Realm Of Design Research Articles

Understanding the hermeneutics of digital materiality in contemporary architectural modelling: a material engagement perspective

This article develops a framework for analysing how digital software and models become mediums for creative imagination in architectural design. To understand the hermeneutics of these relationships, we develop key concepts from Material Engagement Theory (MET) and Postphenomenology (PP). To push these frameworks into the realm of digital design, we develop the concept of Digital Materiality. Digital Materiality describes the way successive layers of mathematics, code, and software come to mediate enactive perception, and the possibilities of creative material engagement actualised in work with software. Just as molecular materials come to transform action with material objects, so digital materiality comes to enable and transform creative practices with computers. Digital architectural design form a new space for ongoing enactive discovery and creativity through manipulation of digital models and their underlying software environments. By shifting relationships within their digital models, architects can direct their attention, intention, and imagination towards widely different aspects of the model. Here, creative imagination becomes a fundamentally situated activity where mind emerges through dynamic interaction between a variety of embodied, material, and cultural domains.

Research on Processing Technology and Design Optimization of Indoor Soft Packaging Materials Based on Creation of Artistic Situation and Influence of Coastal Climate

Li, H.F., 2020. Research on processing technology and design optimization of indoor soft packaging materials based on creation of artistic situation and influence of coastal climate. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 274-276. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Interior design pursues the combination of emotion and artistic conception. The creation of artistic situation is the highest aesthetic realm of interior design and the main factor that determines the quality of design. It satisfies people's beautiful imagination of interior space environment. Soft-fitting design is an essential link in interior space design and is also the key to optimize interior design. Based on the creation of artistic situations and the influence of coastal climate, a systematic study has been carried out on the processing technology and design optimization of soft materials in interior design. The general principles of material selection in interior design have been explored. The research results can guide the application of interior design in reality and have certain theoretical and practical significance, providing certain theoretical reference for the systematic research of interior design in China.

LANDSCAPE INTERVENTION DESIGN STRATEGY WITH APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC ORNAMENTATION AT TRUNOJOYO PARK MALANG, JAWA TIMUR, INDONESIA

Trunojoyo Park in Malang City is one of the city parks that has a predicate as the best park. The government of Malang city supports this park into a city park that must be visited by the tourists. The problem is trunojoyo park requires a direction of future development by looking at the perception of visitors who visit the park. The purpose of this study is to know the direction of the new design to find the appropriate design criteria in relation to one's response from the perceptions seen. The architectural intervention in the landscape is one way of approaching how to view the perception in the realm of architectural design. In two ways: temporary intervention and permanent intervention, this method looks at how one's response perceives the architectural element as an aesthetic element in which there is an Islamic ornament as one of the objects applied. This study used descriptive research through field observations by giving random questionnaires that were divided into men and women. Analysis and discussion are done by sorting and calculating each variable of choice of the respondent quantitative). They were further evaluated to determine the factors of visitor perception assessment of aesthetics Park City. This study shows that the order and diversity of vegetation, completeness of facilities, security, and comfort of the Park City are the factors of assessment of visitors to the aesthetics of the Park City. This research has benefited from the emergence of new theories regarding the visitor's assessment of the aesthetic City Park.

Review: John McAndrew's Modernist Vision: From the Vassar College Art Library to the Museum of Modern Art in New York, by Mardges Bacon, and Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art: The Arthur Drexler Years, 1951–1986, by Thomas S. Hines

Review: <i>John McAndrew's Modernist Vision: From the Vassar College Art Library to the Museum of Modern Art in New York</i>, by Mardges Bacon, and <i>Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art: The Arthur Drexler Years</i>, 1951–1986, by Thomas S. Hines

Additive Manufacturing for Enhancing Thermal Dissipation in Heat Sink Implementation: A Review

Advances in manufacturing technologies and the recent explosion of materials and methods for creating additively manufactured devices has opened new avenues for novel heat sink designs that can be optimized for flow and conduction considerations. This review paper highlights many of the recent successes and challenges associated with the utilization of “3 D printed” heat sinks for applications in electronics cooling. The purpose is to evaluate the current state of the art in additively manufactured thermal management solutions and the underlying physics and engineering approaches that illustrate the great promise of this emerging sector. The emphasis is therefore not only on the underlying strengths of additive manufacturing, such as its ability to greatly expand the realm of spatial and surface design for heat transfer, but also to illustrate some of its drawbacks that hinder its utilities in certain applications, such as the dearth of materials it can handle. This work looks toward future possibilities of custom designed heat removal schemes which utilize nontraditional geometries that were previously impossible using conventional machining methods.

A Reading of Political Reproduction of Design at French World Expos

Throughout the history of international Expos, first held in Great Britain in 1851, governments made constant effort to reproduce a realm of design aligned with their policies. For instance, the republican French government decided to run a series of dynamic Expos in Paris in 1878, 1889 and 1900. Having just survived the 1870s crisis, the nation used them as respond to a fresh political situation at both national and international levels. Accordingly, this study attempts to provide a reading of the three Expos through a descriptive-explanatory approach, so as to find how design in the realm of Expos held by the French government was reproduced to fulfill political goals. The results suggest that the French government adopted various strategies to institutionalize innovative designs, somehow regarded as political reproductions of art, including: promoting tourist consumerism, building revolutionary monuments, and inventing primitive traditions. As for the first strategy, a new visual representation of information and knowledge about products was exhibited to create a kind of enjoyable entertainment. This provided the government with an opportunity to fulfill its developmental needs as consumer goods or industrial structure through interaction with public opinion and viewpoint. On the other hand, growth of economic capital was supposed to be aligned with its function and value of innovative progress. As for the second strategy, a kind of visual infatuation was created to portray the revolution eternally ideal. Finally, the third strategy kept its human utilization through a comprehensive monitoring over ethnic designs.

Research on the Architectural Design Strategies Based on the 2019 Evaluation Standard for Green Building of China

On August 1, 2019, China’s 2019 version of the Evaluation Standard for Green Building GB/T50378 (ESGB2019) was implemented formally. How to develop design strategies base on this standard in order to guide or control green building design is explored in this paper. Firstly, 62 indexes in ESGB2019 which are directly related to architectural design realm are extracted; then the extracted indexes are classified into six categories according to different aspects of building design;finally, possible ways to extract or establish design strategies relating to the two types of extracted indexes are discussed. The result are expected to provide assistants for architects in designing green buildings that would meet the requirements of ESGB2019.

Electrospinning of tyrosine-based oligopeptides: Self-assembly or forced assembly?

Short oligomeric peptides typically do not exhibit the entanglements required for the formation of nanofibers via electrospinning. In this study, the synthesis of nanofibers composed of tyrosine-based dipeptides via electrospinning, has been demonstrated. The morphology, mechanical stiffness, biocompatibility, and stability under physiological conditions of such biodegradable nanofibers were characterized. The electrospun peptide nanofibers have diameters less than 100 nm and high mechanical stiffness. Raman and infrared signatures of the peptide nanofibers indicate that the electrostatic forces and solvents used in the electrospinning process lead to secondary structures different from self-assembled nanostructures composed of similar peptides. Crosslinking of the dipeptide nanofibers using 1,6-diisohexanecyanate (HMDI) improved the physiological stability, and initial biocompatibility testing with human and rat neural cell lines indicate no cytotoxicity. Such electrospun peptides open up a realm of biomaterials design with specific biochemical compositions for potential biomedical applications such as tissue repair, drug delivery, and coatings for implants.

Assessing a simplified procedure to reconcile distributed renewable and interactive energy systems and urban patterns. The case study of school buildings in Rome

ABSTRACTDistributed, Renewable and Interactive energy Systems (DRIs) are revolutionizing the concept of infrastructure by introducing a set of new properties. The implications of the new system properties in the realm of Urban Design are often neglected. This paper proposes a procedure to reconcile DRIs and urban patterns. This procedure is tested on 23 school buildings in four urban regions of the Ostiense district in Rome. Findings suggest that the identification of existing buildings as active, neutral and passive nodes in DRIs can make a contribution to Urban Design decisions to exploit the renewable energy production capacity inherent in urban patterns.

A Generalized Adaptive Framework (GAF) for Automating Code Compliance Checking

Building design review is the procedure of checking a design against codes and standard provisions to satisfy the accuracy of the design and identify non-compliances before construction begins. The current approaches for conducting the design review process in an automatic or semi-automatic manner are either based on proprietary, domain-specific or hard-coded rule-based mechanisms. These methods may be effective in their specific applications, but they have the downsides of being costly to maintain, inflexible to modify, and lack a generalized framework of rules and regulations modeling that can adapt to various engineering design realms, and thus don’t support a neutral data standard. They are often referred to as ‘Black Box’ or ‘Gray Box’ approaches. This research offers a new comprehensive framework that reduces the limitations of the cited methods. Building regulations, for instance, are legal documents transcribed and approved by professionals to be interpreted and applied by people. They are hardly as precise as formal logic. Engineers, architects, and contractors can read those technical documents and transform them into scientific notations and software applications. They can extract any data they need, reason about it, and apply it at various phases of the project. How these extraction and use are carried out is a critical component of automating the design review process. The chief goal is to address this issue by developing a Generalized Adaptive Framework (GAF) for a neutral data standard (Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)) that enables automating the code compliance checking processes to achieve design efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The objectives of this study comprise i) to develop a theoretical background to an adaptive framework that supports a neutral data standard for transforming the written code regulations and rules into a computable model, and ii) to define the various modules required for computerizing of the code compliance verification process.

Asymmetric protein design from conserved supersecondary structures

Computational design with supersecondary structures as building blocks has proven effective in the construction of new proteins with controlled geometries. So far, this approach has primarily exploited amplification, effectively harnessing the internal folding propensity of self-compatible fragments to achieve sufficient enthalpy for folding. Here we exploit an interface-driven strategy to depart from the repeat design realm, constructing an asymmetric, globular domain from heterologous supersecondary structures. We report the successful design of a dRP lyase domain fold, which agrees with the experimental NMR structure at atomic accuracy (backbone RMSD of 0.94 Å). Our results show that the residual folding information within conserved fragments, combined with efficient interface-directed sampling, can effectively yield globular proteins with novel sequences and biophysical properties.

Good idea! Or, good presentation? Examining the effect of presentation on perceived quality of concepts

AbstractIn the product design realm, designers often use presentations to convey certain ideas about a product or a specific stage of the design process. The popular forms of presentation include verbal pitching, two-dimensional drawing, and prototyping. The clients, investigators, and other audiences rely on such presentations to evaluate an idea. Popular idea evaluation assessment tools, such as the consensual assessment technique, utilize such interactions. On the other hand, numerous pieces of literature state that the audiences are heavily influenced by the quality of presentation when evaluating the worth of the product being presented. In this study, we examine if the audience is able to discriminate between the quality of the presentation and the quality of the idea being presented. A total of 613 ideas were evaluated over a 4-year period during a specific product design class at different phases in the design process. The result shows that no matter the kind of presentation tool used, the presentation quality ratings and the idea value ratings had a very strong positive correlation despite the explicit instructions to reviewers to separate presentation quality from concept quality. Our additional analysis shows that such a pattern did not change during the different phases of the design process.

Recycled Products in the Realm of Furniture and Interior Design in Kuwait

The success of furniture and interior design depends on important elements of shape, function and durability. With the emergence of environmental problems and the pressing need to adapt materials to climate change, a new field of design dealing with recyclable products has developed. This research deals with the level of success of recycled products in the realm of furniture and interior design in Kuwait. The study focuses on measuring the public's awareness and practice of recycling in Kuwait, thenmoves on to analyze whether recycled designs have succeeded to find a place within the lifestyle of Kuwaiti society, taking into account both form and function necessities for achieving a good design. In this regard, the main research question is “To what extent have recycled products in the realm of furniture and interior design managed to succeed in Kuwait?” Findings regarding Kuwaiti society and recycling show several results: most members of the community stated that they had a high knowledge of environmental issues yet seldom actually practiced recycling; community members are against a stronger legal framework for environmental protection; higher education assists with knowledge of environmental issues but not necessarily better recycling practice.The findings from the experiences of recycled designs display that the consideration to the function aspect of the design was not strong. In this regard, the sector is developing with the aim of decoration only and not the essential target of a better environment. The research ends with recommendations to policy-makers and designers on developingrecyclable designs that suit the society in Kuwait (in terms of form) and serve the function of ameliorating environmental threats.

Rational optimization of a monoclonal antibody for simultaneous improvements in its solution properties and biological activity.

Developability considerations should be integrated with lead engineering of antibody drug candidates in interest of their cost effective translations into medicines. To explore feasibility of this imperative, we have performed rational mutagenesis studies on a monoclonal antibody (MAB1) whose development was discontinued owing to manufacturability hurdles. Seven computationally designed variants of MAB1 containing single point (V44K, E59S, E59T and E59Y) and double (V44KE59S, V44KE59T and V44KE59Y) mutations in its light chain were produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and purified by using platform processes employed during commercial scale production of monoclonal antibodies. MAB1 and its variants were formulated in the same platform buffer and subjected to a battery of experiments to assess their solution behaviors, and biological activities. Five of the seven (71%) variants of MAB1 demonstrated improved biophysical attributes in multiple experimental testings. Contrary to the commonly expressed reservations about potential biological activity loss upon developability optimizations, the improvements in solution behavior of MAB1 also increased its biological activity up to ~180%. In particular, concentrate-ability and apparent solubility of V44KE59S improved to ~150% and ~160%, respectively. Its diffusion interaction parameter (kD) reduced to 28% and viscosity at ~100 mg/ml decreased to less than half of the corresponding values for MAB1. V44KE59S is also slightly more active and its transfections in CHO cells were more productive. It also degraded slower than MAB1 in three month long 25°C and 40°C formulation stability studies. These results open doors to an exciting realm of structure-based biologic drug design where developability and biological activity can be simultaneously optimized at the molecular engineering stages.

Çağdaş Cami Mimarisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Religious buildings, since the very early ages, are structured through time in accordance with the social structures, changing belief systems, cultural differences, and technological developments. Each civilization studied the period prior to them, benefited from the past knowledge, and developed their own authentic architecture. An evaluation of the contemporary Turkish mosques shows that, instead of building through an understanding of past buildings, replicating structures have been built. Considering the number and characteristics of these practices, it is important that only a few mosques constitute architectural examples. The article examines the reasons why small number of modern mosques has been built whilst the new built mosques replicate the old architectural designs. The issue is discussed with reference to the idea of an “unchanging mosque typology; idealizing a particular era and style; ignoring the developments in technology and material resources; continuing with the accustomed style”. Throughout the concepts such as Islamic Architecture, Ottoman Architecture, social structure, aesthetic perception, meaning, material resources, approaches in ideological and design realms, the longing for past and criticism of the global are used. In the article, a project for Halide Edip Adıvar Complex National Architectural Project Competition is highlighted as a case which is designed by team members: Meltem Özçakı (leader), Yağız Ezer, Ali Derya Mutlu, Büşra Şık, Ecem Kocaarslan, Canan Ganiç and assistants: Mahmut Nimetoğlu, Kübra Çelik. The article ends with a commentary on traditional structures in the context of contemporary opportunities available through new technologies and materials.

Exploring the Potentials of ICT Tools for Human-Centric Regenerative Design

Aiming for sustainable buildings and cities is critical to achieving a future that is socially just, ecologically regenerative, culturally rich, and economically viable. However, our current concepts of sustainability often exclude the essential domains of data, information, and the knowledge relating to the relationship between buildings and people that inhabit them. Thus, the research questions at the core of this paper have been as follows: Can technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) be used to create systems that enhance relationships between buildings and inhabitants? Can social networks and natural interactions support further research relating to human-centric design tools for the built environment? The Human Observation Meta-Environment (HOME) project was developed to address this question. The ICT architecture has been tested to observe and collect human behaviour data within a sentient room at the Politecnico di Torino (IT), where the inhabitants were strategically aware of their behaviours. Methods of analysis included technologies related to the domain of AI (such as Natural Language Analysis, Computer Vision, Machine Learning and Deep Learning) that have been used in social network analysis in connection with the word ‘comfort’, and definitions resonate strongly with the realm of regenerative design. Results were used to further research the role of users that could serve as leverages to design (both spaces and related smart systems) according to actual user needs. People from very different disciplinary backgrounds interacted with the prototype in a workshop and provided stimuli for further considerations regarding the possible technological, psychological, cognitive, cultural, social, political, and aesthetical impacts of the use of these technologies inside sentient buildings. The paper enriches the discourse on how ICT data can be organised and read in a human-centric regenerative design process perspective.

PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI ISLAM DALAM SEBUAH SIMULASI PERANCANGAN HUNIAN RUMAH TINGGAL SEDERHANA

Abstract: This study aims to explore Islamic values that have implications on the habitation aspects and illustrate how these values can be translated in the physical embodiment of dwelling. Literature review has been done to find the formulation of Islamic principles in residential environment. Precedent study by observing housings close to hypothetical site of the design simulation case was also taken as a part of contextual design approach. The concepts referred in design derived from the formulation of principles and contexts. This study concludes that Islamic values are highly potential to be explored in developing residential design concepts. The principles derived from Islamic values are more universal-qualitative criterias, so that in the realm of design, can be implemented with a very adaptive to the local contexts.Keyword: dwelling, Islamic values, design simulation, context

ALGAE AND BUILDING FAÇADE REVISITED. A STUDY OF FAÇADE SYSTEM FOR INFILL DESIGN

Buildings account for around 30 percent of the world’s total energy consumption and a similar percentage of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions the main cause of climate change. The building sector is a major energy consumer, and empirical research reveals that carbon-dioxide emissions from the building sector exceed those of the industry and transport sectors. Contextual juxtaposition has commonly been applied in designing a new building in the historic district. In the realm of design, such philosophy-based design approach requires objective measurements. When new glass building considered, the question on greenhouse gas emissions becomes significant. To minimize energy consumption and reduce sun glare, brise-soleil and horizontal fixed shading devices have been used as elements of building’s facade. Nowadays, algae as part of building facade system have been used in creating a healthier indoor environment. This paper is written based on an on-going architectural design-based research on the use and role of algae as part of the building facade system. The new building of ITB Innovation Park is used as an infill project. With the help of modelling and extensive literature survey, this research will investigate how far the building (facade) design is affected by considerations on energy consumption pattern and environmental condition.

Estimating digitization efforts of complex product realization processes

In manufacturing industries, digitization of design and manufacturing processes adds competitiveness to business in terms of automation, interconnectedness, better user experience, easier process analysis, and machine intelligence. In this paper, we have delineated our experience of estimating efforts required for digitizing design and manufacturing processes of large complex products prevalent in industries where myriad of such processes exist along with their individual complexities. We have analyzed process complexities and reconstructed use case points method of estimation. Prediction error analysis has been performed based on various established methods while validating estimation model. Historical data has been used for model training and validation. A sustained productivity factor of 28.5 consultant-hour/use case point exhibits acceptable average estimation error. We also delve into the replication of digitization effort estimation of homologous components. Analysis of an automotive sheet metal component realization process and its digitization effort estimation has been presented as a proof of concept. The method can be adopted for process digitization in both design and manufacturing realms.

Printable 3D Trees

AbstractWith the growing popularity of 3D printing, different shape classes such as fibers and hair have been shown, driving research toward class‐specific solutions. Among them, 3D trees are an important class, consisting of unique structures, characteristics and botanical features. Nevertheless, trees are an especially challenging case for 3D manufacturing. They typically consist of non‐volumetric patch leaves, an extreme amount of small detail often below printable resolution and are often physically weak to be self‐sustainable. We introduce a novel 3D tree printability method which optimizes trees through a set of geometry modifications for manufacturing purposes. Our key idea is to formulate tree modifications as a minimal constrained set which accounts for the visual appearance of the model and its structural soundness. To handle non‐printable fine details, our method modifies the tree shape by gradually abstracting details of visible parts while reducing details of non‐visible parts. To guarantee structural soundness and to increase strength and stability, our algorithm incorporates a physical analysis and adjusts the tree topology and geometry accordingly while adhering to allometric rules. Our results show a variety of tree species with different complexity that are physically sound and correctly printed within reasonable time. The printed trees are correct in terms of their allometry and of high visual quality, which makes them suitable for various applications in the realm of outdoor design, modeling and manufacturing.