Design Stage Research Articles

Pole placement tuning of proportional integral derivative feedback controller for knee extension model

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has shown potential in rehabilitative exercises for patients recovering from spinal cord injuries. In recent developments, conventional open-loop FES control techniques have evolved into closed-loop systems that employ feedback controllers for automation. However, closed-loop FES systems often face challenges due to muscle non-linear effects, such as fatigue, time delays, stiffness, and spasticity. Therefore, an accurate non-linear knee model is required during the design stage, and precise tuning of the feedback controller parameters is vital. A proportional– integral–derivative (PID) controller is commonly used as a feedback controller due to its simplicity and ease of implementation. However, most PID tuning methods are complex and time consuming. This paper investigates the viability of employing the pole placement technique for tuning a PID controller that regulates the non-linear knee extension model. The pole placement method aims to improve the control and adaptability of the PID controller in closed-loop FES systems, specifically by facilitating knee extension exercises. MATLAB Simulink was used to assess the effectiveness of this tuning approach. Results showed that the PID controller performed satisfactorily without non-linearities, but performance varied with the inclusion of specific non-linearities. The pole placement tuning method facilitated preliminary assessments of PID controller performance, preceding highly advanced optimization.

User interface design of context-input-process-product evaluation application based on weighted product

This study aimed to show the user interface design form of the <br /> context-input-process-product (CIPP) evaluation application based on weighted product as a measuring tool for the effectiveness level of blended learning in health colleges. This research approach was development research. The development model used was Borg and Gall. It focused on the design stage, initial trials, and revisions. The initial test of the user interface design involved 32 respondents. The tool for conducting it was in the form of a questionnaire, which contains 16 questions. The research was at the health colleges in Buleleng Regency. The data analysis technique of the initial test results was quantitative descriptive. It compared the percentage level of user interface design quality from the weighted product-based CIPP evaluation application with a quality standard which referred to a five scale. The results of this study indicated that the quality of the user interface design was relatively good. The research result’s impact on educational evaluation was new knowledge for pedagogic evaluators in maximizing the development of digital-based evaluation tools by integrating the decision support system method (weighted product) with the educational evaluation model (CIPP model).

Emergency department Nurses’ narratives of burnout: Changing roles and boundaries

PurposeEmergency department nurses work in rapidly changing environments, which can contribute to occupational stress. Emergency department nurses utilise diverse strategies to mediate the impact of stress on their daily lives. There is a paucity of qualitative research which explores emergency department nurses’ experiences and perspectives of burnout. This study aimed to explore emergency department nurses’ experiences of burnout. Further, the study considered how emergency nurses conceptualised burnout and the strategies they used to manage the professional and personal effects of burnout. ProceduresThe COREQ research guidelines were used throughout the study from the design stage through to dissemination. Narrative inquiry was used as the underpinning theoretical framework. The researcher met individually with eight emergency department nurses from NSW hospitals to undertake a face-to-face semi-structured interview. An inductive approach was used to establish major themes within the narrative. FindingsTwo major themes were established: experiencing conflicting emotions and trying to establish a personal sense of control. Emergency nurses felt passionate about their professional roles, yet encountered difficulties due to management structures, time constraints and a sense of underappreciation. The misalignment between their expectations and the reality of emergency department nursing, resulted in experiences of burnout such as dissatisfaction and frustrations at work. Consequently, these nurses adopted diverse strategies within both their professional and personal domains. Principal conclusionsThe conclusions of this study are transferable to a variety of acute health services. Health service management have a role to promote a positive workplace culture for nurses, which advocates for home life balance. This will support nurses to construct clear boundaries between professional identity and their personal lives.

The Power of Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Their Applications to Discover Cysteine Protease Inhibitors.

A large family of enzymes with the function of hydrolyzing peptide bonds, called peptidases or cysteine proteases (CPs), are divided into three categories according to the peptide chain involved. CPs catalyze the hydrolysis of amide, ester, thiol ester, and thioester peptide bonds. They can be divided into several groups, such as papain-like (CA), viral chymotrypsin-like CPs (CB), papain-like endopeptidases of RNA viruses (CC), legumain-type caspases (CD), and showing active residues of His, Glu/Asp, Gln, Cys (CE). The catalytic mechanism of CPs is the essential cysteine residue present in the active site. These mechanisms are often studied through computational methods that provide new information about the catalytic mechanism and identify inhibitors. The role of computational methods during drug design and development stages is increasing. Methods in Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) accelerate the discovery process, increase the chances of selecting more promising molecules for experimental studies, and can identify critical mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and molecular pathways of action. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are essential in any drug discovery program due to their high capacity for simulating a physiological environment capable of unveiling significant inhibition mechanisms of new compounds against target proteins, especially CPs. Here, a brief approach will be shown on MD simulations and how the studies were applied to identify inhibitors or critical information against cysteine protease from several microorganisms, such as Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzain), Trypanosoma brucei (rhodesain), Plasmodium spp. (falcipain), and SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro). We hope the readers will gain new insights and use our study as a guide for potential compound identifications using MD simulations.

Flow assurance analysis in Front End Engineering Design (FEED) of Subsea Flowline and Riser

Innovative subsea production systems (SPS) are required for deep-water oil and gas exploration in order to transport multiphase fluids—a complex mixture of water, gas, and oil—across long distances under challenging conditions. Significant technological challenges confront these systems, such as flow assurance, which ensures continuous fluid flow through pipelines, flowlines, and wells. Flow assurance issues can significantly impact production and incur costly downtime. This paper emphasizes the critical role of flow assurance analysis during the crucial Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) stage of SPS development. By utilizing industry-standard simulation tools like PIPESIM™, engineers can proactively identify and mitigate potential flow assurance problems that could hinder productivity. These analyses are crucial as FEED decisions significantly impact project cost-effectiveness. To illustrate the practical application of flow assurance principles, the paper presents a case study of a subsea architecture design for a specific manifold system. Considering operator requirements, flow assurance simulations were employed to guide critical decisions regarding material selection and optimal sizing of risers and flowlines. This demonstrates how flow assurance considerations during FEED directly influence cost-effective and optimized SPS design.

Enhancing the Evaluation of District Heating System Resilience: A Literature Review

Ensuring an uninterrupted supply of energy, electricity, and heat is becoming an increasingly pressing necessity. Energy provides both social and economic growth therefore, the energy systems should be resilient to different external conditions. Resilience is the ability of a system to recover from adversity [1] and in connection with the critical infrastructure - the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents. Several factors influence the resilience of the energy supply system: energy security, reliability, robustness, flexibility, and resilience. If energy resilience has not been well considered or even ignored in the planning, design, and operation stages in district energy communities can lead to system fragility and vulnerability. Therefore, the research assesses the different methods for resilience assessment in energy systems by focusing on district heating. During climate change mitigation and adaptation energy supply system resilience is unclear. Based on current studies, the energy resilience factor for most is considered in the context of the electricity transmission system, and the heat transmission resilience study is limited. During the research of the literature, it has been concluded that there is no consistent quantitative and quality approach to resilience because there is no consistent treatment of the concept of resilience. The available literature sources about energy resilience are limited in their scope and usability and hence are not amenable for use outside the scope where they have been developed. The metric and formula used for calculating resilience, if any, and the input data required for such calculations are also dependent on the research scope. There is a need for a fundamental generic quantitative and quality approach for resilience that would be usable and useful across various scopes or sectors in a consistent manner, which can be used for the development of resilient systems and effective resilience strategies for district heating systems.

Implementation of Village Fund Allocation Policy to Realize Village Self-Reliance

Introduction: The welfare of rural communities in developing countries such as Indonesia is a significant concern for the government. Therefore, the government's implementation of policies related to village fund allocation is expected to enhance the welfare of village communities. However, in practice, this policy has not yet brought about significant changes in the local communities, particularly in achieving village self-reliance. Literature review: Policy implementation from the Triangle Model perspective is an approach developed by Walt & Gilson, (1994) which emphasizes four main stages in the policy process, namely agenda setting, formulation, implementation and evaluation. The agenda setting stage involves the selection of various problems faced by society to become the focus of decision makers. Next, in the formulation stage, legislative and decision-making bodies design and ratify policies. The implementation process is carried out by the government, followed by an evaluation stage that assesses the impact of the policy. Method: This article aims to examine the process of implementing village fund allocation policies using the triangle analysis model (Buse et al., 2005) .The research informants comprised 23 individuals. Result and Discussion: The results of this study indicate that the objectives of implementing village fund allocation in the Semangga district are known to the implementers/actors, as well as the benefits of village fund allocation being perceived by the village communities. However, the policy implementers lack effective communication to convince and educate the village communities. Additionally, there is a need to enhance human resource commitment and allocate additional funds to advance the villages towards self-reliance. Conclusion: The findings of this study specifically demonstrate the real conditions in the research location regarding village fund allocation. This article presents opportunities for further research using the triangle analysis model in the implementation of village fund allocation policies.

Simultaneous Optimization of Launch Vehicle Stage and Trajectory Considering Flight-Requirement Constraints

AbstractA conceptual design of a launch vehicle encompasses various disciplines, such as structural design, aerodynamics, propulsion systems, flight control, and stage sizing. This paper focuses on optimizing trajectory and stage size. Traditional approaches used for the conceptual design of a launch vehicle conduct the stage and trajectory designs sequentially, often leading to high computational complexity and suboptimal results. This paper presents an optimization framework that addresses both trajectory optimization and staging in an integrated way. The proposed framework aims to minimize the lift-off mass while satisfying the constraints on flight requirements (e.g., maximum dynamic pressure and the impact points of separated parts). A case study demonstrates the advantage of the proposed framework compared to the traditional sequential optimization approach.

Combining Building Information Model and Life Cycle Assessment for Defining Circular Economy Strategies

Although the construction industry has the potential to implement circular economy (CE) principles, the sector suffers from a veritable lack of initiatives to develop circular and regenerative design principles. However, existing buildings intended to be demolished could be considered as material banks for future constructions, with the aim to exploit anthropogenic resources, extend material/product efficiency, and reduce the extraction of natural resources. This concept of buildings as material banks is being studied more and more in the scientific literature, but it still requires the existing building stock to be fully digitalized, thus making materials reusable in new buildings starting from the architectural design stage. Moreover, the decision process regarding CE strategies requires the consideration of the environmental impacts of the deconstruction and end-of-life processes, which is essential in CE implementation. This paper introduces a digital platform for generating materials inventory and supporting the definition of reuse strategies. Then, by using digital tools in combination with life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of the deconstruction process and output of materials and components inventories, a method is defined and tested on a pilot building in Luxembourg.

Penerapan Langchain Retriever dengan Model Chat Openai dalam Pengembangan Sistem Chatbot Hadis Berbasis Telegram

In Islamic studies, the Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) hold significant value as guides for behavior and faith. However, access to understanding Hadiths often presents challenges, espe-cially for those who are not Hadith experts. The digitalization of Hadiths is still limited, making it time-consuming to find answers by sifting through the vast amount of available information. This research aims to create an efficient chatbot that provides answers related to Hadiths, including the original sources, quickly. The proposed solution is a technology-based approach through the development of a Hadith chatbot on Telegram, integrated with the LangChain Retriever and the GPT-4-1106-preview chat model from OpenAI. Using LangChain Retriever helps the chatbot find accurate answers by matching user questions with relevant Hadith databases, enhancing the ac-curacy of the chatbot's responses. The GPT-4-1106-preview chat model enables the chatbot to generate natural and context-appropriate responses, improving user interaction. The Rapid Ap-plication Development (RAD) method is applied in system development, through stages of Re-quirement Planning, User Design, Construction, and Cut-Over, including data analysis of Hadiths from the Nine Imam Hadith Books, totaling 62,169 Hadiths. The chatbot's performance evaluation uses the Scoring Evaluator framework with an average evaluation score of 0.97 and quality answer evaluation testing by five Hadith experts with an accuracy percentage of 90%. The Scoring Eval-uator test results indicate that the responses are highly accurate and aligned with Hadith refer-ences, and the quality answer evaluation test on a Likert scale shows respondents strongly agree with the system's answers. This research contributes to laypersons wanting to learn Hadiths by utilizing the chatbot as an interactive and innovative learning medium. Further research can expand the focus to complex interpretations of Musykil al-Hadith and asbab al-wurud to address deeper questions about Hadith interpretation.

The expanding scope of ship design practice

As the former International Chair of IMDC, the initiator of the continuing series of IMDC State of Art (SoA) Reports and the lead author of most IMDC SoA Reports on design methodology from 1997 to 2018, the author has both pioneered and observed an increasingly broader scope in the practice of the design of particularly complex vessels. The paper commences with reviewing some key publications, not just to recent IMDCs, that have tracked the manner in which “ship design” (in the broadest sense) has become more sophisticated – especially in the crucial early stages of design. The diversity of ship design practice, not just due to computer-based methods, is readily observable. Moreover, the impact of computer aided design in ship design has not just been to better analyse ship performance (e. g. in hydrodynamics, strength and ship infrastructure systems behaviour) but also in the increasing use of graphical tools and design methods to enable “better ship design”. In a growing number of, mainly, academic centres, but also in some government agencies and design consultancies, there is a clear desire to better understand how to design “ships” and to manage the ship design process, especially for the most complex and novel classes of vessels. In particular, the objectives being sought when conceptualising and synthesising a range of ship options (as part of the requirement elucidation approach) in an ever-increasing scoping of the relevant issues, amounts to developing a more holistic approach. This is not just due to an increasingly complex ship acquisition and ownership environment, but also due to environmental and socio-economic (especially system safety) concerns. Overlaying all this are the opportunities or the spectre of Artificial Intelligence (or perhaps more immediately those of Machine Learning) and its likely impact on engineering practice as well as those other professions in the “marine design enterprise”. The paper concludes by emphasising that while ship design has distinct differences, when compared with most other large scale engineering design practice, the lead ship design profession of the naval architect has somehow to deal with this expanding scope in the practice of “ship design”. This means the education and on the job development thrust must broaden if the ship design profession is not to be side-lined into acting as mere hull engineers. It is argued, such a specific role will be more vulnerable in an increasingly Machine Learning dominated future, than the holistic ship creating and systems architectural alternative. Finally an ambitious vision for future ship designers is given alongside a summary of the specific main contributions by the author to ship design methodology.

The Impact of the new DMS-1030 Stability Standard on the Future Design of Navy Ships

In 2022, the German BAAINBw launched a revised issue of their 1030-1 stability regulations for Navy surface vessels. The improvements of the revised code concerned (inter alia) a new stability criterion for minimizing the effect of parametric rolling combined with pure loss of stability on the wave crest and revised damage stability calculation assumptions, which mainly focus on the submergence of openings and a special treatment of watertight doors. The improvements of the code were found to be necessary to keep track of recent developments in IMO for commercial ships and to update the safety level represented by the code. At the same time, the revised code gives more freedom to the ship designer, a fact which may allow novel and more cost effective concepts of Navy Ships in the near future, provided, the evaluation of the stability according to the code takes place immediately during the very early design phase of the ship. The present paper gives insight into the important updates of the code and it demonstrates at the same time how the design of Navy Ships may benefit from the revised code, if it is applied throughout the very first design phase of the ship. The paper will further present an improved design regime for the early design stage.

Transmission line earthing system; Advanced design diagram for safety compliance

An electrical high-voltage power system is essential to support everyday electrical demands. Due to the increase in electrical loads, a more rigid design is required to ensure system compliance with standards and policies. High-voltage safety is the number one priority when it comes to the design, installation, commissioning, and operation of the electrical power system network. Safety compliance is getting more complex due to the joining infrastructure between residential and high-voltage projects. Nowadays, high-voltage infrastructure, including substations and transmission lines, is constructed near residential properties. This neighboring setup increased the safety concerns of high voltage systems, especially under fault or system malfunction situations. Safety concerns are addressed during the design stage and verified during the commissioning stages.The paper discusses the minimum transmission line earthing system requirements. This document provides a clear and consistent approach to assess transmission line earthing system design. The work contents comply with current IEEE standards including rigid author research outcomes. The works reduce the complexity of the assessment and explain the critical role of different sectors within the transmission line network. The work introduces the boundaries when the fault current analysis should include the earth grid resistance. A case study is also included.

Using co-design methods to develop new personalised support for people living with Long Covid: The 'LISTEN' intervention.

Many Covid-19 survivors are living with unresolved, relapsingand remitting symptoms and no 'one size' of treatment is likely to be effective for everyone. Supported self-management for the varied symptoms of Long Covid (LC) is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom. We aimed to develop a new personalised support intervention for people living with LC using a structured co-design framework to guide replication and evaluation. We used the improvement methodology, Experience-Based Co-Design, in an accelerated form to harness the collective experiences of people with LC. Incorporating evidence from 'Bridges Self-Management' (Bridges) an approach in which healthcare professionals (HCPs)are trained to support knowledge, confidence and skills of individuals living with long term conditions. Co-designed resources are also central to Bridges. Adults who self-identified as living with or recovered from LC, from England or Wales, aged 18 years and over were recruited, and HCPs, with experience of supporting people with LC. Participants took part in a series of small co-design group meetings and larger mixed meetings to agree priorities, core principles and generate resources and intervention content. People with LC (n = 28), and HCPs (n = 9) supported co-design of a book (hard-copy and digital form) to be used in 1:1 support sessions with a trained HCP. Co-design stages prioritised stories about physical symptoms first, and psychological and social challenges which followed, nonlinear journeys and reconceptualising stability as progress, rich descriptions of strategiesand links to reputable advice and support for navigating healthcare services. Co-design enabled formulation of eight core intervention principles which underpinned the training and language used by HCPs and fidelity assessments. We have developed a new personalised support intervention, with core principles to be used in one-to-one sessions delivered by trained HCPs, with a new co-designed book as a prompt to build personalised strategies and plans using narratives, ideas, and solutions from other people with LC. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the 'LISTEN' intervention will be evaluated in a randomised controlled trial set within the context of the updated Framework for Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions. The LISTEN Public and Patient Involvement (PPI) group comprised seven people living with LC. They all contributed to the design of this study and five members were part of a larger co-design community described in this paper. They have contributed to this paper by interpreting stages of intervention design and analysis of results. Three members of our PPI group are co-authors of this paper.

A Simultaneous Usage Ratio Based on Occupant Behavior: A Case Study of Intermittent Heating in an Apartment Building in Japan

It is important to reduce the building load and downsize the heat source equipment capacity during construction or renovation carried out toward the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2050 in Japan. However, this sometimes results in the oversizing of the heat source equipment capacity, despite the fact that designers are engaged in the implementation of safety designs while attempting to balance between cost and risk. This study investigated the simultaneous usage ratio of heating based on occupant behavior in an apartment building with the aim of optimizing this capacity. This ratio was defined as a peak load-based approach rather than simultaneity based on the number of people using the system. First, the analysis was conducted for the heating load characteristics for each dwelling unit and each household composition. The subject of this case study was an apartment building located in Sapporo, Japan. Based on these data, a method for creating the curve of the simultaneous usage ratio to avoid a combinatorial explosion was suggested. As a result, the ratio created for about 200 dwelling units was 53.6% in an apartment building and generally stabilized when the number of dwelling units exceeded 30. Finally, a case study was attempted to analyze the influence of changes in household composition on the ratio. If the method proposed in this study for creating the curve of simultaneous usage ratios were to be applied in not only this case study but also in case studies of non-residential buildings such as offices, new results about the curves of ratios that differ from those of apartment buildings could be obtained. Therefore, this case study provides a methodology for statistically quantifying the simultaneous usage ratio as one of the factors in determining the appropriate heat source equipment capacity in the design stage.

Towards a Circular Solar Power Sector: Experience with a Support Framework for Business Model Innovation

AbstractThe rapid expansion of the global solar photovoltaic (PV) market as part of the transition to a low-carbon energy future will increase both demand for raw materials used in PV product manufacturing as well as future PV panel waste volumes. There is an urgent need for solar industry businesses to adopt circular business models, and to support this process through targeted tools and methods that can facilitate the innovation process of such models. This paper employs an action-oriented case study methodology, drawing on insights garnered from five demonstrator cases that have applied and validated a Circular Business Model Innovation (CBMI) framework within the PV sector. Results show how this framework was applied in practice during the ideation, design, experimentation, and scaling phases of the innovation process. Specifically, results show how an experimental and iterative approach was found critical to assess viability, desirability, and feasibility of circular business strategies. The study’s empirical testing of tools with the context of a Circular Economy complements earlier theoretical conceptualizations of business model innovation processes. It illustrates how using multiple tools can provide firms with complementary insights in each stage of ideation, design, testing, and scaling of business models. It is recommended that policy makers and business leaders endorse such co-creative and experimental approaches to foster learning and business model innovation, thereby catalysing the transformation of an entire renewable energy industry sector towards Circular Economy.

#2978 Formative usability test of a novel device for peritoneal dialysis (WEAKID)

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease is a growing problem worldwide with a growing number of patients requiring kidney replacement therapy. In recent years we have developed a novel device for peritoneal dialysis (PD), the WEarable Artificial KIDney (WEAKID); composed of a wearable device connected to a dialysate reservoir. WEAKID uses both sorbent technology and continuous flow PD to improve dialysis efficacy. Formative usability testing aids to the identification of design issues that may interfere with a device's safe and effective use and thus may influence decisions made in the design process. Here, we present the results of an international, multicentre, formative usability study of WEAKID among nurses and patients. Method This study used a mixed-methods design and was conducted in hospitals in Italy (Modena University Hospital), Spain (La Paz University Hospital, Madrid), and the Netherlands (University Medical Center Utrecht) between November 2021 and December 2022. An individual, formative usability testing session was conducted with each participant (nurse or patient) under the conditions of simulated use. Participants were asked to perform basic operational procedures (i.e. turning the device on/off, input of dialysis settings, handling an alarm) with the device according to a usability task list. Their performance was observed and use errors (i.e., something that a participant does or fails to do that results in an unexpected or unintended outcome) were noted. Furthermore, participants were asked for feedback, both verbally and by means of completing the system usability scale (SUS), reflecting perceived usability on a scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Results We included 14 participants (n = 6 nurses, n = 8 patients) in three participating centres. All nurses were female and had a median experience with PD of 20.5 years (range 0.5-32). Patients were generally highly educated (n = 5, 63%). In total, 22 use errors occurred, 10 in nurses and 12 in patients. These use errors included factors not related to the device, e.g. not taking appropriate hygiene measures. In particular, use errors occurred during the priming/connection of catheter and handling the alarm. Participants’ feedback mainly concerned the small screen (and thus font) size, user interface (e.g. lack of colour-coded soft buttons), and (short) length of the patient line. The mean SUS score was 70 (range 57.5–85) for nurses, and 71.9 (range 55–87.5) for patients. Conclusion Despite the slightly above-average perceived usability of the device's current design stage, participants made a lot of suggestions for improvements, and usability must be improved to make the device ready for market introduction.

Quantifying Flexibility for a Ship Power and Energy System Design

The pace of technology maturation and the uncertainty in magnitude and characteristics of future load types on Navy ships drive the need for robust power and energy system architectures that can adapt to future perturbations in requirements. The Naval design community needs a consistent method for evaluating ship system flexibility in the early design stages when informed decision making provides the greatest opportunity to influence the system’s performance and lifecycle cost. The research presented herein develops quantitative, measurable metrics and applies them to applicable case studies for Naval power and energy system flexibility: the capability of the system to accommodate change in response to perturbations in requirements.

Detecting mediation effects with the Bayes factor: Performance evaluation and tools for sample size determination.

Testing the presence of mediation effects is important in social science research. Recently, Bayesian hypothesis testing with Bayes factors (BFs) has become increasingly popular. However, the use of BFs for testing mediation effects is still under-studied, despite the growing literature on Bayesian mediation analysis. In this study, we systematically examine the performance of the BF for testing the presence versus absence of a mediation effect. Our results showed that the false and/or true positive rates of detecting mediation with the BF can be impacted by the prior specification, including the prior odds of the presence of each path (treatment-mediator path or mediator-outcome path) used in the design stage for data generation and in the analysis stage for calculating the BF of the mediation effect. Based on our examination, we developed an R function and a web application to determine sample sizes for testing mediation effects with the BF. Our study provides insights on the performance of the BF for testing mediation effects and adds to researchers' toolbox of sample size determination for mediation studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Numerical Investigation on a High-Speed Transom Stern Ship Advancing in Shallow Water

A high-speed advancing ship will cause significant squats in shallow water, which could increase the risk of grounding. To this end, a program based on the Rankine higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) is developed to investigate a high-speed displacement ship with a transom stern moving in shallow water. The nonlinear free surface condition is satisfied by adopting an iterative algorithm on the real free surface. The transom condition is considered by implementing a modified transom condition. Computations of wave-making resistance, sinkage and trim in deep water are first performed, and satisfactory agreement is achieved by comparing with the experimental results; the simulations are then extended to the shallow water case. It indicates that the present method can provide a suitable balance of practicability and robustness, which can be considered as an efficient tool for the guidance in ship design stage.