Design Philosophy Research Articles

Experimental evaluation and design of fillet welds under in-plane eccentric loads

The principal objective of this investigation is to furnish equations to compute the design strength of fillet welds under in-plane eccentric loads suitable for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) applications. Over the years, experimental and analytical techniques have been used to arrive at safe estimates for the strength of such welds in common practical applications. The conventional elastic design (ED) method is very conservative and is not compatible with the LRFD design philosophy. In addition, the ED method neglects the weld group's ductility and strain compatibility. On the other hand, the instantaneous center of rotation (IC) method considers the above parameters but requires complex calculations. In the present study, a method for designing fillet welds under eccentric loading is introduced called the plastic design (PD) method. This method considers the inelastic properties of the welds in a simple manner while providing an accurate prediction of the weld group's capacity. The performance of the proposed PD method was compared with the IC method for several cases. The ultimate loads obtained were mostly within 10% difference on the conservative side and only marginally different for a few. Additionally, the fillet weld group's resistance under in-plane eccentric loads was evaluated experimentally using 12C-shaped specimens with the load applied at different angles of 0, 45, and 75°. The test results also confirmed the efficacy of the proposed PD method in evaluating the design strength of such weld groups.

A comprehensive mathematical theory and optimized design of a high-frequency electro-pneumatic variable valve actuator for a camless IC engine

This paper discusses the development of a detailed mathematical theory and its use for the design of an electronically controlled, double-acting Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) mechanism for a camless internal combustion engine, that offers a comprehensive control over the timings and the motion of the valves such that any arbitrary time-variation of the valve lift profile can be obtained at variable rotational speeds of the engine shaft. The developed theory encompasses the thermo-fluid-dynamic as well as the applied-mechanical aspects of the actuator cylinder-engine valve system performance, the dynamics of the valve actuation being characterized by parameters such as valve opening duration, peak lift and seating velocity. The prediction of the mathematical theory compares well with several experimental data sets obtained from an in-house pneumatic VVA set-up. A new design methodology is formulated for determining the appropriate dimensions of the actuator, operating thermodynamic parameters and the electronic control of the various valve events for a desired range of engine rotational speed. Several parameters in the new design philosophy are kept within acceptable ranges established from time-tested data obtained from conventional cam-based valve actuation. For example, a new pneumatic cushioning strategy has been developed that is simple, effective and energy-efficient, and is able to keep the valve seating velocity within an acceptable range (0.08–1.13 m/s). The work also discusses the implementation of several constraints that are necessary for the design of a practically viable pneumatic actuator. The evolution of a design matrix map for the electro-pneumatic VVA is quantified for the engine rotational speed varying up to 5500 rpm.

Aquathermal effect of anomalous pressure generation in consolidating minefill

Recycling cement-amended tailings into subsurface cavities has delivered competitive socioeconomic revenue for underground mining. However, recent instances of anomalous thermal pressure in consolidating backfill have raised growing concerns over the current design philosophy. This study demonstrates that the excellent hydraulic sealing and considerable chemical energy inherent in cemented backfill can spontaneously generate substantial thermal pressurisation through constrained pore fluid expansion. An analytical solution is hence developed for characterising the non-isothermal behaviour of hydrating backfill based on classical thermo-poroelasticity. The influence of the preparation condition and mix design on the pressure evolution in the time domain and during spontaneous heat generation is then thoroughly examined, successfully pinpointing the causal mechanism responsible for typical thermal pressure anomalies. It is demonstrated that the anomalous pressure is attributable to both the conservative use of binder, which increases the intrinsic heat load, and the elevated initial temperature, which promotes water volume expansion. The fundamental influence of temperature-sensitive water expansivity on the path dependence of thermal pressurisation is also elucidated. This study thus contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the thermally correlated pressure anomalies that frequently occur in field operations. These critical findings would also hold practical implications for designing successful backfill solutions in challenging mine environments.

Seismic response assessment of ductile reinforced concrete columns affected by corrosion and axial load variations

The present study investigates the effect of reinforcement corrosion and axial compression ratio (ACR) on the seismic response of large-scale ductile reinforced concrete (RC) columns. 3D numerical models of sound and corroded RC columns were developed and validated with detailed experimentation. Various parameters, such as hysteresis and backbone curves, stiffness degradation, ductility, and energy dissipation, were evaluated for all the specimens. The numerical findings were then compared with the experimental findings. Subsequently, a thorough parametric study was executed to analyse the structural behaviour under varying corrosion degrees and ACR level combinations. It was observed that both sound and corroded specimens experienced significant degradation in terms of their strength, deformability, stiffness, and ductility due to elevated ACR levels. Moreover, increased ACR levels in both specimen types led to a decline in pre-peak and post-peak response trajectories, resulting in an early achievement of peak response at lower drift levels. The study’s outcome advocates the significance of incorporating ACR levels into the design philosophy of ductile reinforcements for RC columns.

Experimental study and design methodology of sacrificial-energy dissipation beam-column joint

To enable secondary energy-dissipation components to actively attract and dissipate seismic energy, a new type of sacrificial-energy dissipation beam-column joint (SEDJ) was proposed. This study validates the performance of the proposed SEDJ through full-scale quasi-static loading tests. The rotation angle of the proposed SEDJ at the beam end, corresponding to the peak strength Fu, can be controlled within 1/250 - 1/50. In addition, the beam and column components remain elastic, thereby achieving the seismic performance objectives of "no damage, sacrificial-energy dissipation, and no collapse under service-level (SLE), design-basis (DBE), and maximum-considered (MCE) earthquakes", respectively. This study enhances the design of the SEDJ by adopting a built-in sleeve connection scheme to significantly reduce the free-stroke displacement, and a double-coupling block scheme to solve the issue of stress concentration in friction plates that leads to cracking. Furthermore, the efficiency of the installation and disassembly of friction plates is improved, thus enabling the rapid replacement of bolts and friction plates after strong earthquakes. Finally, a practical engineering design methodology is proposed that decouples the bending moments of the sacrificial MR and energy-dissipation MS stages, this methodology activates the sacrificial mechanism under DBEs or MCEs to protect primary beam and column components, and will provide potential insights for the development and application of innovative structural components based on the sacrificial mechanism design philosophy.

Towards Open-Source Cloud Adoption : Exploring the Determinants

The trends in cloud computing development have become fundamental building blocks to many business information system models and innovations, the architects are designing cloud systems to be as effective and beneficial as possible. In this paradigm, open-source cloud platforms are part of the design philosophy that drives innovation in cloud services. The adoption of open-source cloud has become pervasive in the modern enterprise; this has been accelerated by perceived benefits of openness. The power in the community of developers and openness fosters development of hardened, secure and reliable solutions. These features enable a collaborative source code, modification and customization geared towards innovation with positive impact on the design, aligning perfectly with the dynamic nature of open-source cloud solutions. However, the slow adoption rate in the modern enterprises has been attributed to a lack of understanding of open-source cloud adoption. This study explores the determinants of open-source cloud adoption in the context of higher learning institutions. A deductive thematic analysis technique was utilized in the study.

A review on the magnetorheological materials and applications

Magnetorheological materials refer to field-response smart materials whose properties are controllable with a magnetic field, including fluid, grease, elastomer, and gel. The unique magnetorheological effect exhibited by these smart materials is a physical phenomenon where physics and engineering intersect and has extensive application prospects in modern machinery. In electro-mechanical systems, magnetorheological materials offer a superior design method for mechanical devices used in the fields of transmission, damping, and braking. It is important to control the magnetorheological materials for advancing the design philosophy of modern electro-mechanical devices. Hence, this paper presents a recent progressive review on the fundamentals of magnetorheological materials and numerous applications. Firstly, an introduction to the magnetorheological effect and different types of magnetorheological materials are presented in this review. Then, the individual and coupled effects of sedimentation, temperature, and magnetic field on magnetorheological materials are discussed. Finally, magnetorheological materials-based devices have been extensively reviewed, including actuator, clutch, damper, brake, pump, valve, and robot, thus aiming to provide useful information for facilitating the design of complex electro-mechanical systems.

A Review on User Design Psychology in Human Computer Interaction

In today's world, product design must go beyond function and address consumers' emotional and psychological well-being. This calls for a comprehensive strategy that includes design psychology into the fabric of human-computer interaction interfaces. Understanding human behavior and perception allows designers to develop interfaces that connect with people on a deeper level. The term "Psychology of Design" emphasizes the necessity of studying how human perception effects the design and function of things. It recognizes that design is more than just aesthetics; it is also about how consumers perceive and interact with the product. Integrating psychology into design philosophy represents a paradigm change, acknowledging that good design goes beyond addressing fundamental requirements and involves developing emotional connections. This transition is critical to guaranteeing the lifespan. Keywords— Human perception effects, design psychology.

Influence of wave spreading on offshore wind turbine design: IEA 15-MW scenario

Offshore ocean waves are directionally spread, whereby the propagation of energy travels in different directions. Despite this multi-directionality, the use of 3-dimensional wave models for loading on fixed offshore wind turbines has been limited. This is partially due to the common assumption that uni-directional sea-states are conservative within a design philosophy. This may not always be true given that in operating conditions the amount of aerodynamic damping in the side-side direction is much lower than the fore-aft direction. This paper aims to address this issue by providing the influence of wave spreading on various offshore wind turbine design scenarios: fatigue, ultimate and service limit state design. This study demonstrates that wave spreading indeed results in more fatigue damage for operating load cases. Despite this, the overall fatigue and ultimate limit state utilisation is still reduced when a wave spreading is adopted.

Nuclear Logging in Geological Probing for a Low-Carbon Energy Future – A New Frontier?

This paper examines the potential of nuclear logging techniques, ubiquitous in the petroleum industry, to extract geological information needed to support the transition to the low-carbon energy future being envisioned to replace fossil fuels and explores the technological advances needed. Assessment to date, using Monte Carlo modeling and available measurements shows promise in (1) monitoring injected CO2 for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) to mitigate climate change, (2) assessing sites to bury high-level waste to support nuclear power generation and later monitor buried radioactive waste, and (3) in geothermal, a renewable option. For each case, standard techniques, while promising, also show technological gaps. Additionally, two postulated low-carbon areas supporting renewable energy generation are briefly examined—downhole quantification of strategic minerals and prediction and detection of naturally occurring hydrogen in the geology. Three related technology areas are also examined: transition from the current dual-track philosophy of nuclear logging tool design to a compact, more universally applicable advanced accelerator-based multiple-parameter tool concept, incorporation of artificial intelligence-guided physical health management systems to minimize generator failure, and advances in generation/detection hardware and software. Software advances would include codes with dynamic visualization and improved nuclear data libraries to design, calibrate, and assess tools, especially to provide a priori space-time profiles of attendant multiple radiation types, which would arise in the novel systems being postulated. Two exotic concepts, recently suggested also for downhole use, associate-particle imaging to monitor casing integrity of wells storing methane and hydrogen and muon-based deep density probing, are briefly explored.

Corrosion detection and localisation utilising a novel thin film guided wave sensor sparse array

Detecting and pinpointing corrosion-related damage in infrastructure poses significant financial and technical difficulties. It is simply not feasible to manually inspect all infrastructure for corrosion. Permanently installed systems can monitor critical failure points without the need for manual scanning but these are not always known. Ultrasonic guided wave technology can be used for full system coverage, however, there is a trade-off between range and resolution. This has found a place for long distance monitoring of significant defects, however high- resolution systems require too dense a network to be feasible to install, cost and maintain. This research seeks a middle ground between these two options by employing machine learning and a scalable setup of easy to install, printed detection sensors. A flexible array of printed thin film sensors is placed around two identical mild steel pipes, each 0.5m long with a 6 mm wall thickness and 115 mm outer diameter. Corrosion is then induced artificially in one sample. Two transmit transducers on the top and bottom of the pipes are used to emit an ultrasonic, circumferential guided wave. The transmitted waveform was then received on all sensors throughout the array for data collection. Through machine learning and a search algorithm, sub-millimetre resolution is achieved, detecting millimetre-scale corrosion and localisation to the nearest detection sensor. Crucially, the system maintains scalability for large-scale asset inspection. This technology shows promise in addressing inspection challenges, including Corrosion Under Pipe Supports (CUPS) and Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI). It offers a potential solution to the costly problem of infrastructure damage detection and localisation while retaining scalability and a low-profile design philosophy.

Seismic fragility analysis of simply supported bridges considering uncertainty in scour condition

Bridges are vital infrastructures but face compounding risks from scouring and seismic events. Although recent studies have explored these individual and overlapping hazards, they often utilize deterministic approaches and focus on specific bridge types in limited geographical areas. This study addresses these gaps by introducing a probabilistic framework for assessing the seismic performance of multi-span reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridges in the presence of scour-related uncertainties. A time-dependent scour model, informed by a Bayesian approach and literature-based uncertainties, is integrated into the framework. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and record selection strategies are employed to define the seismic demand probabilistically. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is utilized to propagate combined uncertainties during the analysis, considering different scour scenarios defined according to the discharge peak condition of the flood event at the specific location of the bridge. In the last step of the probabilistic framework, fragility analyses are conducted on individual components and the entire system by means of nonlinear dynamic models and multiple stripe analysis (MSA). An actual five-span bridge with simply supported prestressed concrete girders, located in Chile, is used as application example of the proposed approach, considering measured hydrological data and seismic hazard of the real location of the bridge. The study identifies distinct vulnerabilities across various bridge components under scour conditions. Elastomeric bearings are particularly susceptible in scenarios characterized by low scour depths (low discharge peak condition). Conversely, abutments display heightened vulnerabilities as scour depth increases (medium discharge peak condition). Piles also exhibit notable vulnerability, escalating in scenarios with great scour depth (medium discharge peak condition). Notably, piles tend to be more susceptible than columns to scour effects, especially in bents featuring shorter columns. These disparities in vulnerability are influenced by the bridge design philosophy, as well as the synergistic effects of seismic forces and varying scour depths. System fragility curves further elucidate that the likelihood of exceeding specific damage thresholds varies according to different scour scenarios, with the deeper scour depth scenario, displaying the higher vulnerabilities.

Construction of Sagrada Famlia --Building the Architecture and Sacred Space in the Modern World

This research report examines the construction and evolution of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, focusing on the level of complexities of the global debates on the proceeding construction of the project. This study delves into the original vision of the second leading architect, Antoni Gaudi, and his political perspective within the church, then subsequent shifts into the transforming design philosophy after Gaudis death, considering factors such as tourism and urban plans. Through a thorough analysis of architecture itself, this research investigates the ongoing debate over the cathedrals completion and the concept of sacred space, revealing the tension between the churchs initial identity and the continuing of construction of novel sacred space. The study concludes that the cathedral has evolved into a symbol not only of the Catalan community but also of broader application such as religious tourism, continuing to drift away from Gaudis insightful purpose, however, reshaping the sacred space benefits the society economically.

Smart Unary Multilevel Marketing

The "Raksham" project stands as a cutting-edge Unilevel Marketing platform meticulously engineered to promote and distribute Raksham Ayurvedic health-conscious products. Harnessing a sophisticated amalgamation of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL, and PHP technologies, Raksham orchestrates a seamless and intuitive interface for interactions between distributors and end-users, redefining the paradigm of online marketing and sales. The Admin Portal emerges as the nerve center of Raksham, furnishing distributors with an array of powerful tools and features to streamline their operations. These include dynamic dashboards that furnish real-time insights into team performance, robust profile management capabilities, streamlined package enrollment processes, agile payment systems for seamless financial transactions, and sophisticated team management functionalities. These tools empower distributors to monitor their business performance meticulously, manage their teams effectively, and orchestrate secure and efficient financial transactions with ease. On the end-user front, Raksham presents a captivating and user-centric interface designed to enhance the shopping experience and foster customer engagement. Through features like intuitive messenger services facilitating seamless communication between users and distributors, comprehensive product catalogs showcasing the diverse range of Raksham products, and streamlined order tracking mechanisms, Raksham ensures that end-users can navigate the platform effortlessly, make informed purchasing decisions, and track their orders with convenience. The strategic integration of these features within Raksham's technological infrastructure not only augments operational efficiencies for distributors but also enhances user satisfaction and engagement among end-users. By leveraging state-of-the-art technologies and a user-centric design philosophy, Raksham solidifies its position as a formidable contender in the realm of Ayurvedic health-conscious products, poised to revolutionize the landscape of online marketing and sales in this domain. Keywords: The Advertising, Business ,Social , Network Service, Internet, Data Mining, Website

Experimental Investigation of Ductility in GFRP RC Beams by Confining the Compression Zone

Nowadays, building structures in corrosive environments requires some considerations. Being lightweight, high tensile strength, and corrosion resistance are the features that make fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) bars an alternative component for longitudinal steel reinforcement of concrete. On the other hand, the linear elastic behavior of FRP bars, alongside the brittle behavior of concrete, makes brittle members without considerable ductility. In this paper, the effect of compression region confinement with CFRP sheets on the FRP-reinforced concrete beams was experimentally investigated. Eight GFRP reinforced beams with 2 m length, including one reference beam and seven confined beams, were constructed and tested under a four-point bending test. Based on the type of confinement, specimens are categorized into four groups. Flexural behavior improvements, including load carry capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility, were observed in at least one specimen of each confined group. According to the results, the specimen that was spirally confined with a 30 mm ribbon width and angle of 10° had the best total energy absorption up to about 110% improvement in comparison to the unconfined specimen. On the other hand, vertically confined specimens with 50 mm ribbon width showed the highest improvement in ductility indices and load carrying capacity up to 60% and 11% in comparison to unconfined specimens, respectively. Due to concrete compression zone fractures in flexural failure mode, the over-reinforce method is considered the design philosophy. Results indicate that regardless of the confinement type (discrete vertical, discrete spiral, or continuous spiral confinement), there is an optimal amount for width, blank space between ribbons, and depth of confinement to achieve the best flexural behavior.

Single‐Benzene Fluorophores: Controlling Electron Density on Amino of 2,5‐Diaminoterephthalates to Manipulate Optical/Electronic Properties for Efficient and Diversified Functions

AbstractSingle‐benzene fluorophores have attracted increasing interest owing to their simple molecular structure and unique photophysical properties. Developing novel single‐benzene fluorophores with facile synthesis, bright and tunable dual‐state emissions, and diversified functions is highly desirable. Herein, a strategy of controlling electron density on amino of 2,5‐diaminoterephthalates is proposed to modulate their dual‐state emission, acidichromism, Cu2+ detection, and lipid droplets (LDs) staining. A series of efficient dual‐state single‐benzene fluorophores based on 2,5‐diaminoterephthalate skeleton with tunable emissions in blue to red region and large Stokes shifts is facilely developed. The obtained fluorophores with various substituents on amino groups exhibit different acidichromism property. Two of fluorophores (ABB and ABM) with high electron density on amino groups exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity toward Cu2+ detection with a ratiometric and “turn‐off” fluorescence mechanism for ABM and ABB, respectively. The limit of detection for Cu2+ is determined to be 1.40 × 10−7 and 4.35 × 10−9 mol L−1 for ABB and ABM, respectively. Moreover, three of fluorophores (ABT, ABB, and ABM) with green to red emission display superior LDs‐targeting capability with high specificity, and brightness. This molecular design philosophy provides a new way of designing highly bright dual‐state fluorophores for practical applications.

A reflective textile metasurface for indoor signal coverage enhancement

The design of a reflective metasurface solely based on flexible textile material is presented for indoor signal coverage enhancement in a specific scenario – reflecting and reallocating radio frequency energy that would have leaked through a large window area. The proposed reflective metasurface design, reflective metasurface is composed of layers of square conductive textile patches and dielectric textile substrates. For the unit cell design, a reflective phase difference of up to 90° can be achieved via varying the size of the conductive patches. Meanwhile, a phase difference of up to 180° can be achieved by the alignment of conductive patches on different textile substrate layers, which is an ideal design philosophy for textile material. The proposed metasurface, consisting of 12 × 12 unit cells, can achieve a main reflected beam pointing in the direction of ±35° and a secondary reflected beam at ±63°. Simulated results show that the reflected beams remain relatively stable under the crumpling conditions often seen for curtains. A prototype of the design was fabricated and tested in a real-world scenario. A maximum signal strength enhancement of 15 dB and an average enhancement of 5.97 dB in a wide range of directions can be achieved with the reflective metasurface applied.

Design and Analysis of a Campus Service Platform Based on WeChat Mini Program

This paper explores the design and analysis process of a campus service mini program. As known, an increasing number of mini program platforms are emerging in the market, and the unique community of schools, consisting of teachers and students, also requires a dedicated mini program to cater to their needs. This paper covers aspects such as the functional design, page layout, technical implementation, market analysis, and future planning of the mini program. Through our research, we have found that the design and development of a mini program is a complex and meticulous task, requiring thorough consideration of user needs, technical implementation capabilities, and market demands. Utilizing front-end development technologies, the mini program achieved a simple and user-friendly interface, consolidating multiple scattered platforms commonly used by users, enhancing the platform's practicality, and improving user experience. This research article provides a detailed introduction to the design philosophy, functional modules, technical implementation, and market analysis of the mini program. Additionally, the paper outlines future development trends and offers development recommendations, enabling the mini program to better face future challenges.

An Interpretive and Contextual Approach to Interior Design Education

The teaching and learning of interior design processes are collaborative exercises situated in experience in the phenomenological sense. Researchers interested in evolving interior design philosophies need to understand the underlying values inherent in existing theories and the contradictions that occur when these theories oppose actual interior design processes as they are taught and explored in the studio environment. This paper is organised along three streams. First, the rationale situates the dichotomies that currently exist in design theory production and pedagogy. Second, the study methodology and data analysis are described. Finally, consideration is given to how design pedagogies could be restructured in light of these findings and how theory and practice can be viewed as symbiotic parts of a whole rather than as theoretical opposites.

Importance of building inspection on the seismic response of a severely damaged RC structure during the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence

Large magnitude February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye created a devastating effect on the building stock on a vast region. For earthquakes of this magnitude, severe damage and collapses are indispensable to the old building stock with deficiencies certified in previous earthquakes. But unexpectedly, the newly constructed buildings that were designed by recent version of Turkish Building Seismic Code (TBEC 2018) also experienced severe damage. After conducting site investigations on one of the recently constructed and severely damaged RC building, a detailed numerical study was performed to identify the reasons for the observed seismic damage. This study pinpoints the main cause of such damage due to lack of thorough building inspections during construction to ensure the implementation of the seismic reinforcement detailing specified in blueprints for providing required ductility, as revealed by field investigations. Additionally, it identifies potential issues stemming from a lack of full comprehension of the seismic design philosophy within the code. The existing design pushes the limits on the axial load level on slender column elements and fall short in capturing the soft story irregularity. Although there is a soft base story in the investigated building, using structural walls only in one direction with moderately confined boundary zones increased its vulnerability. This example shows that in Türkiye, where seismic activity is very high and quite lethal, seismic design codes should set stricter limits and measures, and building inspection system must be strictly enforced.