Design Of Water Distribution Systems Research Articles

Water distribution system modelling of GIS-remote sensing and EPANET for the integrated efficient design

Abstract Urban settlement depends on water distribution networks for clean and safe drinking water. This research incorporates geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and hydraulic modelling software EPANET to analyse and construct water distribution systems in Bota town, India. Satellite images and hydrological data have been utilized for the management of the Bota town's water supply network, sources to cater the demand for urban centres. EPANET simulates hydraulic behaviour in the water distribution system under different operating situations. EPANET simulation shows network leaks, low pressure, and substantial head loss. These findings have advised for water distribution system improvements by analysing network shortcomings. Booster pumps, new pipelines, and repairing of existing leakages are examples of such improvements. GIS, RS, and EPANET provided a comprehensive water distribution system study and more accurate and efficient improvement identification. This study emphasizes the necessity of new technologies in water distribution system analysis and design. The study solves Bota town's water distribution system problems of low pressure, high head loss, and leaks utilizing GIS, RS, and EPANET. The findings of this research can help in enhancing the water delivery systems in other towns with comparable issues.

An optimization model for the layout of a branching water distribution system

This paper presents an optimization model for the layout of a branching water distribution system. The goal is to minimize construction costs while meeting the system's demands. The study utilizes the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) to optimize a non-looping water distribution system. The methodology involves determining the existence and diameter of connections between demand nodes. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. A simplified layout is used to illustrate the constraints and validate the model. The explicit model implemented in GAMS yields optimal solutions and demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. The results highlight the decisions on connection existence, flow, and pipe diameter, contributing to cost minimization. The findings from this study provide insights for optimizing the design of branching water distribution systems and reducing construction costs.

Energy intensity-based metric for optimal design of water distribution systems

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are some of the most energy-intensive urban infrastructures and thus require efficient energy management. As an essential public infrastructure, a WDS plays an integral role in meeting the water needs of its users at service pressure. Hence, the service level should also be considered when reducing the energy consumption of the WDS. Therefore, to evaluate both energy management and service level, this study proposes efficient returned pressure (ERP) as a metric to optimize the WDS in both aspects by comparing the service pressure to the required energy intensity. During its operating cycle, the ERP considers the pressure and required energy intensity of the demand junctions resulting from the connection of various WDS elements. Using ERP as an optimization objective against the cost for three cases of different active network element configurations, it was discovered that ERP successfully identified solutions that could maximize service pressure while maintaining a minimum required energy intensity. Using ERP provided more effective solutions in terms of cost, greenhouse gas emissions, and network pressure uniformity compared to a conventional index such as the modified resilience index. Overall, the ERP proves to be a feasible optimization parameter when pressure and energy usage is of concern.

Water distribution system design integrating behind-the-meter solar under long-term uncertainty

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are important urban water infrastructure supporting a wide range of human activities. Due to the significant amount of energy consumed by the WDS throughout its lifespan, the operation of WDSs may have a significant impact on the environment, affecting the sustainable development of cities into the future. Behind-the-metre (BTM) solar photovoltaic (PV) system integration has been considered an effective way to reduce the impact of WDSs on the environment. However, solar PV technology is developing rapidly. Combined with long-term changes in water demand driven by population growth and urbanisation, the design of a WDS considering BTM solar has become a more challenging task. In this study, the co-design of WDS integrating BTM solar PV systems under changing future conditions in terms of water demand and solar PV technology development is investigated. It has been found that the BTM solar PV system and the potential development in solar PV technology effectively improve the robustness of WDS design under uncertain future water demand. The outcomes of this study can be extended to guide infrastructure design to provide sustainable infrastructure for future cities, and therefore cities can continue to support human activities in deeply uncertain future.

Deep fuzzy mapping nonparametric model for real-time demand estimation in water distribution systems: A new perspective.

Hydraulic modeling has been recognized as a valuable tool for improving the design, operation, and management of water distribution systems (WDSs) as it allows engineers to simulate and analyze behaviors of WDSs in real time and help them make scientific decisions. The informatization of urban infrastructure has motivated the real-time fine-grained control of WDSs, making it one of the hotspots in recent years, thereby putting higher requirements on WDS online calibration in terms of efficiency and accuracy, especially when dealing with large-complex WDSs. To achieve this purpose, this paper proposes a novel approach (i.e., deep fuzzy mapping nonparametric model (DFM)) from a new perspective for developing a real-time WDS model. To our knowledge, this is the first work that considers uncertainties in modeling problems using fuzzy membership functions and establishes the precise inverse mapping from pressure/flow sensors to nodal water consumption for a given WDS based on the proposed DFM framework. Unlike most traditional calibration methods that require time to optimize model parameters, the DFM approach has a unique analytical solution derived through rigorous mathematical theory, thus the DFM is computationally fast as a result of sensibly handling the problems whose solutions typically require iterative numerical algorithms and large computational time. The proposed method is applied to two case studies and the results obtained show that it can produce a real-time estimation of nodal water consumption with higher accuracy, computational efficiency, and robustness relative to traditional calibration methods.

Auto-enhanced population diversity and ranking selection-based differential evolutionary algorithm applied to the optimal design of water distribution system

Abstract The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is considered the most powerful evolutionary algorithm (EA) for the optimal design of water distribution systems (WDSs). However, when dealing with large-scale WDS optimization, issues such as premature convergence become a concern. This paper presents an auto-enhanced population diversity and ranking selection-based differential evolutionary (AEPD-RSDE) algorithm for the optimal design of WDSs, which is the first work that incorporates an AEPD strategy to avoid the premature convergence issue and enhance the exploration ability of DE applied to WDS optimization. Besides, the proposed algorithm includes a ranking selection strategy that replaces the tournament selection operator to enhance convergence speed. Three well-known WDSs, i.e., the New York Tunnels (NYT), the Hanoi network (HAN), and the Balerma irrigation network (BIN), were used to validate the proposed algorithm. Results indicate the proposed algorithm is able to find the current best solution, with a success rate of 100% for the NYT and HAN cases and lower average cost solution of €1.921 million for the BIN case relative to other EAs. Instead of solely focusing on ultimate performance comparison, search behavior analyses are conducted between different mutation and selection operators, offering deep insight to guide the development of more advanced EAs.

Water distribution system calibration using the Finite Element Method coupled to a Genetic Algorithm

Water distribution systems (WDS) are a fundamental part of the infrastructure in our cities, for this reason increasingly capable numerical models have been developed in recent years to allow hydraulic systems be analyzed in great detail. Calibration process let get accurate and reliable information for those involved in design, operation, construction and maintenance of public WDS. In this study a calibration process is proposed using a Genetic Algorithms (GA) methodology with real number coding coupled to the Finite Element Method as hydraulic simulator GA-FEMH. The method proposed was applied to two calibration cases; one reported in literature and a real network.The results show that the proposed calibration process is reliable, and the WDS model can represent real conditions of the network according to the regulations that international organizations such as AWWA and WAA recommend. Moreover high correlation values were obtained after the calibration process, with values of R2 higher than 95 % for pressure and flow. Likewise, the FEM can be an alternative to use it as a hydraulic simulator due to its rapid convergence and its ease of integrating hydraulic accessories.

Investigation of Optimum Sustainable Designs for Water Distribution Systems from Multiple Economic, Operational, and Health Perspectives

Optimizing the design of water distribution systems often faces difficulties due to continuous variations in water demands, pressure requirements, and disinfectant concentrations. The complexity of this optimization even increases when trying to optimize both the hydraulic and the water quality design models. Most of the previous works in the literature did not investigate the linkage between both models, either by combining them into one general model or by selecting any representative solution to proceed from one model to another. This work introduces an integrated two-step framework to optimize both designs while investigating the reasonable network configuration selection from the hydraulic design view before proceeding to the water quality design. The framework is mainly based on a modified version of the multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. The algorithm’s first step is optimizing the hydraulic design of the network by minimizing the system’s capital cost while maximizing the system’s reliability. The second step targets optimizing the water quality design by minimizing both the total consumed chlorine mass and the accumulated differences between actual and maximum chlorine concentrations for all the network junctions. The framework is applied to Safi Network in Yemen. Three scenarios of the water quality design are proposed based on the selected decision variables. The results show a superior performance of the first scenario, based on optimized 24-h multipliers of a chlorine pattern for a flow-paced booster station, compared to the other scenarios in terms of the diversity of final solutions.

A Review of Sources of Uncertainty in Optimization Objectives of Water Distribution Systems

Many studies have applied optimization to the planning, design, rehabilitation or operation of water distribution systems. Recent reviews of the research literature in this area have identified hundreds of papers that address these topics. The objectives considered include variables measuring direct impact of the system such as cost, energy, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as performance variables such as pressure deficit and system reliability. Very few of these studies have considered the effects of the various sources of uncertainty on the objectives considered. The sources of uncertainty include model related uncertainty such as uncertainty in model structure and parameters (e.g., pipe roughness and chemical reaction rates for water quality studies), data related uncertainty such as uncertainty in water demand due to natural variability in the short-term or population growth and/or climate change in the long-term, and human related uncertainty such as lack of knowledge about the physical network as well as modelling errors. This paper is aimed at reviewing the relative importance of these various sources of uncertainty on the key optimization objectives. It also summarizes the key literature in this area and identifies areas where there have been few publications.

Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems Considering Topological Characteristics and Residual Chlorine Concentration

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are designed for supplying safe water under abnormal conditions. Therefore, the optimal design of WDSs should present a plan that satisfies the hydraulic constraint, pressure at the node, and flow rate of the pipe. The water quality constraint, that is, the residual chlorine standard, should be also satisfied. However, there is a problem of insufficient pressure or absence of water for the rapid increase in demand and abnormal situations caused by the destruction of pipes resulting from growing urbanization. This problem differs in node pressure and residence time, depending on the type of WDSs (i.e., loop, hybrid, and branch). Therefore, in this study, the optimal design of WDSs was determined by considering the form of the WDS and the residual chlorine concentration. To construct the layout of WDSs, the type was constructed and classified using the branch index, classification index, and hydraulic water-quality characteristics, which were analyzed accordingly. In addition, the objectives of the WDSs in terms of hydraulic (i.e., nodal pressure) and water-quality (i.e., reference values of residual chlorine concentrations) constraints were established to derive optimal designs that simultaneously stabilize and satisfy water. To stably supply water to the customer even in abnormal situations, an optimal multipurpose design was carried out by setting the sum of the surplus head and design cost as an objective function. These analyses can improve the water quality by simultaneously considering the residual chlorine concentration. They improved the hydraulic characteristics by considering only pressure in the existing design stage. In addition, by deriving an optimal design plan in terms of hydraulic quality according to topological features, we can derive an optimal design that assists the designer in decision making while improving the economic aspect and usability for the consumer.

Design of Clean Water Distribution System in Saibi Samukop Village

Design of Clean Water Distribution System in Saibi Samukop Village

Review of hydraulic modelling approaches for intermittent water supply systems

Abstract Intermittent water supply (IWS) is widely used around the world, and with the increase in population and predicted future water scarcity, IWS applications seem to continue. While most of the existing studies on water supply concentrate on continuous water supply (CWS), the research focused on the IWS is now becoming mainstream. Hydraulic modelling is an effective tool for the process of planning, design, rehabilitation, and operation of water distribution systems. It helps significantly in engineers’ decision-making processes. The necessity of modelling IWS systems arises from the complexity and variety of problems caused by intermittency. This paper offers a review of the state-of-the-art IWS modelling and identifies the key strengths and limitations of the available approaches, and points at potential research directions. Currently, neither computer software nor a practically used approach is available for modelling IWS. For a rigorous simulation of IWS, system characteristics first need to be understood, i.e., the user behaviour under pressure-deficient conditions, water losses, and filling and emptying processes. Each of them requires further attention and improvement. Additionally, the necessity of real data from IWSs is stressed. Accurate modelling will lead to the development of improved measures for the problems caused by intermittency.

Hydraulic and Water Quality Reliability of Water Distribution System under Uncertain Conditions

Reliability assessment plays a significant role in the planning, design, and operation of water distribution systems (WDS). Herein, pressure, flow, chlorine concentration, and water age are simulated by continuity, energy, and transport equations; and hydraulic, water quality, and system reliability assessments are proposed based on a comparison between simulated hydraulic and water quality conditions and the desired service level. Because the independent parameters in hydraulic and water quality simulations cannot be estimated accurately, a hydraulic and water quality reliability assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation was applied to a network under three uncertain levels under steady- and unsteady-states. The effects of uncertain parameters on hydraulic and water quality reliability under steady- and unsteady-states were evaluated and compared to obtain the most significant parameters. The results indicated that the mean hydraulic reliability decreases with an increase in the uncertainty level for various nodes under steady- and unsteady-states, while the regulation is not suitable for water quality reliability. Pipe diameters have the most significant effects on hydraulic reliability under steady-state conditions, and mean hydraulic reliability under unsteady-state conditions. Nodal demand, bulk decay coefficient, and wall decay coefficient have effects on water quality reliability under steady-state conditions, while the roughness coefficient and pipe diameter also have effects on mean water quality reliability under unsteady-state condition. The results obtained can give managers more information about network reliability under uncertain conditions.

Unsupervised anomaly detection in hourly water demand data using an asymmetric encoder–decoder model

Water demand forecasting (WDF) is essential for the design and optimal management of water distribution systems (WDS). Historical water demand data contribute significantly to WDF. Yet the obtained water demand data contain anomalies on occasions due to failures in WDS or monitoring systems. The contaminated water demand data are invalid to describe the actual water demand, thus degrading the performance of WDF models. However, the importance of anomaly detection in water demand data is underestimated, or at least not explicitly described in many published papers. To fill the gap, we propose an unsupervised anomaly detection method based on an asymmetric encoder–decoder (asyED) model. Different from the symmetric structure of a traditional autoencoder where a signal is reproduced from itself, asyED is asymmetric where a signal is reproduced from the upstream and downstream information of the signal, while the signal itself does not participate in the reconstruction. In light of this feature, asyED is powerful in identifying anomalies. The proposed method is employed to detect anomalies in hourly water demand data which exhibit trend and seasonality. The results show the superiority of the proposed method over the other four commonly used anomaly detection methods: Z-score, isolation forest, local outlier factor, and seasonal hybrid ESD (Extreme Studentized Deviate test). • An anomaly detection method based on an asymmetric encoder-decoder model is proposed. • The method applies to hourly water demand data which exhibit trend and seasonality. • A cluster-based metric is proposed for model evaluation. • The metric considers the continuity mechanism of anomalies found in the data. • Measures to quantify the strengths of different components in the data are proposed.

Design of Water Distribution System for Araromi Community, Ondo State Using EPANET

It is crucial to supply an adequate and consistent amount of water through the planned network of pipes in order to satisfy the water needs of the constantly increasing population. This research covered the design process for the water supply system for Araromi in Ondo state, Nigeria. With the aid of the program EPANET, the area's water supply plan was simulated. Due to the unavailability of concise data about Araromi as at the time of this study, this research projected a population of 1400 persons, assumed a water demand of 300 liters/person/day, and supplied an overhead tank of 17,500liters with an 8-hour maximum supply. This study provides other researchers with a foundation to build future research in Araromi Ondo State, Nigeria.

Design of Water Supply Scheme: A Case Study of Nangargaon Village

Abstract: Design of water supply scheme in around Rural Areas. During classify toward fulfil the water command of the constantly rising population, it is necessary toward supply the plenty with consistent capacity of water through the designed system of pipe. intended for this use the particulars provide via the IPH (Irrigation and Public Health Department) department, the common features of the region similar to in order on the chief water basis, population of the region, insist of water, requirement of the pumps, distribution network and water tanks are essential for efficient design of water distribution system. Water distribution system deals with the supplying of potable water for a village which can be useful for both drinking and wholesome purpose. The main stages of distribution system are collection works, transmission works, purification works and distribution works. It includes estimation of future population (population forecasting) by using various methods, layout of pipes and design of valves and joints, finding out the head losses etc

Application of artificial intelligence algorithm to optimize the design of water distribution system

Various optimization approaches have been proposed in the past three decades to address the design cost optimization problem of water distribution systems. However, recently, evolutionary algorithms have been preferred due to their ability to solve complex, nonlinear, and discrete optimization problems such as water distribution system design. This study proposes a hybrid model, HHG that integrates Grey Wolf Optimizer and Harris Hawk, which is linked with an EPANET hydraulic simulator to optimize the design cost of a water distribution system network. The HHG model’s performance is shown through three typical water distribution systems, namely the Two-loop network, Hanoi network and New York network. The results show that the HHG is a potential approach for solving water distribution system design costs with higher reliability, lower cost, and faster processing time than other conventional approaches.

Robust Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Water Distribution System under Uncertainty

The multi-objective design optimization of water distribution systems (WDS) is to find the Pareto front of optimal designs of WDS for two or more conflicting design objectives. The most popular conflicting objectives considered for the design of WDS are minimization of cost and maximization of resilience index which are considered for the current study. Robust multi-objective optimization is to find the optimal set of the Pareto front considering demand is uncertain. The robustness is controlled by a single parameter that defines the size of the uncertainty set it can vary. The study explores ellipsoidal uncertainty set with different sizes and co-variance matrices. A combined simulation–optimization framework with a combination of self-adaptive multi-objective cuckoo search (SAMOCSA) and the fmincon optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the robust multi-objective design problem. The proposed algorithm is applied to medium and large WDS. The main contribution of this paper is to study the effect of demand uncertainty and the correlation on the WDS designs in a multi-objective framework. The study shows that the inclusion of correlation into the multi-objective design framework can significantly affect the optimal designs.

Analysis and Redesign of 24/7 Water Distribution Network using Watergem Software

Abstract: A continuous water supply system has generated significant interest in India due to its many advantages. Also it is useful for conserving water and its quality. Now-a-days demand for drinking water is increasing day by day with corresponding increase in population. The present study shows the remodelling of existing network and also designing the water distribution network using a programming tool, which performs the extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behaviour within the pressurized network of pipes called watergems. This paper demonstrates the use of watergems for the hydraulic study of the distribution network. The studies present the hydraulic design and analysis of rural water distribution system (WDS) for Nighoj village of the state of Maharashtra, India. Water distribution system is designed for this study for population estimated for future 30 years watergems software have been used and the results are compare to determine the economical size of pipes for distribution system. The economical size of pipes of water display system is designed by considering the constraints; residual pressure at each node velocity of flow in pipe, head loss in pipes, material of pipes, elevated service reservoir level, peak factor and available commercial pipe diameter

Design of Water Supply Scheme for Rural Area

Design of water supply scheme in around Rural Areas. During classify toward fulfil the water command of the constantly rising population, it is necessary toward supply the plenty with consistent capacity of water through the designed system of pipe. Intended for this use the particulars provide via the IPH (Irrigation and Public Health Department) department, the common features of the region similar to in order on the chief water basis, population of the region, insist of water, requirement of the pumps, distribution network and water tanks are essential for efficient design of water distribution system. Water distribution system deals with the supplying of potable water for a village which can be useful for both drinking and wholesome purpose. The main stages of distribution system are collection works, transmission works, purification works and distribution works. It includes estimation of future population (population forecasting) by using various methods, layout of pipes and design of valves and joints, finding out the head losses etc.