Design Of Water Supply Systems Research Articles

Multi‐objective assessment of the water‐energy‐environment‐food nexus involving a life cycle assessment approach

AbstractThis work addresses the multi‐objective design of water, energy and food supply systems in isolated rural communities using local resources. The approach used considers objective functions based on life cycle analysis such as water and carbon footprint, as well as economic performance considering the application and integration of normalized metrics to address the water‐energy‐environment‐food nexus. The results show that it is possible to build robust and accessible metrics for the analysis of problems with various design objective functions in decision‐making environments. The optimization problem considers decision variables associated with the sizing of units such as photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, thermal and electrical energy storage, wood‐fired boilers and the integration of food production systems involving aquaculture and local corn production. Water management is associated with domestic activities and crop irrigation.

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly. In the planning of urban construction, it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources. Therefore, the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city. In this paper, we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods. Besides, the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed, so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

UTILIZATION OF BIM TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS DESIGN

Problem statement. The need for the formation and development of human resources in the construction industry of Ukraine to create a competitive sphere that complies with high standards of quality and efficiency, operating based on modern financial, economic, technical, and organizational mechanisms. One method to achieve the goals of innovative development is the modernization of architectural and construction design and engineering networks, particularly through the implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies. These technologies enable effective decision-making at all stages of the life cycle of buildings and structures − from the initial idea to the stage of operation and even the dismantling of water supply and wastewater system engineering networks. The purpose of the article − to explore the utilization of BIM technologies to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of designing water supply and wastewater systems Conclusions. The application of BIM technologies in the design of water supply and wastewater systems significantly improves work efficiency. Creating digital models facilitates the interaction of all participants in the construction process and minimizes errors and conflicts during the design phase. The success of modernizing the construction industry became possible through active collaboration of all stakeholders. Public advocacy and participation in addressing industry issues provided a broader perspective on problem-solving. The implementation of BIM technologies allows for the development and improvement of water supply and wastewater system projects, contributing to work optimization and project planning enhancement.

The main problems of the functioning of existing water supply and water distribution systems in Ukraine

The article analyzes the urgent problems of water supply and drainage, separately in wartime conditions. To solve them, a new scientific approach is proposed, the final result of which will be a single method for optimizing the water supply and drainage systems of settlements. Mandatory components of this methodology are proposed: design and construction of duplicate water supply and drainage systems of settlements, organization of installation and arrangement of pump stations as spare independent water supply systems of settlements. Scientific substantiation of alternative scenarios for individual populated points is proposed, of which the most optimal scenario for the sustainable operation of the system in the long term will be recommended to the local self-government body. In addition, it is proposed for settlements to carry out a risk analysis with the filling of forms according to which water supply and drainage enterprises will work.

Life cycle assessment of solar PV water pumping system for carbon emissions reduction at a location: a case study

ABSTRACT The design of water supply systems powered by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are installed for irrigation and other allied applications at remote rural areas which lack proper on-grid power systems. These systems have been operating successfully for several decades at locations receiving ample solar radiation, assisting in the reduction of carbon emissions. Hybrid life cycle assessment was performed in this study to determine the carbon emissions for a solar PV water pumping system (SPVWPS) in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia. The carbon emission (g/mm3) produced by 1 m3 of water raised by 1 m was used as a reference in this assessment. The present analysis estimates the net CO2 emissions generated during the stages of production, transportation, construction, operation, maintenance, and recycling of SPVWPS. The results from SPVWPS were compared with CO2 emissions from diesel operated pumping systems. It was discovered that the carbon emission intensity produced during the 25-year operation period of SPVWPS was 0.80 g/mm3. The major CO2 emissions of SPVWPS were generated during the manufacturing stage totaled 2.02t, accounting for 55.19% of total emissions. When compared to the mobile diesel-powered water supply project, the CO2 emission intensity from SWPS was found to be about 0.55 times lower by about 1.46 g/mm3. As a result, the rapid development of SPVWPS in rural and pastoral areas represents the realization of rural low-carbon transformation and development, as well as the achievement of China’s “double carbon” reduction targets by 2050.

Applicability of information technology in the design and operation of water supply and wastewater systems in Russia: A review

The article examines the role of information technology in the design and operation of water supply and wastewater systems. Noted that the history of the water supply development in Russia went back many centuries. At the same time, the first urban water supply projects were developed jointly by architects and engineers over several years; today, project development takes much less time, since in the modern world information technology has become an integral part of various industries, significantly improving the efficiency and quality of processes. The Renga functional was analyzed, algorithm for adding a new category of engineering equipment is proposed.

Updating the regulatory framework for the design and construction of water supply and sanitation systems

The paper discusses the aspects of updating and approaches to improving the regulatory and technical documents, i.e. Codes of Practice (CPs), State Standards (GOSTs) to enhance the efficiency of design, construction and operation of water supply and wastewater disposal systems in Russian cities and communities. The development of a methodology for switching over the system of regulatory and technical documents to the parametric standardization is analyzed. It is demonstrated that in recent years, the Russian construction sector has set a course for revising and updating the regulatory framework in the field of design and construction, thus reducing the statutory requirements in the Codes of Practice. The definitions of various methods for the development and application of regulations and standards in construction are given. It is demonstrated that the planned transition from the prescriptive regulation system to a parametric one with specified quality criteria for the finished product is aimed at the development of the quality criteria for the finished project or product using any alternative approaches and methods, transferring a significant part of building codes and regulations to the voluntary category. Evidently, such amendments to the regulatory framework require a very detailed scientific and practical justification.

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ И ВОДООТВЕДЕНИЯ C МИНИМАЛЬНЫМИ КАПИТАЛЬНЫМИ ЗАТРАТАМИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СТАНЦИИ

The work is devoted to the design of water supply and sanitation systems for a low-power thermal power plant within the framework of an energy saving policy with minimal capital costs. The purpose of this work was to analyze the station’s needs for water resources, as well as identify sources of water supply with the selection of cost-effective methods of water treatment and recycling. As part of this work, the set goal was achieved through detailed design of the system on the AutoCAD software platform, which made it possible to accurately visualize all elements of the system. The most important and significant result in this work is the calculations and recommendations for optimizing design solutions taking into account economic feasibility. The significance of the results obtained will allow the implementation of these design solutions at mini stations with low power.

Hydraulic and Water Quality Simulation in a Drinking Water Supply Network: A Case Study of the Ain Regada Network

Abstract To ensure the quantitative and qualitative safety of the drinking water supply to urban and rural areas, drinking water supply network managers are always concerned to improve the quality of the service provided to consumers and the continuity and quality of the water distributed. They are also concerned to ensure better management of all water supply systems. The development of computer software has made network modelling an essential part of the design and management of water supply systems. In this context, this study focuses on the operation of the Ain Regada water supply network. The simulation of the operation of the network in its current state is carried out using Epanet software.

Study of temporal changes in the hydrographic network of small mountain rivers in the Ile Alatau, Kazakhstan

Abstract The article presents the outcomes of an assessment of hydrographic network changes within the Almaty city, utilizing geographic information system (GIS) technology and Earth remote sensing data. Two gauge stations were selected along the main rivers within the Almaty city. To identify distinctive alterations in these rivers, hydrological data series encompassing the maximum runoff from 1970 to 2021 were collected and subjected to statistical analysis. Differential integral curves were constructed to pinpoint periods corresponding to peak and trough runoff levels. For each of these identified periods, the processing of satellite imagery allowed for the computation of meandering coefficients for the river channels. Additionally, refinements were made to the slope values of the rivers during these same timeframes, and connectivity graphs were established to elucidate the relationship between slope and liquid runoff for each period. The analysis encompassed an assessment of the impact of anthropogenic factors on both artificial and natural bodies of water while also considering shifts in the boundaries of the Almaty city. The findings derived from this study have practical applications in the planning and design of water supply systems and in the implementation of measures aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of anthropogenic factors on water bodies.

Impact of Pipe Length on Discharge and Headloss in PVC Water Pipe Installations

This study was conducted to investigate the implications of pipe length on water discharge and headloss in clean water pipe installations in Klampok hamlet, Indonesia. Three residential houses were selected as research sites, each equipped with a 2-inch diameter PVC type pipe and a water pump with a power of 3.6 housepower. The goal was to measure the water discharge, major and minor headloss, and the flow pattern within these pipe installations. Results revealed a water pump discharge to the reservoir of 0.004 m3/s, while the reservoir water discharge designated to supply residents’ houses was 0.0026 m3/s. Further, the study uncovered that headloss value was inversely proportional to pipe length, with a maximum major headloss value of 1.764 m at 17 m and a minimum of 1.038 m at 10 m, similarly mirrored in minor headloss values. Finally, the flow pattern within the pipe, irrespective of its length, was found to be turbulent, as deduced from the Reynolds number (Re=165,780 > 4,000). These findings underscore the role of pipe length in dictating energy loss and water discharge rates, offering key insights for the design and installation of efficient water supply systems.

Dimensionless Pressure Response Analysis for Water Supply Pipeline Systems with or without Pumping Station

Dimensionless governing equations of unsteady flow and solutions for the pipeline systems having a surge tank were developed. Frequency domain pressure response expressions for two widely used water supply systems were analyzed in dimensionless frequency and time domains. One is the simple reservoir pipeline surge tank valve system and the other is the pipeline system with pump and check valve protected by surge tank. Two different dimensionless expressions for the surge tank were developed and the performance of two expressions was compared. The frequency response pattern of impedance at the downstream valve indicated that the system resonance was determined by the lengths of the main pipeline and the connector and the locations of the surge tank and check valve for the protection of the pumping station. The difference between the simple pipeline system and that of a pump with a check valve was expressed in terms of the phase difference in frequency response distribution. The integrated pressure response for the protected pipeline section was evaluated considering the impact of surge protection in the frequency domain. A better understanding of system behavior can be obtained in terms of specific component isolation both in the frequency and time domain pressure responses. The driven responses in the frequency and time domain can be an important basis for optimum design and operation conditions of water supply systems in dimensionless space.

Involving energy security and a Water–Energy-Environment nexus framework in the optimal integration of rural water–energy supply systems

This paper addresses the problem of evaluating the Water–Energy-Environment nexus and energy security in the design of water and energy supply systems in isolated off-grid rural communities. Since the evaluation of the nexus requires addressing multiple design objectives, a strategy, based on normalization and sub-setting of objective functions, is proposed to visualize conflicts in problems with many objective functions. To test this idea, the optimal design of a water and energy supply system in a rural indigenous community with traditional household buildings in central Mexico is presented. The Water–Energy-Environment nexus is dealt with using the objective functions of water consumption from local sources, energy efficiency of the system, land use and local CO2 balance. The focus of the analysis is the performance of the nexus components contrasted with the economic performance and energy security of the system. The energy security is evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener index. The results indicate that diversification of primary supply sources increases the impacts and accentuates conflicts in both the nexus and economic performance. For the case study presented, maximizing the Shannon–Wiener Index increases the participation of photovoltaic and wind power, but the total annual cost of the system increases up to 63%. On the other hand, there are considerable impacts on land use and CO2 emissions associated with wood combustion. The proposed strategy for visualizing conflicts in problems with multiple objective functions has the potential to be used as a complement to traditional tools such as the Pareto front.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЕКТА ПЛАНИРОВКИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЛИНЕЙНОГО ОБЪЕКТА СИСТЕМЫ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ЗАМАРАЙСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД С ЦЕЛЬЮ БЕЗОПАСНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ

Issues of quality water supply are always relevant, because water is the source of life on Earth. The article deals with the design of linear water supply systems and identifies the main problems of their functioning. The authors present the results of studies of the projected reserve water pipeline from the Zamarayskoye groundwater deposit to the pumping stations in the Serovsky urban district. It is found that the preparation of urban planning documentation is currently an important condition for the safe development of the territory. The purpose of such documentation is to form the boundaries of land for the placement of new engineering networks, in particular the water supply system. Safe water use is one of the main aspects of social state policy.

Methods for infection prevention in the built environment—a mini-review

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that infection prevention actions need to be more efficient in public indoor environments. In addition to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, many pathogens, including other infectious viruses, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and premise plumbing pathogens, are an invisible threat, especially in public indoor spaces. The indoor hygiene concept for comprehensive infection prevention in built environments highlights that the indoor environment should be considered as a whole when aiming to create buildings with increased infection prevention capacity. Within indoor environments, infections can indirectly spread through surfaces, air, and water systems. Many methods, such as antimicrobial technologies and engineering solutions, targeting these indoor elements are available, which aim to increase the hygiene level in indoor environments. The architectural design itself lays a foundation for more efficient infection prevention in public buildings. Touchless solutions and antimicrobial coatings can be applied to frequently touched surfaces to prevent indirect contact infection. Special ventilation solutions and air purification systems should be considered to prevent airborne infection transmissions. Proper design and use of water supply systems combined with water treatment devices, if necessary, are important in controlling premise plumbing pathogens. This article gives a concise review of the functional and available hygiene-increasing methods—concentrating on indoor surfaces, indoor air, and water systems—to help the professionals, such as designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel, involved in the different stages of a building’s lifecycle, to increase the infection prevention capacity of public buildings.

Identification and frequency analysis of drought–flood abrupt alternation events using a daily-scale standardized weighted average of the precipitation index

Drought–flood abrupt alternation (DFAA), which is defined as the rapid transition between drought and flood in a short period, amplifies the negative impacts of individual drought or flood. DFAA is divided into drought to flood (DTF) and flood to drought (FTD) according to the sequences of drought and flood. Previous studies of identifying DFAA events have mostly been conducted over a long timescale (e.g., over a month), leading to inaccurate identification or omissions of DFAA events. In addition, frequency analysis of DTF and FTD events, which is vital for the design of hydraulic structures and water supply systems, has rarely been studied. This study establishes an identification method for DFAA events based on a daily-scale standardized weighted average of the precipitation index (SWAP) and conducts frequency analysis of DTF and FTD events based on copula theory. The Han River Basin (HRB), China, a crucial area for water resource management, was selected as the study area. Our findings disclose that DFAA events occurred less frequently with larger intensities and durations between 1961 and 2020. The temporal trends of DTF and FTD events varied similarly, while the number of DTF events were less than that of FTD events, indicating that FTD is the main performance of DFAA in HRB. In addition, the identification processes of DFAA events at the Wuhan station were analyzed in detail and proved that SWAP is an effective index for capturing the change of precipitation and accurately depicting the occurrences of droughts and floods. Furthermore, drought intensity (DI) and flood intensity (FI) were selected for bivariate frequency analysis. An OR case was defined as DI ≥ di or FI ≥ fi, while an AND case was defined as DI ≥ di and FI ≥ fi. The results of frequency analysis showed that joint return periods (JRPs) of DFAA events under the OR case are basically equal in three sub-basins, meaning a similar occurrence of probability of drought–flood disaster. JRPs under the AND case increased from the upper and middle basins to the lower basin as a whole, indicating the decreasing risk of abrupt drought–flood transitions. Overall, this study may have potential value in the early warning and mitigation of DFAA disaster.

Design &development of an automatic water supply system

In this paper, the automatic water supply systemis presented. This paper suggests an IoT device for automatic plant watering when the soil moisture level drops below a threshold value. The proposed system can be implemented in various projects like green buildings, roof farming, etc. The IoT device is connected to the internet, enabling the user to receive moisture level updates. The paper aims to address the need for an efficient plant watering system by providing an automatic solution using IoT technology. This paper presents the design and development of an automatic water supply system using IoT technology. The system detects the soil moisture level of plants and automatically waters them when the moisture drops below a certain threshold value. The proposed system is suitable for use in green building projects and roof farming. The device is connected to the internet, allowing the user to receive real-time updates on moisture levels. The paper details the development process and the key components of the system, including sensors, actuators, and the microcontroller. The work done & presented in this paper is the result of the mini-project work that has been done by the first sem engineering students of the college and as such there is little novelty in it and the references are being taken from various sources from the internet, the paper is being written by the students to test their writing skills in the starting of their engineering career and also to test the presentation skills during their mini-project presentation. The work done & presented in this paper is the report of the assignment / alternate assessment tool as a part and parcel of the academic assignment of the first year subject on nanotechnology & IoT.

Addressing Water Scarcity in Samdrupjongkhar Thromde, Bhutan: Feasibility Study and Design of a Sustainable Gravity Water Supply System

Abstract The provision of a reliable water-supply system is essential for the development and well-being of urban communities. Samdrupjongkhar Thromde, located in Bhutan, has been facing water supply challenges despite the presence of a water treatment plant. The non-perennial nature of the current water source coupled with malfunctions in water pumps has led to acute water shortages in the municipality. To address this issue, this study carried out a feasibility investigation and designed a gravity water supply system by conducting an EPANET (Environment Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool) analysis. The study involved field visits to identify potential water sources, and a topo-graphic survey using RTK (Real Time Kinematics) technology to determine the optimal pipeline route. The EPANET analysis was then conducted to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the initial route. Based on these findings, a final water pipeline route was selected considering factors such as terrain characteristics, construction feasibility, avoidance of negative water pressure, and minimum encroachment of private land. The results showed that the maximum pressure head within the pipeline system reached 296 m with a maximum water flow velocity of 5 m/s. However, at the outlet, the pressure head decreased to 70 m and the velocity decreased to 2 m/s. Two Break Pressure Tanks (BPT) were strategically placed to achieve this pressure reduction. The chosen pipe materials and their placement ensure the long-term reliability and functionality of the water supply system, while considering maintenance convenience and terrain characteristics.

Perencanaan Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih dengan Metode Treatment di Desa Sidogede Kecamatan Prembun Kabupaten Kebumen dalam Program Pamsimas III 2021

The supply of clean water for the residents of Sidogede Village, Prembun District, is currently insufficient. In order to be able to obtain water for their daily needs, some people still transport it. The need for clean water in some places does not match the amount of clean water available in that place, so that it does not meet the demand for water. Around this area there is a river flow which has the potential to be utilized for planning the supply of clean water. Population growth for this village is calculated by projecting water demand. Plan year on the water supply system for the next 15 years from 2021. In this study, four units of parallel dug wells were used for extraction. The clean water supply system includes raw water intake, reservoir, processing, and distribution systems in providing clean water. The distribution of clean water to service locations uses a gravity system with a simple water treatment system with a 3m x 2m x 2m reservoir to store water and become one building with a treatment tub. The clean water treatment design uses treatment processing which contains zeloid stones. The design of a clean water supply system uses hydraulic calculations for pipe dimensions. The use of infiltration wells with pumps is channeled to the Treatment Tub and to the Reservoir and then channeled to the service area using PVC pipes. The diameter for the transmission pipe is 1.5'' and for the distribution pipe is 1''. Keyword: distribution, treatment, hydraulics, pipes, reservoirs

Special aspects of design solutions for indoor water supply systems of high-rise buildings

Introduction. The subject of research is indoor cold water supply systems of high-rise buildings. They have a complex structure due to unique architectural features, the need to pump water to higher floors and compliance with reliability requirements applicable to engineering systems. High-rise buildings are often multi-functional, and this characteristic is implemen­ted in the process of designing indoor water supply systems: it is necessary to take into account various classes of functional fire hazards typical for different areas inside a building, and equip individual rooms with automatic water extinguishing units. Of special importance is the energy efficiency of a water supply system, since pumping equipment and its mode of operation have the greatest influence on the system. The design of an indoor water supply system for any high-rise structure is always a compromise between the interests of investors (developers) and the regulations. The purpose of the study is to identify current trends in the design of indoor cold water supply systems for high-rise buildings (or complexes).
 Materials and methods. The overview is based on current regulatory and engineering documentation governing high-rise construction, as well as the research papers focused on the design of engineering systems of high-rise buildings. The author analyzed several designs of indoor water supply systems for multi-functional high-rise buildings, in respect of which positive opinions had been issued by the expert organizations.
 Results. It is established that up-feed parallel water supply systems, broken down into zones, are most widely used in the present-day projects of indoor water supply systems designed for high-rise buildings. Each water supply zone can serve 11 to 18 floors, and an increase in the number of floors within one zone reduces the energy efficiency of the system. Automatic fire extinguishing systems are an integral element of water fire extinguishing systems in multi-functional high-rise buildings. Any damage, inflicted by the false triggering of sprinklers, should be minimized at the stage of design.
 Conclusions. The author classified potential cold water supply systems for high-rise buildings, described their principle of operation, strengths, weaknesses, and applicability limits. The research project also encompasses the analysis of present-day designs of indoor cold water supply systems for multi-functional high-rise buildings.