Design Of Wireless Sensor Node Research Articles

Level-Crossing Characteristics of an Actively Managed Buffer

In this paper, we examine a buffer with active management that rejects packets basing on the buffer occupancy. Specifically, we derive several metrics characterizing how effectively the algorithm can prevent the queue of packets from becoming too long and how well it assists in flushing the buffer quickly when necessary. First, we compute the probability that the size of the queue is kept below a predefined level L. Second, we calculate the distribution of the amount of time needed to cross level L, the buffer overflow probability, and the average time to buffer overflow. Third, we derive the distribution of the amount of time required to flush the buffer and its average value. A general modeling framework is used in derivations, with a general service time distribution, general rejection function, and a powerful model of the arrival process. The obtained formulas enable, among other things, the solving of many design problems, e.g., those connected with the design of wireless sensor nodes using the N-policy. Several numerical results are provided, including examples of design problems and other calculations.

Design of Wireless Motion Sensor Nodes based on the Kalman Filter Algorithm

Background: In recent years, wireless sensor network technology has been the center of attention in the international community. It has been a key element in e-health to monitor bodies. This technology enables new applications in different domains, including medical, physical training, etc. Method: Some sensors in WSN (Wireless Sensor Nodes) capture physiological data such as temperature, heartbeat and moving distance. The ECG signal is obtained by an analog front-end chip ADS1292 and processed by an adaptive Kalman filter algorithm. The sensor LMT70 is used to gather the body temperature; the acceleration sensor MPU6050 is used to detect, capture, recognize and identify other body gestures and motions data and the STM32F103C8 microprocessor is used as the kernel control module. WSN sensor nodes provide wireless monitoring due to transceiver module NRF24L01for anybody, anywhere and anytime. Result: Each measurement result can meet physiological index demands. Conclusion: The system can be used to avoid sports accidents and injuries and to plan for future training and realized in LAB conveniently owing to the high cost-performance ratio.

Microcontroller Unit-Based Wireless Sensor Network Nodes: A Review.

In this paper, a detailed review of microcontroller unit (MCU)-based wireless sensor node platforms from recently published research articles is presented. Despite numerous research efforts in the fast-growing field of wireless sensor devices, energy consumption remains a challenge that limits the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology utilizes WSNs for providing an efficient sensing and communication infrastructure. Thus, a comparison of the existing wireless sensor nodes is crucial. Of particular interest are the advances in the recent MCU-based wireless sensor node platforms, which have become diverse and fairly advanced in relation to the currently available commercial WSN platforms. The recent wireless sensor nodes are compared with commercially available motes. The commercially available motes are selected based on a number of criteria including popularity, published results, interesting characteristics and features. Of particular interest is to understand the trajectory of development of these devices and the technologies so as to inform the research and application directions. The comparison is mainly based on processing and memory specifications, communication capabilities, power supply and consumption, sensor support, potential applications, node programming and hardware security. This paper attempts to provide a clear picture of the progress being made towards the design of autonomous wireless sensor nodes to avoid redundancy in research by industry and academia. This paper is expected to assist developers of wireless sensor nodes to produce improved designs that outperform the existing motes. Besides, this paper will guide researchers and potential users to easily make the best choice of a mote that best suits their specific application scenarios. A discussion on the wireless sensor node platforms is provided, and challenges and future research directions are also outlined.

Development of a Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring

The importance of wireless sensor networks for monitoring structural health is constantly developing in response to the rising need for security and safety in urban areas. As wireless technology has improved, wireless sensor networks have become an integral part of structural monitoring systems. When compared to traditional wired systems, structural health monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks provide novel technology with tempting advantages, such as reduced installation and maintenance costs. Due to structural health monitoring, wireless sensor networks now have to deal with even more challenging network design problems. This report summarizes the extensive knowledge gained by researchers using wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring. We look into the design, functioning, communication methods, and well-known operating systems of wireless sensor nodes, as well as the technologies used in both wired and wireless sensor systems. The most up-to-date summaries of academic and commercial wireless platform technologies are then tallied and evaluated in the context of testbed and field deployments for applications related to structural health monitoring. After this, the primary obstacles connected with using wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring are outlined, and the feasibility of applying wireless technology for such applications is discussed at length. Finally, the issues that still need fixing in wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring are analyzed.

Design and Field Validation of a Low Power Wireless Sensor Node for Structural Health Monitoring

Smart monitoring systems are currently gaining more attention and are being employed in several technological areas. These devices are particularly appreciated in the structural field, where the collected data are used with purposes of real time alarm generation and remaining fatigue life estimation. Furthermore, monitoring systems allow one to take advantage of predictive maintenance logics that are nowadays essential tools for mechanical and civil structures. In this context, a smart wireless node has been designed and developed. The sensor node main tasks are to carry out accelerometric measurements, to process data on-board, and to send wirelessly synthetic information. A deep analysis of the design stage is carried out, both in terms of hardware and software development. A key role is played by energy harvesting integrated in the device, which represents a peculiar feature and it is thanks to this solution and to the adoption of low power components that the node is essentially autonomous from an energy point of view. Some prototypes have been assembled and tested in a laboratory in order to check the design features. Finally, a field test on a real structure under extreme weather conditions has been performed in order to assess the accuracy and reliability of the sensors.

Low-Complexity Design and Validation of Wireless Motion Sensor Node to Support Physiotherapy.

We present a motion sensor node to support physiotherapy, based on an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The node has wireless interfaces for both data exchange and charging, and is built based on commodity components. It hence provides an affordable solution with a low threshold to technology adoption. We share the hardware design and explain the calibration and validation procedures. The sensor node has an autonomy of 28 h in operation and a standby time of 8 months. On-device sensor fusion yields static results of on average ° with a drift of 2° per half hour. The final prototype weighs 38 g and measures ø6 cm × cm. The resulting motion sensor node presents an easy to use device for both live monitoring of movements as well as interpreting the data afterward. It opens opportunities to support and follow up treatment in medical cabinets as well as remotely.

Adaptive low-power CMOS LNA in internet of things based wireless sensor networks

With the increasing need for the Internet of things (IoT), wireless communication has become a popular technology for the network. This explosion of IoT wireless applications makes the power consumption a key metric in the design of wireless sensor nodes. The major constraint of the wireless sensors nodes is battery energy, which is the mainly challenging problem in designing IoT network. these constraints have imposed new yet stringent specs to the design of RF front-ends. The design of adaptive radio-frequency circuits, in order to reduce power consumption, is of interest. In a RF receiver chain, the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) stand as critical elements on the power consumption.To address this purpose, this paper proposes a design strategy for an adaptive Low Noise Amplifier as the first element of the receiver chain. Hence the proposed LNA achieves the correct QoS for various scenario of communications. Using the proposed LNA, a significant trade-off between a conversion gain, noise figure and energy consumption is presented.

System level design of wireless sensor node powered by piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting

This paper proposes a design of wireless sensor node powered by piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting system. A complete system level coupling circuit model is established to predict the performance characteristics. The piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (PVEH) is based on a PZT bimorph cantilever, in which a big proof mass is introduced to decrease resonant frequency and a shell served as a stopper to avoid overload. Lumped parameters of the model are identified by experiments and calculations. Electromechanical analogy model of PVEH is simulated in LTspice software. The power consumption of a temperature WSN is tested and the equivalent load model is simulated. A power management circuit (PMC) with LTC3588-1 is designed for rectifying and regulating output of PVEH. Electrical energy is stored in a capacitor. Finally, a system level coupling model is established. Time domain circuit simulation can provide the detailed parameters about the WSN powered by PVEH such as full charge time and sustainable time of the system. Test curves of capacitor charging and WSN power supply in prototype testification show good consistency with the simulation results in LTspice. An application for temperature WSN powered by PVEH is testified as an example. The method and model proposed in this paper can set up a reference to optimize system parameters for WSN powered by PVEH.

Low-power clustering scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things

Aiming at the problems of high energy consumption and long packet forwarding time existing in the existing wireless sensor node scheduling algorithm, a low-power scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things based on clustering power consumption balanced scheduling is proposed. In this algorithm, a distributed balancing control model is used for optimised deployment design of wireless sensor nodes and design of node transmission route of the internet of things; the full-network power consumption equalisation model is adopted for path planning of wireless sensor nodes; based on an adaptive route forwarding protocol, clustering balancing control of wireless sensor nodes is performed; the minimum power consumption load is taken as the constraint cost to perform optimised design of clustering forwarding scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things. Simulation results show that in clustering scheduling of wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things, this method costs relatively low power consumption, provides good energy equalisation of the full network, controls the network energy efficiency well, and provides high success forwarding rate of clustering scheduling of sensor nodes and good overall network performance, it has high application advantages.

Low-power clustering scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things

Aiming at the problems of high energy consumption and long packet forwarding time existing in the existing wireless sensor node scheduling algorithm, a low-power scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things based on clustering power consumption balanced scheduling is proposed. In this algorithm, a distributed balancing control model is used for optimised deployment design of wireless sensor nodes and design of node transmission route of the internet of things; the full-network power consumption equalisation model is adopted for path planning of wireless sensor nodes; based on an adaptive route forwarding protocol, clustering balancing control of wireless sensor nodes is performed; the minimum power consumption load is taken as the constraint cost to perform optimised design of clustering forwarding scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things. Simulation results show that in clustering scheduling of wireless sensor nodes in the internet of things, this method costs relatively low power consumption, provides good energy equalisation of the full network, controls the network energy efficiency well, and provides high success forwarding rate of clustering scheduling of sensor nodes and good overall network performance, it has high application advantages.

Design and implementation of low power consumption wireless sensor node

This work proposes an implementation of wireless sensor node characterized by its very low power consumption. The node comprises three main components: Xbee module, low power PIC microcontroller and digital sensor. The node can be set to sense then transmit data via one of two transmission methods: periodic and by interruptions. To evaluate the power consumption; currents in the node is measured during the different transmission stages for both methods. As a result, a significant reduction in the power consumption is shown particularly in sleep mode compared to conventional transmission methods. The characteristic of low power consumption makes the proposed node practically ecologic. It can also be fed with the extrem low power supplied by an energy harvesting system.

A narrow-band and ultra-low-power 433 MHz wake-up receiver

For the design of wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) the inclusion of a wake-up receiver becomes interesting as soon as an asynchronous bidirectional communication between the WSN and its host is mandatory, to e.g. reprogram the WSN or to trigger the delivery of data. For these purposes the use of the WSNs standard RF interface is not suitable in most cases, as the high power consumption of the same may drain the WSNs battery or overload the capabilities of an integrated energy harvesting module. To solve this principal conflict between flexibility and power consumption, we present the design and characterization of an ultra-low-power wake-up receiver. The concept is based on an optimized modulation/demodulation concept, to achieve a high RF sensitivity and narrow-band operation at the same time. The final device works in the license-free 433 MHz frequency band, with a high RF sensitivity of -63.4 dBm, an ultra-low power consumption of 8.7 µW, and with a low supply voltage of 2 V only.

Design, Development and Realization of Flexible Programmable Low-cost Wireless Sensor Nodes for Industrial Application Using IOT

One of the promising application of IoT is Remote monitoring system, this kind of system is used in various fields of engineering and agriculture. In this type of systems number of wireless sensor nodes is deployed for remote monitoring and these nodes are capable of acquiring data for further processing. In this paper we have designed low-cost wireless sensor node (WSN) which uses At-tiny85 and Nordic nRF24L01, working at 2.4 GHz frequency in ISM band. We designed a wireless node which is flexible in case of interfacing any sensor and can send that sensor data to one master reader. The reader is itself a gateway which can send data to cloud. User can see that data on the designed dashboard online in any web enabled device he prefers. For programming all the feature on Attiny85, Arduino IDE Application has been used, PCB design has been made on Eagle PCB, and for data collection on IoT MQTT Protocol has been used with a software called MQTT FX.

Design of a high-speed low-power wireless sensor node and verification for structural health monitoring

Design of a high-speed low-power wireless sensor node and verification for structural health monitoring

Data-Centric UML Profile for Wireless Sensors

Modelling WSN data behaviour is relevant since it would allow to evaluate the capacity of an application for supplying the user needs, moreover, it could enable a transparent integration with different data-centric information systems. Therefore, this article proposes a data-centric UML profile for the design of wireless sensor nodes from the user point-of-view capable of representing the gathered and delivered data of the node. This profile considers different characteristics and configurations of frequency, aggregation, persistence and quality at the level of the wireless sensor nodes. Furthermore, this article validates the UML profile through a computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool implementation and one case study, centred on the data collected by a real WSN implementation for precision agriculture and smart farming.

The Design of an Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Node for Tracking Pink Iguanas

The design of wireless sensor nodes for animal tracking is a multidisciplinary activity that presents several research challenges both from a technical and a biological point of view. A monitoring device has to be designed accounting for all system requirements including the specific characteristics of animals and environment. In this work we present some aspects of the design of a wireless sensor node to track and monitor the pink iguana of the Galápagos: a recently discovered species living in remote locations at the Galápagos Islands. The few individuals of this species live in a relatively small area that lacks of any available communication infrastructure. We present and discuss the energy harvesting architecture and the related energy management logic. We also discuss the impact of packaging on the sensor performance and the consequences of the limited available energy on the GPS tracking.

Environmental Monitoring with Design of Wireless Sensor Node

Environmental Monitoring with Design of Wireless Sensor Node

Monitoring Penggunaan Daya listrik Sebagai Implementasi Internet of Things Berbasis Wireless Sensor Network

One implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) conducted in this study to realize the system of monitoring and control of electrical energy usage-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This research method is the design of wireless sensor nodes that can measure the electrical parameters of alternating current (AC) as effective voltage, effective current, active power, apparent power, power factor and total electrical energy consumption by using modules ESP8266 as a liaison with a Wi-Fi. Calculation of electrical parameters obtained from ATmega328P microcontroller ADC readings of a step-down transformer that is used as a voltage sensor and sensor SCT013 used as AC current sensors will be transmitted to the server over the network from a Wi-Fi Access Point (AP). ESP8266 modules are programmed using AT-Command proven to reliably measure can transmit data simultaneously with serial data format of the wireless sensor node to a server using TCP / IP protocol. Monitoring power consumption via the internet which are designed in the research, either through the Android application and web browser proven to be reliably able to show some electrical parameters with the same data than the data logger recaps taken from SD-Card installed in the wireless sensor node.

MPPT in Wireless Sensor Nodes Supply Systems Based on Electromagnetic Vibration Harvesters for Freight Wagons Applications

The starting point for the proper design of an efficient wireless sensor node (WSN) supply system that is based on the adoption of a resonant electromagnetic vibration energy harvester (REVEH) is represented by the choice of a REVEH with a proper resonance frequency. But further likewise important design guidelines need to be also taken into account especially if, as in the case of freight wagons applications, vibrations are nonsinusoidal and their characteristics change with time. In this paper, the guidelines leading to the development of a smart power electronics interface between the REVEH and the WSN are provided with reference to freight wagons applications. In particular, for the most widely used double stage ac/dc architecture for REVEH applications, such guidelines not only allow the choice of the proper dc/dc converter topology, but they also allow the development of a suitable maximum power point tracking control strategy that allows to avoid the waste of energy and the consequent necessity to oversize the REVEH.

Design of Wireless Acceleration Sensor Nodes Used in Mechanical Equipment Status Monitoring

Wireless Sensor Network is a new integrated technology, which combines sensor technology, wireless communication technology, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems technology and Digital electronic technology. Now, it has been widely used in military, industrial control, environmental monitoring, transportation, and medical. Along with the research evolution on Wireless Sensor Network, its application fields are gradually expanding. It is penetrating deep into each aspect of the human’s production and life, and will be a new revolutionary technology. In this paper, a wireless acceleration node based on wireless single chip processor CC2430, an ARM7TDMI-S core based microcontroller called LPC2478 microprocessor and three-axis acceleration sensor ADXL330 is designed to monitor the mechanical system operation conditions and fault diagnosis with high efficiency. The performance and characteristics of CC2430, ADXL330 and LPC2478 are introduced compactly. The designations of hardware as well as software of wireless network node are introduced in details. The nodes perform steadily and efficiently in practical test, and it can be easily applied to other monitoring areas.