Stages Of System Design Research Articles

Rancang Bangun Layanan Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Menggunakan Framework Laravel Berbasis Web

The Legal Documentation and Information Network (JDIH) serves a pivotal role in facilitating access to various legal products. This study aims to design and develop a web-based JDIH service using the Laravel framework, implemented at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University. Laravel was selected for its efficiency, ease of management, and support for a Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture suitable for structured legal information systems. The development process follows the Waterfall methodology, encompassing stages of requirements analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The research resulted in a JDIH web application designed to facilitate legal information retrieval. The application includes features such as account management, regulatory documentation, abstracts, categories, tags, publication years, and document search and download functionality, accessible to the public. The system is administered by two user types: full-access administrators and sub-administrators with restricted management rights for legal content. Black-box testing confirms that all application features and functionalities perform according to specified requirements. This application is expected to enhance the management and retrieval of legal information within the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, contributing to more efficient access and dissemination of legal resources

BACKEND API DATA PROTECTION MENGGUNAKAN JWT TOKEN DAN ALGORITMA AES 256-BIT DENGAN BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN GOLANG

Data security is a critical concern in the development of web-based applications and backend APIs, particularly in protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. This research aims to integrate Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256-bit for data encryption and JSON Web Token (JWT) for user authentication, developed using the Go programming language. The methodology employed is Research and Development (R&D), encompassing stages of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The results show that combining AES 256-bit and JWT provides a dual-layer security mechanism, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality during storage and transmission. This solution proves effective for high-security applications such as e-commerce, healthcare, and online examinations. Additionally, the system offers seamless integration with third-party applications, promoting ease of adoption without compromising security. The study concludes that this integrated approach enhances data protection and facilitates secure API interactions across various platforms

Experimental Validation of a Predictive Control Co-Design Algorithm

Abstract Control co-design (CCD) represents a promising solution for coordinating the physical design and control of dynamic engineering systems as technological demands become more stringent. Predictive control co-design (pCCD), recently introduced to the CCD literature, optimizes combinations of feedforward and feedback static gain sets at the system design stage to combine the robustness and preview control afforded by using state-of-the-art control methods, like MPC, in CCD with the computational efficiency of open-loop CCD methods that solve CCD problems with a single optimization level. This work contributes an experimental validation of pCCD to the literature. First, pCCD is performed offline on a spring-mass-damper system. The co-designed system's optimal response is then experimentally validated online. Results are compared to an analogous system co-designed with an open-loop CCD method. The experimental system co-designed using pCCD yielded a sum squared error with respect to a desired reference signal 40 times smaller than the system co-designed using open-loop CCD. The results indicate pCCD yields co-designed systems with superior online robustness in comparison to open-loop CCD methods. Moreover, systems co-designed using pCCD are more robust to both modeling error and unexpected disturbances inputs or changes in desired reference signals encountered online.

Implementation of Virtual Reality Moot Court for Simulation and Procedural Law Learning of the Constitutional Court

The limited space for moot court simulations in law learning is one of the main obstacles. In the Constitutional Court's judicial practice, no faculty has a Moot courtroom identical to the actual courtroom. Every law student must be able to practice trial to improve their argumentation, advocacy, legal reasoning, and other problem-solving skills. This research aims to build and develop a Virtual Reality (VR) Moot Court that can be used as a Moot Court in the trial of the Constitutional Court. VR Moot Court is a means of practicum in the constitutional procedure law course. This research was carried out through scenario preparation and system design stages, followed by 3D asset optimization, user interaction design, multi-user design, and testing. This research utilizes Unity to build 3D assets and Spatial.io as a VR platform. For more immersive use, users can use VR headsets such as Oculus. However, VR Moot Court can also be accessed via smartphone or PC for broader use. The development of VR Moot Court is quite complex, requiring the optimization of assets used across various devices. This study optimizes poly, texture, material, and lighting. The results of VR Moot Court development in this study tested the system's functionality and measured the optimization results. The results of system optimization tests have shown a decrease in GPU and CPU usage. Meanwhile, the results of the functionality and user satisfaction tests also show that VR Moot Court, in addition to taking course learning outcomes in the constitutional court's procedural law course, this system is also relevant to the actual Constitutional Court courtroom. This research in the future requires the development of a type of moot courtroom for other kinds of courts.

When tiny is big: design alive

One of the biggest achievements of the past half century has been making ever tinier structures. This miniaturization is at the foundation of three pillars that comprise the Digital Age: (1) computation, (2) digitization, and (3) communication. First, it is discussed how developments along these three pillars have affected the field of engineered systems. Next, the impact of these developments on the life cycle of engineered systems is examined from the perspective of (1) Information Technology (IT), (2) Embedded Technology (ET), and (3) Operation Technology (OT). A key value driver of IT is in the improved design approaches that are enabled by (1) the abundance of compute power and (2) connecting design activity within an organization as well as across organizations. Similarly, ET has provided much value by enabling the use of computation as the most important feature value driver of modern products. In turn, the large number of these software features relies on advances in communication networks as a critical infrastructure. Furthermore, digitization with remote sensing has opened up a trove of new features such as those in the area of autonomy. Finally, OT has benefited much from computation and digitization with communication features enabling current developments such as over-the-air updates. Building on the examination, a “design alive” outlook is presented that brings together the stages of system design and operation by live connectivity to continuously adapt each system on an individual basis and keep them performing in an optimal sense.

Design of a Web-Based E-Learning Application for Enhancing Employee Competence at Nusa Computer Using Python Flask and MongoDB

This study aims to develop and implement a web-based e-learning application specifically designed to meet the internal training needs of Nusa Computer. The application was designed using the waterfall methodology, which consists of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, integration, and testing stages. The requirements analysis process was conducted through surveys using Google Forms distributed to Nusa Computer employees to identify training needs and challenges. The application's backend was built using Python Flask, while the frontend was designed with HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. MongoDB was used as the database to store user information and learning materials in a structured document format. The interface prototype was designed using Figma, while UML diagrams, such as use case diagrams and class diagrams, were created using draw.io to map user interaction flows and data structures. Based on the analysis results, the developed application includes key features such as learning material management, discussion forums, a vocabulary dictionary, and a dedicated page for discussions with mentors.

Otomatisasi Perhitungan OEE pada Mesin Filling ILAPAK 50g Menggunakan PLC dan HMI

This study addressed the limitations in calculating Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) manually, which frequently led to inaccuracies and inefficiencies in industrial processes. The purpose of this research was to design an automated OEE calculation system for the ILAPAK 50g filling machine to improve data accuracy and reduce dependency on manual input. A Design Science Research (DSR) methodology was employed, involving stages of system analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation. The system utilized key components, including an Omron CP2E PLC, proximity sensors, relays, and a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) for real-time data acquisition. The findings indicated that the automated system significantly improved data accuracy, achieving reliable, continuous OEE calculations across different machine shifts. The system successfully replaced manual logbook methods, reducing human estimation errors, and displayed OEE data locally on the HMI, making it accessible for operational decisions. Furthermore, the implemented automation reduced overall downtime, enhanced machine availability, and minimized errors associated with manual record-keeping. This research has practical implications for industries aiming to optimize production efficiency. The automated OEE system demonstrated potential for scalability to other machines in manufacturing settings, highlighting its adaptability and utility in modern industrial environments. Future research could explore integration with cloud-based databases to enhance data storage and accessibility, providing a foundation for advanced predictive maintenance and performance monitoring across multiple machines.

Unlocking the limitedness on promotion: Augmenting a web-based mobile promotional media for delivery services at a homeware company

As information technology develops, the utilization of the internet as a business platform has increased significantly, allowing companies to promote their products and services more widely and efficiently. This research explores the development of a mobile website for a homeware company in Batam, which currently relies on online platforms such as Shopee and Tokopedia. This dependency causes limitations in reaching customers optimally. Therefore, this research proposes the development of mobile web-based promotional media using the Waterfall method, which includes the stages of need analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. This method was chosen to ensure a systematic approach in designing and developing a responsive and appropriate website. Using Unified Modeling Language (UML) in system design possibly allows clear visualization and effective stakeholder communication. The implementation conducted by employing PHP, MySQL, and CodeIgniter framework resulted in a website which is expected to be able to fulfil the functional and non-functional needs of the company. The results show that developing this mobile web-based promotion system can potentially increase the company's market reach and operational efficiency as well as provide easy access for customers. This research provides an innovative model for similar companies to adopt digital technology to improve their business competitiveness.

Rancangan Aplikasi Kasir Toko Kelontong Berbasis Website Menggunakan Metode Waterfall

Digitalization in the business world has become an urgent need to enhance efficiency andproductivity, particularly for grocery stores that still rely on manual methods for managingtransactions and inventory. Dependence on manual processes often leads to various issues, such asinaccurate record-keeping, difficulties in tracking inventory, and suboptimal customer service. Toaddress these challenges, this study develops a web-based cashier application designed to automatetransactions, inventory management, and sales reporting. The application is expected to facilitatestore owners in managing daily operations while improving data accuracy and customersatisfaction. The development of the application follows the Waterfall method, a structured andlinear software development approach. This method involves stages of requirements analysis,system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The outcome of this study is a webbasedcashier application capable of addressing the challenges faced by grocery stores, withfeatures that support operational efficiency and flexibility in monitoring business activities. Thisapplication also offers long-term benefits in enhancing the competitiveness of grocery stores in thedigital era.

Advanced Model with a Trajectory Tracking Stabilisation System and Feasible Solution of the Optimal Control Problem

In this study, we consider the extended optimal control problem and search for a control function in the class of feasible functions for a real control object. Unlike the classical optimal control problem, the control function should depend on the state, not time. Therefore, the control synthesis problem for the initial-state domain should be solved, instead of the optimal control problem with one initial state. Alternatively, an optimal trajectory motion stabilisation system may be constructed. Both approaches—control and trajectory motion stabilisation system syntheses—cannot be applied to real-time control, as the task is too complex. The minimum threshold of quality criteria is searched for in the space of mathematical expression codes. Among other problems, the search space is difficult to define and the gradient is hard to determine. Therefore, the advanced control object model is used to obtain a feasible control function. The advanced model is firstly obtained before solving the optimal control problem and it already includes a trajectory motion stabilisation system; in particular, this stabilisation system is synthesised in advance at the control system design stage. When the optimal control problem appears, it is solved in real time in the classical statement, and a control function is searched for as a function of time. The advanced control object model also uses the reference model to generate the optimal trajectory. The search for the optimal control function is performed in real time and considers the synthesised stabilisation system of motion along a determined trajectory. Machine learning control via symbolic regression, namely, the network operator method, is used to directly solve the control synthesis problem. An example solution of the optimal control problem, with an advanced model moving in the environment with obstacles for a group of two mobile robots, is presented. The obtained solution is a control function for a reference model that generates a trajectory from a class of trajectories stabilised with the object’s control system.

Anomalous release of indoles from amorphous solid dispersion formed with a polymeric network

AbstractAmorphous solid dispersion (ASDs) is a technique used in the pharmaceutical industry to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Polymeric materials, and recently polymer gels form and stabilize the amorphous structure by inhibiting the aggregation/precipitation of such drugs. In this work indole, 5-aminoindole and 5-hydroxyindole loaded poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels were studied. Swelling and uptake measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), liquid and solid phase nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) and high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to understand the drug – matrix interactions affecting the release. We confirmed that the hydrogel fostered the fine uniform distribution of the hydrophobic probe molecules and successfully prevented any crystalline or amorphous phase formation during water removal, leading to a glassy solution, a special form of ASD. Despite the limited difference between their chemical composition the probe molecules showed dissimilar drug release behavior from dried loaded gel disks. While Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY) measurements revealed a “bidental” interaction between 5-hydroxiindole and the polymer, no localized interactions were found for indole. The release of the bidentally linked derivatives is rapid and complete: they act as molecular spacers, promoting the rehydration of the chains. In contrast, part of the indole remains irreversibly trapped being confined between the chains without any orientation, shedding light on the role of the steric consequences of the interaction. Our findings also indicate that such drug delivery compositions should be treated as ternary systems (carrier + drug + liquid) already in the design stages of drug release systems.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI OBJEK WISATA DI KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA BERBASIS WEB

A design ofweb-based information system oftourism objects in north Bengkulu regency is used as a tool in delivering information on tourism and cultural areas in north Bengkulu regency to people who want to know the tourism areas. It is one form of tourism promotion to attract tourists to visit north Bengkulu. This research is expected to be useful as a medium of information and promotion of tourismpotential in north Bengkulu, so that people will be more familiar with regional tourismplaces. The more tourists who visit, the income of the area and the surrounding community will increase. The method used in this research was the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method. This method includedthe requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing and maintenance stages, followed by making applications using the PHP and HTML programming languages with MySQL and XAMPP database

INNOVATION IN LEARNING: DESIGNING KELADI APPLICATIONS USING C#

Technological developments such as the development of digital-based learning media have a major impact on the world of education. This study aims to design and develop the KelaDi (Digital Class) application using Visual Studio and the C# programming language as an interactive learning media for students. The KelaDi application has various features that support the teaching and learning process, such as e-books and e-book readers, learning videos, uploading assignments, and quizzes. The methodology used in this study is a qualitative methodology using the Waterfall model software development approach. The development process includes the stages of requirements analysis, system design, coding and testing program. Supporting software includes Visual Studio 2019 and SQL Server Management Studio 20 software. This program is built using NET 4.7.2 framework technology with the C# programming language. The author hopes that the birth of this program can help support digital-based learning

Rancang Bangun Website Layanan Muggle Cloud Terintegrasi dengan WHMCS & Tidio LiveChat

This study aims to design and develop the Muggle Cloud service website integrated with WHMCS (Web Host Manager Complete Solution) and Tidio LiveChat. The background of this research is the need for a hosting platform that can manage hosting services, payments, and customer support effectively and efficiently. Many hosting companies currently face difficulties in integrating account management systems, payment processes, and customer support, resulting in suboptimal services for users. The purpose of this research is to develop an integrated system that can solve these problems by providing a website that facilitates hosting service management and supports real-time interaction between customers and technical support. The method used in this research is the Waterfall software development model, which includes the stages of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Data were collected through literature studies, interviews with related parties, and analysis of existing systems. The results of the research show that the integration between WHMCS and Tidio LiveChat on the Muggle Cloud platform successfully provides an effective solution for managing hosting services and customer support. The implementation of this system not only simplifies administrative and payment processes but also increases responsiveness to customer needs and inquiries through live chat features. The conclusion of this research is that the integrated system can improve operational efficiency and customer satisfaction in hosting service companies and make an important contribution to the development of integrated hosting service management technology.

Penerapan Web Service dalam Mengintegrasikan IoT dengan Platform Investasi Berbasis Website dan Mobile Android

The industrial revolution 4.0 which is occurring rapidly has resulted in changes in various fields, IoT is a technology that is currently widely used to automate processes in everyday life. In this research, IoT was used to monitor the development of goat livestock in Dermaji village. The problem with IoT development is that when you want to display data or results obtained, IoT does not work well if the information displayed is less interactive and difficult for end users to understand, so a solution needs to be created to display the results obtained by developing website and mobile-based applications. The aim of this research is to integrate an IoT platform with Android mobile-based websites and applications by implementing a RESTful web service API. Web and mobile application development uses the RAD method which consists of several stages, namely the design stage of system requirements, system design and implementation into a programming language. In integrating IoT with websites and mobile, RESTful web service technology is applied. The result of this research is an IoT platform that is integrated with website and Android mobile based applications.

Sistem Informasi Penyewaan Arena Futsal dan Alarm Permainan dengan Menggunakan Laravel Berbasis Web di Kota Kraksaan Kabupaten Probolinggo

The advancement of information technology has transformed the management of futsal businesses, simplifying processes such as court reservations, schedule management, payments, and providing automated notifications to users through a game alarm feature. This system also includes an automatic reporting feature that generates accurate and real-time rental summaries. This study aims to design and implement a web-based futsal rental information system using the Laravel framework, featuring a game alarm to enhance management efficiency. The system is designed to address limitations in futsal rental management and time scheduling, as well as simplify the reporting process, which is currently done manually. The system development follows the waterfall model, which includes requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. The results show that the implementation of this web-based system significantly improves the efficiency of futsal court management in Kraksaan City, particularly in managing game time, rental reporting, and real-time financial management. The game alarm feature effectively reduces time conflicts between users, while the automatic reporting feature helps business owners track revenue and rental trends easily. The implementation of this system is expected to improve service quality and provide a better user experience, while assisting business owners in managing their operations more efficiently.

Operational greenhouse gas emissions of various energy carriers for building heating

The decarbonisation of the building heating sector requires a shift from decentralised fossil fuel heating appliances to systems converting energy carriers with low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, for certain energy carriers, a considerable portion of GHG emissions arises upstream during production, processing and transportation, rather than during energy conversion. Accurately quantifying these indirect GHG emissions typically requires life cycle assessments, which are often resource-intensive and impractical during the early stages of energy system design. This study introduces operational GHG emissions as a pragmatic metric for the preliminary assessment of energy carrier environmental impact in building heating applications. These operational GHG emissions include both direct CO2 emissions and indirect CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions. Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, average estimates are proposed for the operational GHG emissions of various energy carriers within a European context, including natural gas, oil, coal and wood, as well as the average European and Belgian electricity grid, and hydrogen from various production methods. The findings underscore the significant contribution of indirect GHG emissions, as the selection of the energy carrier with the lowest environmental impact hinges on whether direct emissions alone or the broader operational GHG emissions are considered. By integrating operational GHG emissions into the early design stages of energy systems, stakeholders can make more informed decisions about which energy systems warrant further investigation, thereby facilitating more sustainable energy system development from the outset.

The Use of Computational Modeling and Simulation to Design and Evaluate a Distributed Work System

Designing integrated systems of humans and automation involves envisioning how work will be performed, how it is affected by technological capabilities, and what will be helpful to support system performance. This is challenging as interactions and dynamics can create emergent effects that are difficult to predict. This demonstration aims to demonstrate the power of computational simulation in designing, verifying, and validating integrated systems of humans and automation. The demo will include an introduction to the simulation framework Work Models that Compute (WMC) used for our ongoing research, how to develop a work model in WMC, a demo of the simulation, and a demo of postprocessing visualization to analyze the simulation results. The approach can be applied in all stages of system design. With an example in aviation, we show how we use computational modeling and simulation to evaluate the robustness of envisioned operations of humans working with automated systems.

Marketing Information System for Maize Commodities in Soppeng Regency to Increase Agricultural Productivity and National Food Security

Maize in Soppeng Regency is a strategic commodity and has bright marketing prospects. Therefore, efforts to increase maize production need to receive great attention, because with sufficient availability, maize is one of the main food needs in the world after rice. It is expected that the community's need for maize can be met and the selling price remains stable. This research aims to increase the productivity of corn commodity marketing in Soppeng Regency based on the application of online marketing information systems, so that the market world can be wider and make it easier for farmers to sell their corn commodity products and become corn crop production centers, in order to increase the productivity of food crops, especially in Soppeng Regency. This study uses preliminary data on corn production from villages and sub-districts sourced from the Office of Food Crops, Horticulture, Plantations, and Food Security of Soppeng Regency which consists of 49 villages, 21 sub-districts and 8 sub-districts. The system development method uses the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) system development technique, the application of this method starts from the field condition analysis stage, the system design stage, the system creation stage, the system testing stage, the system usage stage in the field. In addition, to meet the sustainability of the program, technical guidance on the use of the system will be provided to each user at the sub-district level. The results of this research are in the form of using an online-based corn commodity marketing information system

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI MANAJEMEN SIMPATISAN SEBAGAI OPTIMALISASI PEMENANGAN PEMILU LEGISLATIF

In the effort to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of political campaigns for legislative elections, the development of information technology plays a critical role. This research focuses on designing and developing a supporter management application specifically tailored to assist legislative candidates in managing and analyzing their supporter data. The application is equipped with key features such as supporter registration, coordinator management across various administrative levels (RT, RW, District), automated WhatsApp messaging for direct communication and as a form of appreciation, and a quick count feature to facilitate vote tallying. Additionally, the application offers comprehensive data analysis capabilities, allowing legislative candidates to understand supporter characteristics based on various categories such as age, occupation, and education level. This analysis feature is crucial for formulating more effective and targeted campaign strategies. The development method employed is the waterfall method, which includes stages of requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. This application has been used by legislative candidates in the DPRD of Tangerang Regency in the 2024 local elections and has shown positive results by enhancing supporter engagement and loyalty through structured and systematic communication. The application is expected to be an effective and reliable tool in supporting legislative election campaign strategies, contributing significantly to a more transparent and participatory democratic process