to the design of BPSP patterns. While the NIJ standard 0101.06 provides a useful framework, it requires adaptation to meet the specific needs of regional body types and the practicalities of BPV manufacturing. This research aims to address this gap by assessing the suitability of NIJ BTTs for the design of BPSPs and BPVs and to develop a standardized pattern design methodology along with a method for calculating the surface area of the soft amour prior to its creation. Results have to be achieved ready for the production of BPSP patterns tailored to the body types of regional soldiers while adhering to relevant standards and soldier’s physical comfort, thereby saving time and resources for manufacturers and researchers. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of the NIJ standard 0101.06 BTT for configuring these templates into the cutting patterns of BPSPs. To achieve this, patterns for BPSPs were designed and the feasibility of using NIJ BTTs for their configuration was analyzed. The research process involved a comprehensive literature review, an analysis of the dimensions of existing BPV soft panels, and a comparison with NIJ standard 0101.06 BTT. The design and scaling of the panel patterns were executed using computer-aided design (CAD) systems and evaluated through both physical fitting on mannequins and virtual fitting using the Clo3D program. The developed pattern-making methodology includes size specifications tailored to regional covers, incorporating a coefficient K identified to calculate the BPSP surface area prior to design. This approach not only ensures better fitting for the physical comfort and protection of soldiers but also saves time and resources in the manufacturing process of BPSPs. The proposed design methodology offers a significant step forward in standardizing BPSP patterns, promising enhanced protection and efficiency in BPV manufacturing.

Toothpick DNA extraction combined with handheld LAMP microfluidic platform for simple and rapid meat authentication

Adulteration of meat is a global issue, necessitating rapid, inexpensive, and simple on-site testing methods. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a one-minute toothpick-based DNA extraction method, a handheld microfluidic chip, and a smartphone-controlled portable analyzer for detecting multiple meat adulterations. A toothpick was inserted into the meat to promote DNA release and adsorption. Furthermore, a handheld microfluidic chip was designed for DNA elution on toothpicks and fluid distribution. Finally, a smartphone-actuated portable analyzer was developed to function as a heater, signal detector, and result reader. The portable device comprises a microcontroller, a fluorescence detection module, a step scanning unit, and a heating module. The proposed device is portable, and the app is user-friendly. This simple design, easy operation, and fast-response system could rapidly detect as little as 1% of simulated adulterated samples (following UK standards) within 40 min at a cost of less than USD 1 per test.

How do different seasonal environmental colors of highway tunnel entrances and dominant colors of portal walls affect the driver’s vehicle control ability?

The entrance section of the highway tunnel is a high-risk area for traffic accidents, and its traffic accident rate has significant seasonal differences. However, the dominant causes of this difference are still lacking in targeted research. On the other hand, due to the lack of a mature design system and normative guidance, the landscape design of tunnel entrances is more and more random, landscape elements tend to be complex, and color design tends to be diversified. The influence of tunnel entrance landscape design on driving behavior and its applicability in different seasonal environments needs to be studied. Given this, this study focused on two main variables − the typical seasonal environmental colors and different portal colors, and designed 12 schemes composed of three seasonal environments (green spring, golden yellow and red autumn, and white winter) and four portal colors (gray, blue, red, and tawny). Thirty subjects were invited to conduct a driving simulation experiment to study the influence of different seasonal environmental color characteristics and tunnel portal color on the amplitude and stability of driving behavior. The results show that the drivers’ behavior amplitude is large in spring and winter, and the traffic safety risk is relatively high. The typical color characteristics of the environment in different seasons are one of the reasons for the seasonal difference in the traffic accident rate. The driver’s operational stability is relatively poor in the autumn environment, which is related to the high scene complexity of the season. Compared with the grey portal scheme, the color design of the portal will increase the driver’s driving speed and the driving safety risk. However, its influence on the stability of driving behavior is bidirectional, and the color design coordinated with the environment can improve the stability of driving. When the portal is ready for landscape decoration, it is recommended to use a color scheme that is in harmony with the environment.

Innovative educational and research center for monitoring forest resources of Siberia based on laser and microwave aerospace imaging

The possibilities of creating an innovative educational and scientific center for monitoring forest resources in Siberia on the basis of the Department of Space Facilities and Technologies of the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after Mikhail Fedorovich Reshetnev are discussed, with the aim of training highly qualified engineering personnel and conducting promising scientific research in the field of monitoring, modeling, forecasting and management of forest resources. Methodological solutions and algorithms for three-dimensional modeling of forest structure and dynamics based on laser scanning data, digital aerial and space photography are proposed. These methods contribute to operational monitoring and can significantly reduce the cost of monitoring the condition and use of forest resources over the vast territory of Siberia. Remote sensing data is presented in the form of a geotransformed database and digital photo map, compatible in formats with computer-aided design systems and with the main geographic information systems – ArcView, ArcINFO, MapINFO. The innovative monitoring center will be used for operational state control and monitoring of forest management, the state of forest lands, forest management and forest inventory, solving problems of ecology and environmental management, geoecology, formation of a forest resource inventory, aerospace methods for studying natural resources and territories, information technology. Solving these problems will allow for the training of highly qualified specialists. The center's specialists plan to create information technologies for remote sensing of natural objects with the aim of import substitution of foreign software products. The main scientific directions of the created center: development and research of methods for system analysis of large-scale multidimensional remote sensing data based on nonparametric decision-making algorithms and parallel computing technologies; testing hypotheses about the distributions of large-volume remote sensing data based on nonparametric nuclear-type pattern recognition algorithms; detection of compact groups of large-volume remote sensing data corresponding to unimodal fragments of the joint probability density of multivariate random variables.

Band-Pass and Band-Stop Filter Frequency Selective Surface with Harmonic Suppression

This study investigated a frequency-selective surface (FSS) that is used to suppress harmonics affecting the performance and accuracy of radar systems. One side of the FSS features a metal grid structure, and when converted into an equivalent circuit model, it exhibits the characteristics of a band-pass filter with an L and C parallel structure. The other side of the FSS features a metallic loop structure and when represented as an equivalent circuit model, it exhibits the characteristics of a band-stop filter with an L and C series structure. The reflection coefficient (S11) and transmission coefficient (S21) of the FSS designed based on theory are compared using a CST studio suite and Keysight’s Advanced Design System. In addition, the transmission coefficients are verified through actual measurements, wherein the measured transmission coefficient is −0.1 dB at 3.0 GHz and approximately −50 dB at the harmonic frequency of 6.0 GHz. The designed FSS is attached to an actual radar system, and the 2D radiation pattern and maximum gain are measured during steering in boresight, azimuth (30∘) and elevation (30∘) directions. At 3.0 GHz, the maximum gain in boresight is 17.25 dB without the FSS and 17.12 dB with the FSS. At 6.0 GHz, the maximum gain is 12.79 dB without the FSS and 2.69 dB with the FSS. At 3.0 GHz, the maximum gain during azimuth steering is 16.13 dB without the FSS and 16.68 dB with the FSS, and the maximum gain during elevation steering is 15.74 dB without the FSS and 15.90 dB with the FSS.

An intelligent design system for tailored metamaterial properties

Metamaterials are widely studied for their ability to carry human designs and realize exotic, specific physical properties. However, the existing metamaterial design methods are highly dependent on the experience and expertise of the designers. Unlocking the potential of metamaterials requires efficient design methods accessible beyond expert users. This work presents a novel intelligent design system (IDS) for fabricating metamaterials with designated mechanical properties without extensive expertise. The IDS leverages a combined approach of particle swarm and moving morphable components topology optimization, capitalizing on swarm intelligence for efficient material structure generation. The proposed IDS successfully generates tailored metamaterial matrices exhibiting desired elastic properties like Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus for orthotropic and isotropic materials. Innovative development of fuzzy models is achieved to optimize convergence mapping of isotropic mechanical metamaterials for user guidance. Notably, it achieves this even without requiring an initial design, completing the process within minutes and offering seamless integration with MATLAB for portability. From the pre-determination of convergence before design to the export of fabrication models after design, IDS provides a new path to designing metamaterials without needing research experience. This comprehensive, user-friendly system holds immense potential for expansion into 3D design and various metamaterial classes, acting as a valuable bridge for non-experts to achieve metamaterial design.

3D dynamic landscape simulation of artificial intelligence in environmental landscape design

Three-dimensional (3D) simulations and precise landscape visualizations are crucial for various applications, like landscape management and planning, computer and connection of the landscape, evaluation, and tracking of land use. The consequences of several plans and a large scene cannot be communicated using older methods of comprehensive environmental planning and development in a timely, rational, and coordinated manner. Architects have trouble incorporating ideas into other comprehensive planning implementation processes. Architects did not thoroughly investigate the neighbourhood's demographics and matching behavioural needs and lacked critical thinking. The 3D dynamic landscape simulation is a detailed computerized three-dimensional simulation of the environment that can be dynamically presented. With the aid of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the system possesses a strong sense of reality, a user-friendly interface, and interactive features that can be tailored to the requirements of the contemporary urban environmental landscape. Regarding exterior publicity, domestic assistance, environmental land use planning, and information systems. The novelty of the proposed Interactive Design System based on AI (IDS-AI) is to create a 3D dynamic landscape model based on a real-life environmental scene, utilizing a Geographic Information System (GIS) to optimize landscape vision. Secondly, 3D environmental landscape design simulation was implemented using GIS spatial analysis in conjunction with the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) to reduce the data overlap rate and help make an accurate decision. Finally, the design incorporates the development of the interactive interface system application of landscape design and environmental resources for viewing the landscape, the factors that affect them, and the area coverage ratio of various land cover types. The experimental outcomes show that the suggested IDS model increases the gradient sensitivity level of 98.3 % and area coverage ratio of 93.4 % compared to other existing models.

Research on computationally generative design of woven braced structure based on fiber composite material in architectural design industry

ABSTRACT With the intervention of computer algorithm-assisted design in the realm of contemporary architectural design, architectural spatial forms and corresponding design methods have improved significantly. However, the limitations of material strength and plasticity impose certain constraints on the architectural design of the new century. Based on this occurrence, this paper studies the development of a computational generative design system for woven braced structure composed of fiber-reinforced materials. Through experimental data of material performance, the research firstly argues feasibility of employing fiber composite materials to braced structure. The conclusion is that the structure designed and generated could produce a support of 1 ton per ㎡. Moreover, based on the ant colony algorithm and the algorithm principle of cellular automata on the Java platform, the study designs a generative system with iterative computing of force as the major axis to achieve the self-organization and adaptability of the braced structure. Above all, this paper proposes a design strategy engaging with computational generative design approach, as well as a design attempt for the material and form of architecture.

Integration of Equity, Diversity, Inclusivity, and Indigeneity Principles into Usability Heuristic Evaluations.

Cognitive walkthrough is a form of usability testing that considers the perspective of the end users to identify issues related to user experience and web design. This project aims to enhance traditional heuristic evaluation methods with consideration of equity, diversity, inclusivity, and indigeneity (EDI-I) principles. The authors provide suggestions that align with modern informatics advancements, aiming for inclusive design systems and the elimination of systemic barriers.

Examining the Relationship Between Innovative Product Design, Cognitive Ergonomics, and the Effectiveness of Entity Design-system: Focusing on the Environment of Big Data-driven Interface

The evolution of design systems has undergone a transformative shift towards entity-based frameworks. These systems represent a paradigmatic departure from traditional design approaches by structuring design elements around modular, reusable components known as entities. This study examines the elements that affect entity-based design system effectiveness and its effects on computer-related sectors. The study examines how creative product design, cognitive ergonomics, and big data-driven interfaces affect system efficacy. The study also examines how information processing efficiency mediates and technology infrastructure moderates the relationship between design elements and system results. Data was collected from 254 Chinese design system specialists and practitioners using quantitative methods. Participants' design, technology, and system efficacy perceptions were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. AMOS was used for mediation and moderation analyses to evaluate study hypotheses and examine variable correlations. This study found strong correlations between design elements, technology capabilities, and entity-based design system efficacy. Innovative product design, cognitive ergonomics, and big data-driven interfaces had an impact on system results, both individually and together. Information processing efficiency was a key mediator, while technology infrastructure moderated system efficacy. This study adds to the literature by revealing the complex elements that affect entity-based design systems in computer-related sectors. The study improves our theoretical understanding of design systems by investigating the relationship between design factors, technology capabilities, and system results. It also offers practical advice for organizations looking to improve their design processes and user experiences.

Optimization of H2O2 Production in Biological Systems for Design of Bio-Fenton Reactors.

The treatment of antibiotic wastewater, which is known for its micro-toxicity, inhibition, and poor biochemistry, poses significant challenges, including complex processes, high energy demands, and secondary pollution. Bio-Fenton, a novel Fenton technology, enables the in situ production of H2O2 at near-neutral pH, having low energy requirements and sustainable properties, and reduces the hazards of H2O2 transportation and storage. We preliminary self-designed a heterogeneous Bio-Fenton reactor. An aerobic SBBR system with pure algae, pure bacteria, and bacteria-algae symbiosis was first constructed to investigate the optimal process conditions through the effects of carbon source concentration, light duration, bamboo charcoal filling rate, and dissolved oxygen (DO) content on the H2O2 production and COD removal. Second, the reactor was constructed by adding iron-carrying catalysts to remove ROX and SDZ wastewater. The results demonstrated that the optimal operating parameters of aerobic SBBR were an influent carbon source concentration of 500 mg/L, a water temperature of 20 ± 2 °C, pH = 7.5, a dissolved oxygen content of 5 mg/L, a light-dark ratio of 12 h:12 h, a light intensity of 2500 Lux, an HRT of 10 h, and a bamboo charcoal filling rate of 33%. Given these conditions, the bacterial-algal system was comprehensively found to be the most suitable biosystem for this experiment. Ultimately, the dynamically coupled Bio-Fenton process succeeded in the preliminary removal of 41.32% and 42.22% of the ROX and SDZ from wastewater, respectively.

Повышение ресурсного потенциала древесного сырья

According to the strategy for the development of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation until 2030, approved by Order of the Prime Minister of Russia no. 312r dated February 11, 2021, the contribution of the forestry industry to the country’s economy should increase by 2 times, including through deep wood processing. To this end, enterprises for deep processing of wood raw materials will be actively developed. Consequently, there will be a shortage of wood raw materials, which will lead to an urgent need to expand the raw material base of these industries. Despite this, as the analysis of the practical experience of modern logging enterprises has shown, today, during logging operations, only the stem part of the tree is removed from the cutting area, and the rest of the biomass in the form of stumpwood, branches, twigs and tops is burned or buried, although these parts of the tree are valuable raw materials for the production of many types of products of wood processing enterprises. This state of affairs is due to the lack of effective technology for processing potential raw materials in the places of their formation and a complex of mobile machines for its implementation. As a result, a technology for the production of wood and coniferous flour, technological chips and semi-finished wood-fiber products, as well as mobile equipment for its implementation, has been proposed for the processing of logging waste in the form of tops, branches and twigs. The article presents technological solutions and equipment models built in the SolidWorks computer-aided design system. The introduction of the proposed technologies, machines and mechanisms will increase the share of harvested raw materials per unit area, reduce the environmental load from the logging process, and increase the efficiency of the industry.

Имитационная модель дисковой лесопосадочной машины

To carry out artificial reforestation, it is necessary to use mechanized means – tree-planting machines. The lack of domestic tree-planting machines is one of the problems of artificial reforestation in Russia. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the design parameters of a tree-planting machine with a disk operating device. To achieve this goal, the use of modern software environments is required with the possibility of full consideration of all factors affecting the machine. In the course of this research, a solid model of a tree-planting machine has been developed by means of a computer-aided design system. The “Universal Mechanism 9.1” software package, designed for modeling the dynamics and kinematics of mechanical systems, has been chosen as a computational environment studying the parameters of the model. Only the input values for the simulation model have been introduced into the software package, since the mathematical apparatus is embedded in the core of the program. Using the software package, a simulation model of a tree-planting machine has been created, taking into account both the interaction of the machine links and the discrete contact interaction of the seedling with the machine and the soil. A computational experiment has been carries out and the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the tree-planting machine have been established, in which the feeder would not interfere with the free fallout of the briquette with the seedling. The geometric parameters of the mechanism have been determined to match the cam profile with its movement along with the disk and the operation of the roller tappet so that the grippers install the briquette with the seedling into the soil in a timely manner. The trajectory of movement of the briquette with the seedling has been found. With the help of FDM 3D-printing, a full-size model of a disk planting apparatus has been made, and a laboratory experiment has been conducted to establish the required torque on the hub of the planting apparatus disk and the shaft of the drum. The results of the experiment have confirmed the adequacy of the developed simulation model.

Design and Optimization ofHybrid Renewable Energy Systems forA Residential House in Babylon, Iraq: Insights From Homer Software Analysis

The study investigates the development and improvement of hybrid renewable energy systems for a residential residence in Babylon, Iraq, utilising the HOMER programme. The project aims to determine the most efficient and cost-effective energy system design for residential usage, in response to the growing global need for sustainable and renewable energy sources. The process entailed examining different permutations of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, and battery storage devices. According to the results, an off-grid photovoltaic (PV) and battery system is the most cost-effective option, with the lowest upfront investment and ongoing expenses. Nevertheless, the integration of wind energy, although enhancing thedependability and variety of the system's energy sources, results in higher upfront and ongoing costs. These findings offer vital information for politicians and engineers to implement renewable energy solutions that are customised to Iraq's specific meteorological and economic circumstances.

Design of Novel Filtenna for Wireless Applications

In this paper, a novel design based on a dual-mode ring resonator, the filtering balun, feeding the printed dipole antenna, the filter balun antenna (FBA), is presented. One port on the structure allows the signals to be phase-shifted 180 degrees from one unbalanced port to two balanced signals. The suggested designs use a single dual-mode ring resonator to operate as both a filter and a balun at the same time. Compact designs are achieved by applying feeding to the second layer. Another unique characteristic of the filtering balun is its ability to alter, based on perturbation size, the phase error and magnitude imbalance of the two balanced signals. With the use of the Advanced Design System (ADS) software, numerous structures have been developed, modeled, and evaluated. To achieve the highest performance, every section of the design is assessed and optimized. Because the substrate is a lossy type (FR4), the realized transmission coefficients, which are poorer than expected ideal values, make the suggested design a strong contender for narrow-band wireless applications. For S2,1 and S3,1, the signal is routed through two viasand fed into a dipole antenna in the opposite phase by employing the zero iteration for filtering the balun in the first layer to condense with the second layers. The antenna structure is a printed dipole antenna operating at 2.4 GHz

The application of IGA in urban landscape design optimization

SummaryThe foundation of urban landscape design optimization is the precise evaluation of the effectiveness. To address the issues of strong subjectivity, low efficiency, and poor accuracy in urban landscape design evaluation methods, an intelligent evaluation method combining improved genetic algorithm and error backpropagation neural network is proposed. First, based on Maslow's demand theory and questionnaire survey results, it selects indicators to construct an evaluation index system for urban landscape design. Second, in response to the performance defects of the error backpropagation neural network model, the moth flame algorithm is used to optimize it. Then, in response to the defect that the optimization effect of the moth flame algorithm is not ideal enough, a multiple strategy including improved genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize it. Finally, an urban landscape design evaluation model is constructed based on improved error backpropagation neural network. The experimental results show that the fitting coefficient of the model is 0.9523, with a minimum deviation of less than 1%. The above results indicate that the proposed model can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of urban landscape design evaluation, providing data support for urban landscape design optimization. The research on the intelligent development of urban landscape design is of reference significance and has to some extent promoted the development of urban landscape design.

The Impact of Wide Discharge C-Rates on the Voltage Plateau Performance of Cylindrical Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries

Battery voltage plateau characteristics are crucial for designing and controlling battery management systems. Utilising the plateau period attributes to their fullest extent can enable optimal battery control, enhance battery performance, and prolong battery lifespan. This research aimed to investigate the performance of cylindrical ternary lithium batteries at various discharge rates, focusing on the variations in terminal voltage, capacity, and temperature. The battery performance at different discharge rates was meticulously examined through cyclic charge/discharge experiments. The convexity of the voltage curve was used to analyse the voltage plateau characteristics at different rates. The findings revealed significant differences in battery performance under varying discharge rates. Higher discharge rates resulted in shorter discharge times and lower battery voltages at corresponding residual capacities. The discharge time, capacity, and voltage during the plateau phase decreased as the discharge rate increased. At discharge rates of 1 C, 3 C, 5 C, 7 C, 9 C, and 11 C, the proportion of discharged battery capacity ranged from 86.45% to 78.42%. At the same time, voltage and temperature variations during the plateau period decreased significantly compared to those before and after discharge. This research provides a crucial reference point for advancing battery design and thermal management systems.

An Integrated Framework of Online Learning Effectiveness in Institutions of Higher Learning

<p><p style="text-align:justify">In the early stages of adopting online learning, both learners and teachers displayed resistance, but the COVID-19 pandemic has forced a widespread shift to digital learning. To facilitate this transition, there is a growing focus on highlighting the effectiveness of online learning, which directly impacts learning outcomes. This study investigates online learning effectiveness through an integrated framework that considers online assessment practices and online course design as independent variables, with online learning support as a moderating variable. Understanding the effectiveness of online learning is crucial as hybrid learning becomes the "new norm" in education, combining online and offline methods for teaching the digital generation. Using a quantitative research design involving 232 students at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, the study found that online assessment practices and course design significantly influence students perceived learning outcomes in an online learning environment. Additionally, online learning support positively moderates this relationship. These findings offer a comprehensive perspective on how online assessment practices, course design, and support systems contribute to the quality of higher education in Malaysia amidst evolving educational practices.</p></p>

Methodology of Development of Account Information Systems

System development methodology is the framework used to design, develop, and implement information systems. Accounting Information Systems (SIAs) play an important role in managing financial and operational data within an organization. Effective SIA development requires structured and systematic methodology. The method used is descriptive qualitative. This article discusses a variety of SIA development methodologies, including Waterfall, Agile, and DevOps. (Development and Operations). The aim of this article is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology and provide guidance for developers and project managers in choosing the methodology that best suits their organization's needs.

An exploration of Irish nutrition educators’ experiences of competency-based assessment in nutrition science education

BackgroundCompetency-based assessment (CBA) supports the development and attainment of skills required for the workforce. Little is known about educators’ experience in developing or implementing CBA in nutrition science education or their opinions on how well it captures a student’s preparedness for the workforce. The objective of this study was to explore educators’ experience of CBA in nutrition education in Ireland.MethodGrounded in interpretivism, in-depth, semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews were conducted with 13 educators from five of the ten undergraduate honours degree nutrition programmes across Ireland. Interviews explored experiences of CBA and perception of students training to prepare for the workforce. A reflexive thematic analysis approach was implemented whereby the data were transcribed, inductively coded, and themes identified.ResultsA clear divide was evident between participants who were confident in their understanding of CBA and those who were unsure or had no knowledge of the term. Those with a clear understanding were more involved in programme development and evaluation. Three themes were identified: ‘Assessment process’ including intended learning outcomes, assessment design, and grading systems, ‘Student-centred approach to assessment’ focusing on work-based assessment and preparation for the workforce, and ‘Upskilling educators’ to equip educators with the skills and knowledge for professional development and to foster student success.ConclusionThe importance of CBA as a student-centred approach, supporting them to meet standards expected to practice as a nutrition professional, was the key experience of educators. Training in CBA and inclusion of more authentic assessment may better prepare students for the workforce.