Design Research Approach Research Articles

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED OF BARANGAY TANOD IN PERFORMING THEIR DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

This study aims to identify the problems encountered by Barangay Tanods in Barangay Sto. Rosario in performing their duties and responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Barangay Tanods, or Barangay Police Security Officers (BPSOs), serve as the lowest level of law enforcement officers in the Philippines and play a crucial role in maintaining peace and order in their respective barangays. However, their effectiveness and preparedness during the pandemic have been challenged due to various factors. The research utilizes a descriptive research design and qualitative descriptive approach to gather data through questionnaires, informal interviews, and observations. The data collected is analyzed using weighted mean and the Likert scale to assess the seriousness of the identified problems. The findings reveal several significant problems faced by Barangay Tanods during the pandemic. These include dealing with ill-tempered and stubborn individuals, non-compliance with safety protocols such as wearing face masks and observing social distancing, residents resistance to following rules, encountering hostility and harassment, and facing challenges in correcting violators. These problems are categorized as serious to very serious based on their weighted mean scores. The study emphasizes the need for increased awareness and preparedness among Barangay Tanods in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities during the pandemic. The findings can serve as a basis for developing interventions and training programs to address these challenges effectively. By enhancing the competence and knowledge of Barangay Tanods, their ability to ensure the safety and well-being of their community can be strengthened even in the face of unprecedented circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic.

By design

This paper takes a design research approach to the challenge of transforming learning and teaching in higher education (HE) as it is experienced at the level of an interdisciplinary team composed of content matter experts and specialists in education. It is based on the reflections of members of the team working collaboratively to transform an undergraduate biology unit, delivered in intensive mode in parallel with a standard teaching semester to improve both student engagement and teaching staff satisfaction. The unit learning design tests 21st century active learning pedagogies in the context preparing students for their professional lives. Using semi-structured interviews and reflective inquiry the authors attempt to uncover the salient features of the process of implementing technology enhanced learning, and generate constructive design solutions. The work is situated in the scholarship of learning and teaching as it encourages "reflection-in-action" and a commitment to sharing what works in STEM teaching and learning in contemporary environments. The teaching team focus on the complex problems of preparation, attendance, and engagement in a series of intensive labs, whilst the professional staff focus on the complex problems of innovation and student engagement in higher education. A number of known and hypothetical learning design principles are integrated with the affordances of the chosen learning environment (OneNote) and used to propose plausible solutions. These solutions are used to iteratively refine the learning environment and reveal new design principles. The data shows improved staff engagement with the unit and the students through an enhanced role in the application and development of modern pedagogies. The paper emphasises the benefits of providing for and supporting the emergence of microcultures, and suggest strategies for those that wish to emulate the approach taken.

Personality Psychology of Characters in Kado Terbaik Novel by J.S. Khairen as an Alternative Literature Learning Material in Senior High School

This study is conducted to investigate the psychological perspective of the characters on Kado Terbaik novel by J.S. Khairen. The design of the study is qualitative research with literature psychology research design and character psychology approach. The data of this study are that includes words, sentences, paragraphs and dialogues contained in the novel Kado Terbaik indicated by material, structure and personality qualities that builds the personality of character based on personality psychological theory by Ludwig Klages. The data source of this study are a novel by J.S. Khairen entitled Kado Terbaik and the syllabus of 2013 curriculum revision year 2021 on the level of Senior High School. The data collection in this study employs a documentation technique by collecting written data in the form of words, sentences, dialogues and paragraphs obtained in the novel Kado Terbaik that related to problem of the study. The results of this study indicate that the personality of Rizki is character in the Kado Terbaik novel is good as Rizki has clear, detailed and good recall, sanguine temperament, depressive and expansive moods, active affect and strong expression, personality quality influenced by self-control and lust. In conclusion, Kado Terbaik can be one of good novels as alternative literature learning materials in eleventh graders of senior high school in second semester according to the 2013 curriculum.

#TEBWorks: Engaging Youth in a Community-Based Participatory Research and User-Centered Design Approach to Intervention Adaptation

#TEBWorks: Engaging Youth in a Community-Based Participatory Research and User-Centered Design Approach to Intervention Adaptation

Assessing the Validity and Effectiveness of Student Worksheets and Creativity Tests in Enhancing the Creativity of Open University Students

This research aims to create valid and effective Student Activity Sheets (SAS) and Scientific Creativity Tests (SCT) in order to enhance the creativity of open university students. The validity of SAS and SCT is determined by achieving a minimum score of 2.50 in both content validity and construct validity categories. Similarly, their effectiveness is measured by: (1) observing a statistically significant increase in students' scientific creativity at a 5% significance level; and (2) achieving a minimum average n-gain in the medium category. This research follows an Educational Design Research approach and utilizes a pre-experimental design with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research subjects consist of undergraduate students at Open University Surabaya during the 2023/2024 academic year. The data collection instruments used in this research include: (1) a Validity Assessment Sheet for SAS and SCT; and (2) the SCT test. The research data, which includes pre-test and post-test scores, are collected after conducting prerequisite tests such as normality and homogeneity tests. These scores are then analyzed using a paired t-test to identify any differences in students' scientific creativity between the pre-test and post-test stages. The average level of improvement in scores is calculated using the normalized gain (N-gain) method. The research data, in the form of scores obtained from the assessments of the validity of learning tools by three Learning Experts, are analyzed using the average method to determine validity, as well as by using Cronbach's alpha (α) to assess reliability. The same analysis is conducted for the Research Instrument scores. The research findings demonstrate that both SAS and SCT tools are valid and effective in enhancing student creativity.

A Neuroinclusive School Model: Focus on the School, Not on the Child

ABSTRACT Inclusive education involves adapting schools upfront to the needs of students with diverse profiles to enable them to fulfill their potential and develop a sense of belonging to their schools. This study aimed to design a model that clarifies the features of school occupations and environments that support the participation and well-being of autistic students and their peers. A research-design approach was used to develop the model. Through the iterative and collaborative process, it came out as necessary for the model to target a larger diversity of students, especially those who are neurodivergent. The model includes nine desirable features of school environments and occupations that support the meaningful participation and the well-being of neurodivergent students. The importance for people in the social environment to celebrate neurodiversity, and to provide safe and caring spaces, came out as particularly critical. The model also provides indications relating to the physical environment (e.g. being free from excessive stimuli) and to the desired features of activities (e.g. harnessing passions and strengths, offering various options). It invites collaboration between stakeholders to create more welcoming schools for neurodivergent students and their peers.

Design and Development Research (DDR) Approach in Designing Design Thinking Chemistry Module to Empower Students' Innovation Competencies

Design and evaluation processes to provide an empirical basis for producing instructional and non-instructional products, tools, and new or improved development models. This method uses various methods, including qualitative and quantitative techniques, and thoroughly examines the literature. The design and development of this chemistry module using design thinking to empower students' innovation competencies are described in this article. The main challenge for the teaching implementation process that is capable of mastering the skills of generating new ideas and solving problems in the real world is preparing teaching materials, consuming time, and putting pressure on the teacher. Teachers need more support resources to translate the expected teaching practices. This effort aims to generate a new perspective in education, especially chemistry education, in developing student innovation competence in secondary schools in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the design and development research (DDR) approach used to develop a design thinking chemistry module using a DDR approach. The researcher will go through three study phases and use several different research approaches in each phase. In the first phase, the researcher investigated the teachers' needs in their pedagogy used in teaching and students' innovation competencies. The second phase is the design and development phase, involving the consensus of twelve experts in various fields, such as chemistry/science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), curriculum development, module construction experts, and research and innovation planning experts. Consequently, the final phase is implementation and evaluation, focusing on determining the module's effectiveness in teaching and learning. Expert consensus is the primary input in developing modules in Malaysian chemistry education. Malaysian education needs to bring a different educational paradigm and teaching strategy, which includes the impact of teacher pedagogy through design thinking in the future. The conclusion of this article proposes a conceptual framework for the research to contribute to the advancement of design thinking and chemistry education.

Designing a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory Using Prezi Presentation and GeoGebra Application on Flat-Shaped Triangle Geometry Materials

Technology plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of math learning. In addition to adapting to the rapid advancement of ICT, technology serves as a visualization aid for abstract mathematical concepts, facilitating understanding. Prezi presentations and GeoGebra application are technological tools that can be used as a medium for learning math. Prezi Presentation is used as a presentation medium, while GeoGebra functions as a dynamic tool to enhance the understanding of geometry. They both positively impact the development of mathematical thinking, facilitate meaningful learning experiences, and can be used as alternatives in designing a hypothetical learning trajectory for concepts related to triangle types. This study aims to design a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) using Prezi presentation and GeoGebra for the material related to triangle types. The HLT tailored to suit the characteristics of students, making it easier to construct independent understanding related to triangle types through the use of dynamic technology such as Prezi and GeoGebra. This study uses a design research approach consisting of three phases: introduction, design experiments, and retrospective analysis. This was carried out solely in the preliminary phase to develop the initial prototype of the HLT focusing on the concept of triangle types. The HLT will be further examined in subsequent research and retrospectively analyzed to develop the Learning Instructional Theory (LIT) as the final product. Keywords: flat-shaped triangle geometry materials, geogebra application, hypothetical learning trajectory, prezi presentation

The Effectiveness of Local Culture-Based Human Values in Efforts to Strengthen Pancasila Student Profiles in Elementary Schools

Introduction: Human values, including Truth, Virtue, Peace, Compassion, and Non-Violence, should be ingrained and educated in pupils from a young age to enhance their character in accordance with a nation's standards. The degradation of human values can be attributed to the growing prevalence of individualist views that are in line with contemporary societal norms. It is imperative to enhance and cultivate human values that are rooted in indigenous knowledge and are congruent with the characteristics of Pancasila students. The objective of this study is to conduct a detailed analysis of various methodologies employed in the integration of human values into the development of Pancasila student profiles. Method: A qualitative research design and descriptive approach are employed in this study. The study was carried out in a State Elementary School located in the West Selemadeg District of Tabanan Regency. The data was acquired by extensive observations of kids' learning activities and learning environments, as well as through focus group discussions (FGD) involving school principals, instructors, and parents. Results: The qualitative analysis of the data revealed that the inclusion of human values derived from the local culture is a pertinent pedagogical approach within the independent learning curriculum. Conclusions: The efficacy of this strategy in enhancing the holistic development of Pancasila pupils has been well-documented.

Good Corporate Governance and Firm Value before and after covid-19 Case Study of Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of independent commissioners, audit committees, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership on the firm value of Indonesian manufacturing companies, both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a quantitative research design and associative research approach, our findings reveal a positive relationship between independent commissioners and firm value, supporting existing literature on the role of independent commissioners in enhancing corporate governance. Conversely, the analysis indicates a negative influence of audit committees on firm value, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to their formation to avoid undue restrictions on managerial autonomy. The examination of institutional and managerial ownership’s effects on firm value yields inconclusive results, suggesting the need for further exploration. Additionally, our study evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on firm value using a dummy variable and a t-test, revealing no significant change in values during the pandemic. The focus on the Indonesian manufacturing sector provides valuable context, suggesting potential sector-specific resilience to pandemic challenges. Overall, this research contributes nuanced insights into corporate governance dynamics and their resilience in the face of unprecedented global events.

Overexpression of Mammaglobin-A in Primary Breast Tissue Tumor and High Concentration of mRNA Mammaglobin-A in Peripheral Blood as Risk Factors for Metastatic Breast Cancer

Objective: There is still limited evidence for the use of biomarkers in breast cancer. However, mammaglobin-A in tissue and blood has recently been found as a promising biomarker for detecting metastases. Therefore, this study will examine the overexpression of mammaglobin-A in primary breast tissue tumors and the elevated concentration of mammaglobin-A messenger RNA (mRNA0 in peripheral blood as potential risk factors for breast cancer metastasis. Methods: The study was conducted at Sanglah General Hospital in Bali, Indonesia, from July 2017 to March 2018. It employed a hybrid research design, combining both cross-sectional (n = 70) and case-control (metastasis = 20 and non-metastasis = 20) approaches. Peripheral blood samples were collected using specialized L6 tubes and were analyzed for the expression of mammaglobin-A mRNA using quantitative real-time PCR. The diagnosis of breast cancer was established through open biopsy, considered the gold standard. Biopsy specimens underwent histopathological examination and standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis to assess ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 markers. The evaluation of mammaglobin-A protein expression was conducted via IHC at the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Prima Medika Hospital. Result: The mean mammaglobin-A mRNA level in the metastatic group was 11.59±1.37, while in the non-metastatic group was 8.17±1.27-fold change relative to the housekeeping gene beta microglobulin. The mean mammaglobin-A mRNA levels in the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05). Overexpression of mammaglobin-A in cancer tissue was 7.36 times more likely for metastasis compared to non-metastatic (OR = 7.36; 95% CI = 1.34-40.55; p = 0.013). Additionally, mammaglobin-A mRNA concentration was found to be nine times higher for breast cancer metastasis compared to the non-metastatic group (OR = 9.00; 95% CI = 2.15-37.66; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The mean mammaglobin-A level in the metastatic group significantly differs from that in the non-metastatic group. Overexpression of mammaglobin-A and a high concentration of Mammaglobin-A mRNA are influential risk factors for metastatic breast cancer.

Impact of Commercial Bank's Credits on Manufacturing Output in Nigeria: An Ex-post Factor Research Design Approach

Impact of Commercial Bank's Credits on Manufacturing Output in Nigeria: An Ex-post Factor Research Design Approach

Assessment of Flood Vulnerability and Coping Strategies of Communities Living along River Tana in Madogo Ward, Kenya

Purpose: Flood is a natural disaster that occurs due to the sudden onset of rainfall that causes runoff waters from high to low altitude area. Community living along the River Tana in Madogo ward, Tana River County are affected by the floods when it occurs. It was therefore important to assess factors contributing to their flood vulnerability and assess their flood coping and adaptation strategy for current and future planning. This study assessed the factors contributing to flood vulnerability, adaptation and coping strategies along River Tana in Madogo Ward, Tana River County, Kenya. The research objectives were to assess the trends of flood occurrence in Madogo Ward between 2000 and 2020 as well as the coping and adaptation strategies of communities to floods in Madogo Ward.
 Materials and Methods: A descriptive research design approach was used. Data collection approaches involved the use of questionnaires to identify coping strategies by communities. Key informant interviews were also conducted with government officers within the study area to provide information on factors contributing to flood vulnerability, flood trends, occurrence adaptation and coping strategies. Secondary data was acquired through journals, books, and maps. The Statistical Package for Social Science was used to analyze the quantitative data. The analyzed data was presented through maps, tables, figures and graphs.
 Findings: The results indicated that the floods occur after every two years in the study area with different magnitudes and durations. The main coping strategies employed by the community living along River Tana in Madogo Ward was relocation to the higher grounds. It was also established that the community in the area had developed adaptive strategies to flood by putting barriers round their houses. Further findings indicated that the major flood vulnerability factor was topography of the area.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on the findings, it is being recommended that community leaders and county government of Tana River should not allocate plots in the flood zone area. Hence, there is a need for flood zone mapping for resident to know whether they are living within flood zone or not. Additionally, the people’s economic power should be enhanced through entrepreneurial training and giving them first priority in job opportunities. There is also a need to improve the quality of the infrastructures in the area to enhance their resilience to the negative impact of floods.

Value of Information for Clinical Trial Design: The Importance of Considering All Relevant Comparators.

Value of Information (VOI) analyses calculate the economic value that could be generated by obtaining further information to reduce uncertainty in a health economic decision model. VOI has been suggested as a tool for research prioritisation and trial design as it can highlight economically valuable avenues for future research. Recent methodological advances have made it increasingly feasible to use VOI in practice for research; however, there are critical differences between the VOI approach and the standard methods used to design research studies such as clinical trials. We aimed to highlight key differences between the research design approach based on VOI and standard clinical trial design methods, in particular the importance of considering the full decision context. We present two hypothetical examples to demonstrate that VOI methods are only accurate when (1) all feasible comparators are included in the decision model when designing research, and (2) all comparators are retained in the decision model once the data have been collected and a final treatment recommendation is made. Omitting comparators from either the design or analysis phase of research when using VOI methods can lead to incorrect trial designs and/or treatment recommendations. Overall, we conclude that incorrectly specifying the health economic model by ignoring potential comparators can lead to misleading VOI results and potentially waste scarce research resources.

Young 2.0: advancing an inclusive framework for co-creating futures with youth

ABSTRACT The ‘Young 2.0’ project is an exploratory design research endeavour focusing on youth participation in social transformation through co-creation. This study leverages an inclusive design research approach aimed at cultivating inclusivity and co-creating future service offerings and living environments that resonate with youth’s needs and aspirations. The future workshop framework was employed with the idea of encouraging critical assessment of current services and creative generation of future ideas and solutions. Through co-creative activities, the project captured insights into the lived experiences and future ambitions of young participants. The findings identify some of the entrenched norms and activities that spurred empathy and inclusive thinking through making and enactment. The main contribution lies in the initiatives strategies and methods aiming for youth to actively partake in shaping the future of their hometown, to share both explicit and implicit needs and aspirations. The ‘Young 2.0’ project serves as a microcosm of the potential inherent in co-design to serve as a conduit for youth to express and enact their visions for a more inclusive society. This paper provides an exploration of the project’s structure, methodologies, and outcomes, providing some insights into the processes of co-creation within community development and the empowerment of youth.

Immersive virtual reality in experiential learning for architecture design education: an action research

PurposeChallenges of conducting site visit activities, a vital component of architecture learning during the recent pandemic have proved our unreadiness in facing the digital future. The lack of understanding of learning technology has affected the education experience. Thus, there is a need to investigate immersive learning technology such as immersive virtual reality (IVR) to replace students’ concrete experience in the current learning setting. This study aims to answer: (1) What is the influence of IVR in experiential learning (EL) in enhancing the personal spatial experience? (2) Does IVR in EL influence students' approach to learning during the architecture design process?Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted as an action research design approach. Action research was employed in the first-year architecture design studio by the lecturer as a practitioner-researcher. The personal spatial experience survey was performed in the earlier phase to identify the students’ prior spatial experience. Architectural Spatial Experience Simulation (ASES) a learning tool was implemented and assessed with Architecture Design Learning Assessment (ADLA) rubric, which was developed to evaluate EL and student’s approach to learning during the architecture design learning process.FindingsThe outcomes revealed that ASES as a learning tool in EL could improve the participants’ spatial experience, particularly those with minimal prior personal spatial experience. ASES was recognized to enhance the participants’ EL experience and encourage changes in student’s approach to learning from surface to deep learning.Originality/valueThis research benefits the architecture design learning process by offering a learning tool and a framework to resolve challenges in performing site visit activities and digital learning. It also contributes by expanding the EL theory and students’ approach to learning knowledge in the architecture education field.

Satisfaction of International Tourists with Departure Services at Kilimanjaro International Airport: A Study in Tanzania

This study assessed the relationship between airport departure non-processing service performance and international tourists' satisfaction at Kilimanjaro International Airport. A survey research design and quantitative approaches with stratified sampling and a 162 sample size were adopted. Data collection was done through closed-ended questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to tourists and picked after being filled up. Respondents’ responses were based on a five-point Likert Scale. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistics version 21 and Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modelling using SmartPLS 3 software with the help of SmartPLS3 software. The study showed that airport departure facilities were directly and significantly associated with international tourists' satisfaction. This implies that the relationship exists in real life, and any effort to disregard the assessment of these facilities may disturb tourists' satisfaction and lead to untrustworthiness. Moreover, airport departure accessibility and departure retail areas showed an insignificant association with international tourists' satisfaction, implying that no relationship exists in real life. The study recommends that indicators for the constructs with direct relationships be treated as significant factors. However, airport operators should equally monitor service performance to achieve the highest tourist’ satisfaction in all three constructs to make tourists loyal since any service compromise can interrupt tourists' satisfaction. The findings have economic significance in improving tourism performance and airport service management.

Correlates of Commitment to Career Choices of Pre-Service Education Students in Selected Universities in Kenya

The study attempted to establish the correlates of commitment to career choice of pre-service education students in six public and private universities in Kenya. The third and fourth year pre-service education students were the respondents in this study. Correlational research design and concurrent mixed method approach was employed in this study. Purposive, cluster and convenience sampling methods were used. Data were gathered by the use of questionnaires and interviews. In data analysis, frequencies, means, standard deviation, linear regression and Pearson product moment correlation coefficient were used. The pre-service education students were found to be moderately committed to their career choice and that intrinsic motivation, self-concept, status of the teaching profession, fallback and socio-cultural beliefs were correlated to career choice. Fallback however had an inverse correlation to the commitment of career choice. The study recommends that factors which motivate pre-service education student’s choice of teaching as a career should be clearly understood, so that only students motivated by those factors which were found to promote commitment, like intrinsic motivation, self-concept, status of the teaching profession and social cultural beliefs are the ones placed to train as teachers.

Empirical Study of the Effect of Sustainability Accounting Disclosures on Financial Performance of Brewery Firms in Nigeria: Evidence from Nigerian Breweries PLC

The main motivation of this study stemmed from the dearth of empirical evidence of the effect of sustainability accounting disclosure on financial performance of Brewery firms in Nigeria and also to provide empirical proof on “governance disclosure” as one of the explanatory variables of sustainability accounting disclosure. Consequently, this study ascertained the effect of sustainability accounting disclosure on financial performance of Brewery firms in Nigeria. An ex–post facto research design approach was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised five (5) Brewery firms quoted on the floor of the Nigeria exchange group (NGX), and Nigerian Breweries Plc was purposively used as the sample size of this study. Secondary data were carefully sourced from the financial statement/annual reports and sustainability reports from 2013 to 2022 of the Brewery firms quoted on the Nigeria exchange group (NGX). Least regression analysis by aid of E-views 10.0 software was used to test for statistical significance of the effect of sustainability accounting disclosure on financial performance of Brewery firms in Nigeria. The results showed that Economic Sustainability disclosure indexes do not significantly affect Net Profit Margin of Brewery firms in Nigeria. The findings further revealed that Environmental Sustainability disclosure indexes significantly affect Net Profit Margin of Brewery firms in Nigeria. More so, results showed that Social Sustainability disclosure indexes do not significantly affect Net Profit Margin of Brewery firms in Nigeria. Finally, the result established also that Governance Sustainability disclosure indexes do not significantly affect Net Profit Margin of Brewery firms in Nigeria, this study recommends among others; that managers of Brewers in Nigeria should improve and sustain full disclosure practices on economic, environmental, social and governance disclosures following the guidelines of the Global Reporting Index(GRI) as they are capable of exerting significant effect on financial performance of firms in Nigeria.

Administrative Structures Sustainability And Secondary Health Care Administration In Lagos, Nigeria


 The paper focused on the assessment of secondary healthcare administration in Lagos with respect to examined the administrative structure put in place in secondary healthcare facilities and evaluated the effects of administrative structure on secondary healthcare service in Lagos as well as analysed the challenges confronting the administration of secondary healthcare service in Lagos. The paper employed descriptive research design and quantitative research approach. The data were gathered through administration of structured questionnaire. The paper used 20% of the study population 1341, making 268 sample size for questionnaire which consisted of both medical and non-medical staff of three selected General Hospital in Lagos i.e. one from each senatorial district in Lagos State. Data collected were analysed using frequency distribution, percentages, tables, and t-test. The study revealed that sustainability of administrative structure put in place in Lagos State to manage the secondary healthcare service are impactful and has significant effects on the services rendered. Therefore, the paper recommended that hospital administration should provide up to date medical technology and infrastructure need to easy the work of health workers and promote service delivery and that government should be an increase in the financial commitment and budget allocation of the government to the health care sector to address the existing financial challenges. The paper concluded that sustainability of administrative structure has direct effect on secondary healthcare on service delivery in Lagos, Nigeria.