Design Of Steel Structures Research Articles

Development of a new temperature-dependent yield criterion for stainless and high-strength alloy steels in construction engineering

It is well known that yield strength is an important mechanical property of construction materials. In construction projects, engineers need to consider the effect of temperature on steel to meet fire safety design requirements, making it necessary to establish a temperature-related yield criterion for steel. The von Mises yield criterion is widely used for isotropic materials because of its good agreement with experimental results. However, the classical von Mises yield criterion does not consider the effect of temperature. Therefore, this study aims to establish a new temperature-dependent generalized von Mises (TGM) yield criterion for construction-grade steels. According to the energy-based theory, the effect of temperature on isotropic metallic materials is investigated and the TGM yield function is further derived based on the classical von Mises yield criterion. Further, it is proved by derivation that the classical von Mises yield criterion agrees with the new TGM yield criterion developed herein when the temperature is fixed, which indicates that the classical von Mises yield criterion is a special case of the TGM yield criterion. Then, the theoretical results of temperature-dependent yield strength calculated by the TGM yield criterion are compared with the experimental results, based on high-temperature tensile test data from five steels (two stainless steels and three high-strength alloy steels). The theoretical results are consistent with the experimental results, which verifies the reasonableness of the TGM yield criterion. This study may provide a reference for scholars and engineers in studying and designing steel structures for fire safety.

Ductile fracture of dual-phase steel at elevated temperatures

Structural steels can be subjected to a range of stress and temperature conditions, and accurate characterization of their limit states is a requirement for structural design. Yet data on ductile fracture at elevated temperatures remains relatively scarce especially for high-strength steel grades. This paper describes an experimental and numerical investigation of the ductile fracture of a high-strength dual-phase steel under multiaxial stress states at temperatures up to 700 °C. Experiments were carried out on five geometries of specimens and at four temperatures to identify the temperature-dependent fracture locus across a range of stress triaxialities. Finite element analyses of the experiments provided the equivalent strain at fracture initiation. It was found that the fracture initiation strain varies markedly with stress triaxiality and increases with temperature. The effect of strain rate become significant at 500 °C. A temperature-dependent plasticity-damage model was calibrated to predict ductile fracture initiation in the dual-phase steel. The proposed model can be used in finite element analyses to support performance-based design of steel structures at elevated temperatures resulting from accidental events such as fire.

Removable, Reconfigurable, and Sustainable Steel Structures: A State-of-the-Art Review of Clamp-Based Steel Connections

In this review paper, first of all, an analysis of the circular economy and its application to steel structures is carried out. It highlights the need to apply the philosophy of Design for Deconstruction or Design for Disassembly (DfD) from the conception of the structure so that it can be truly reconfigurable. Then, a brief review of the different types of connections for steel structures is conducted, comparing the level of research and development of each of them and the degree of reconfiguration that is possible to obtain. Subsequently, the article focuses on the type of connection using clamps, a key point of this work and on which, to date, there are no state-of-the-art studies. It describes the types of clamps, their principle of operation, the types of connections developed with them, and the results of the different investigations that allow for calculating these types of connections. A summary is also given of how these connection types work according to the geometrical characteristics of the clamp and the bolt so that this review work can serve as a driver for the widespread use of clamp-based connections by researchers and engineers in the design and manufacturing of demountable and reconfigurable steel structures. Finally, some conclusions are given, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of this connection system and future lines of research.

News: Steel Construction 2/2023

AbstractECCS NewsSave the Date: Webinar on ”Fire Design of Steel Structures“Eurosteel 2023 conference – the most recent developments in steel structuresNewSkin Project 1/04/2020 – 31/03/2024In Memoriam

Life cycle carbon emission assessment of large-span steel structures: A case study

Buildings take up a significant part of global carbon emissions and are a major contributor to the climate crisis. Large-span steel structures usually consume more materials, need more complex construction processes, and thus have a larger environmental impact. This study presents a comparative analysis of the life cycle carbon emissions of three typical large-span steel structures, i.e., a cable dome, a reticulated shell, and a suspendome, based on a design case. A tiered hybrid method using the process-based life cycle assessment for the processes with emission factors and using input–output-based life cycle assessment for the processes without emission factors is proposed to assess the life cycle carbon emissions. Comparisons on the carbon emissions of the three structures reveal that the cable dome is the best of the three, having the lowest steel consumption and the lowest carbon emissions. Although the component production phase appears to contribute most of the total emissions, the construction phase is also of considerable importance in alleviating the present emission pressure, especially for the cable dome and suspendome. Further analysis shows that carbon emissions of large-span steel structures are not simply linearly related to steel consumption and need to be considered as a separate design objective. This study provides a useful reference for life cycle carbon emission assessment and low-carbon design of large-span steel structures.

PEMANFAATAN BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) PADA PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR BAJA TERHADAP BEBAN GEMPA

This study focuses on designing the steel structure construction toward earthquake load, which uses Istana Qur’an as a research object. Modeling and designing the steel structural building by using two different software, SAP2000, and Tekla Structure. In the making process, the authors made presumptions on workload according to Indonesian Design Standards such as minimum design loads, seismic load design, seismic load for steel structure design, and joints in steel structure. Not only from a structural strength view for human safety but also the construction time and material cost are also able to be estimated which is becoming faster and more affordable compared to implementing the conventional method. As a full analysis result, in this steel design, there are six different steel profiles were used for steel building construction. For instance, IWF 440.300.11.18 as the column, IWF 350.175.7.11 and IWF 250.125.6.9 as the beams, IWF 200.100.5,5.8 as the gable roof frame, UNP 150.75.9.12,5 as purlin and L 150.150.15 as collar tie.

Stability Consideration in Design of Steel Structures: A Review

The adoption of steel in the construction industry will consistently grow due to rapid urbanisation and the demand of more structures and infrastructures. The main reasons of steel adaptation in construction industry are due to steel attributes that are flexible, sustainable, cost effective and a versatile material. The significant characteristics of steel provide the suitability for the construction of structures such as tall buildings and bridges all around the world. Along with the constant development of technology, the steel industry also aims to increase the sustainability of steel structure construction through constructing low carbon neutral and energy efficient building with steels. Moreover, steels are also considered as one of the most recycled materials in the world which allows the enhancement of the overall environmental performance of a structure’s life cycle. With the increasing utilisation of steel in the design of structures, the stability consideration of the steel structures has become the most crucial concern during the structural designing phase. Stability of structures is vital for every building as the structure instability may lead to catastrophe such as structural collapse that may threatens the safety of occupants inside the building as well as the well -being of the community around the area.

Fatigue life analysis of high-strength bolts based on machine learning method and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach

Fatigue failure of high-strength bolts is one of the causes of collapse of steel structures. In this paper, six different machine learning models were used to analyze and predict the fatigue life of high-strength bolts, and the relationship between fatigue life of the bolts and the influencing factors was analyzed by SHAP method. During this process, a data set of fatigue life of high-strength bolts was presented, and 30 percent of the data was randomly selected as the test set. Geometric dimensions and stress states of bolts were as input features, and fatigue life was output label. After training the model, the errors of bolt fatigue life prediction of six machine learning models were compared. Finally, the most adverse factors affecting the fatigue life of the bolts are analyzed. It was found that XGBoost has the best performance on prediction of fatigue life of high-strength bolts, R2 reaches 0.881 and 0.788 in training set and test set, respectively. At the same time, the prediction result of the model is also better than that of the traditional fracture mechanics method. In addition, according to the analysis of SHAP value, the stress amplitude (SA) applied on the bolt has the greatest impact on the fatigue life. Larger SA value will accelerate the expansion of fatigue crack, thus increasing the degree of fatigue damage of the bolt. At the same time, the combination of MAXS (maximum stress applied on high-strength bolts) and SA is the most unfavorable factor to affect the fatigue life of the bolt. Increasing both factors can greatly reduce the fatigue life of the bolt. Finally, the current mainstream steel structure design codes have sufficient safety reserves, and M39 bolt has the best fatigue performance.

Relevance of Environmental Factors in the Steel Life Cycle for a Transition toward Circular Sustainable Production and Consumption Systems: A Joint Bibliometric and Bibliographic Analysis

The design of steel structures has evolved thanks to the increased ability to model the behavior of more complex structures. However, further constraints arise from the need for a transition toward more sustainable production and consumption systems. In particular, the assessment of the economic benefits and efficiency of existing production systems should be integrated with assessment of environmental, economic and social sustainability. In the case of steel, and limited to the environmental dimension, the literature covers various study areas, ranging from the analysis of resource flows to the assessment of steel’s environmental impacts. However, an integrated view of existing peer-reviewed studies is currently missing. The purpose of this work is to overcome this shortcoming with a review that considers and integrates research on the steel life cycle from various perspectives: analysis of material flows; quantification of emissions; environmental monitoring and indicators; and circular economy aspects, including reuse and recycling. This study is based on a deep bibliometric and bibliographical analysis of the above-cited aspects, including the key topics, authors and journals, to single out some potential research directions that have previously been neglected. The results of the analyses indicate that, even though discussed in the literature, the redesign of products is still lacking adequate consideration. The same gap was also evidenced when it came to studies on the management of waste materials and recommissioning. There is also still a lack of knowledge on the possible meaningful indicators of environmental sustainability in the case of steel. Moreover, while digital technologies that enable sustainability are being intensely developed and widely implemented, the design, testing and application of sensors for the environmental monitoring of steel production is under-studied and the interaction of environmental factors with steel structures is poorly addressed. Finally, this work evidenced poor attention with respect to water and soil pollution generated in different phases of the steel life cycle. All these aspects should be considered in future research, which would also have a beneficial effect in the implementation of informed policies for a transition toward a circular and sustainable steel life cycle.

Design of RCC Well Using StaadPro Software

Abstract: Water is human basic needs for daily life. Sufficient water distribution depends on design of a water tank in certain area. Many new ideas and innovation have been made for the storage of water and other liquid materials in different forms and fashions. Water retention structures, often known as water storage tanks, are an essential component of any distribution system. During periods of low demand, water is pumped into the storage tank, and during periods of high demand, water is pushed out of the storage tank and into the distribution system. STAADpro is a popular structural analysis application known for analysis, diverse applications of use, interoperability, and time-saving capabilities. STAADpro helps structural engineers perform 3D structural analysis and design for both steel and concrete structures.

Analysis and Design of an Irregular Steel Marine Structure

Abstract: Due to requirement of unique architectural appearance of building, the regularity in plan, mass and stiffness may get disturbed and may lead to development of torsion in the structure. The two most significant aspects of new structures are form and function, which are growing more sophisticated as elements of equally sophisticated "systems" that we live in. Both the shape and the structural system must be sound in order for the construction to be both aesthetically pleasing and functionally successful. Nowadays, it is usual to see structures that are irregularly shaped or sculptural in nature. The irregular shape building differs from regular building in terms of shape, structure, reliability, economy and aesthetic appearance. The study focuses on design and load analysis of an irregular steel structure which is in the shape of a ship. The design and analysis is performed in STAAD PRO software.

Applicable equivalent bow imperfections in GMNIA for Eurocode buckling curves – SHS, RHS and welded box sections

The direct resistance check using advanced numerical models is spreading among designers nowadays. Therefore, the development of accurate and up-to-date design rules supporting the FEM-based design of slender steel structures is an important task and prospective research field. Using the direct resistance check, the load carrying capacity of the steel structure under investigation is obtained as a result of geometrical and material nonlinear analysis using imperfections (GMNIA). The present paper investigates the imperfection magnitudes of slender steel columns and specifies the accurate value of the equivalent geometric imperfection to be applied for welded square, cold-formed and hot-rolled square (with rounded corners), and rectangular sections. Using the proposed imperfection magnitude, the load carrying capacities can be determined by GMNI analysis and the obtained results will be identical or very close to the buckling resistances calculated by the buckling curves of the Eurocode. The developed imperfection magnitude is given in closed form as a function of relative slenderness, steel strength and buckling curve parameter (imperfection factor α). Details on the determination of the necessary equivalent geometric imperfection and the obtained trends on the flexural buckling resistance are presented in the current paper.

Stochastic analysis of steel frames considering the material, geometrical and loading uncertainties

This paper develops a Stochastic Practical Advanced Analysis Program for stochastic analysis of structural steel frames. The second-order refined plastic-hinge analysis method combined with the technical simulation of Latin Hypercube Sampling is developed to predict the actual ultimate load-carrying capacity of steel frames and investigate the sensitivity of the uncertain input parameters. The input parameters of material properties, geometrical characteristics, and load combinations are considered as independent random variables that may occur in simultaneous randomness. A proposed parallel analytical technique integrates the modified Newton-Raphson and Generalized Displacement Control algorithms to solve the nonlinear inelastic problems to estimate the critical displacement-based system reliability index. The results of the statistical analysis in terms of coefficients of variation and Pearson correlation index show that the yield strength of material is the most sensitive with respect to the behavior of steel frames. The Bayesian Model Averaging is employed to find the most influential structural components on the ultimate structural resistance. The useful results of this research may be used in steel structure design and maintenance in practice.

Ethnic groups chaos game optimization algorithm for optimal design of steel structures considering seismic risk

This article introduces a risk-based methodology for optimal steel frame design and an improved chaos game optimization. The proposed method considers seismic uncertainties without prohibitive computing expenses. The advanced optimization approach improves implementation while reducing computing expenses. Bayesian linear regression is used with a parameter identification problem to estimate structural analysis demand responses. The objective function for designing three mid- to high-rise moment frames aims to minimize the total initial cost and seismic loss. The results demonstrated improved algorithm performance and lower loss cost of structures investigated to evaluate the methodology.

EUROPEAN CODE DEVELOPMENTS

AbstractThe second generation of Eurocode 4 has been developed through several project teams that report to CEN TC250 Subcommittee 4 (CEN/TC250/SC4) ‘Design of composite steel and concrete structures’, which is chaired by Dr Graham Couchman. Given that work on the revised version of Eurocode 4 is nearing completion, this paper presents a selection of the changes that will be included, together with some of the technical challenges that needed to be overcome. Finally, further enhancements that might be considered worthy for inclusion within future editions of this standard are presented.

SECTION OPTIMIZATION OF RIGID STEEL FRAMES USING RESPONSE SURFACE MODELS

The increase of combination number according to the increase of variables is a serious problem in using section optimization for steel structures. Response Surface Method (RSM) which uses approximate functions made by sampling data was proofed as one of effective optimization methods. This paper shows features of the proposed method that combined with genetic algorithm by applying it to allowable stress design of a middle rise steel structure and changing the setting of RSM which are a response surface algorithm and a space filler algorithm. In addition, the feature of the optimized structures is analyzed by nonlinear dynamic response analysis.

Comparison of Different Steel Sections for Design of Industrial Boiler Supporting Steel Structure

The purpose of this paper is to compare the structural behaviour and weight of Industrial boiler supporting steel structure using different steel sections for beam, columns & bracings and to suggest optimum sections for Industrial boiler supporting steel structure. In this work three models of Industrial boiler supporting steel structures have been created using finite element software STAAD.Pro CONNECT Edition. In first model, Indian standard sections are used i.e., ISMB sections for Beam, ISMB/ISWB sections for column and ISA sections for bracing. In second model Jindal & TATA Structural sections are used i.e., UB sections for Beam, UC/WPB sections for column and TATA SHS Sections for Bracing. In third model combination of sections are used i.e., ISMB sections for Beams, fabricated PG sections for column and TATA SHS for Bracings. These three models have been analysed and designed for the same geometry, loading, design parameters and are optimised to make weight of structure economical. After comparing all three models it is observed that third model i.e., ISMB sections for beam, fabricated PG sections for column and SHS sections for bracings has optimum results in terms of weight as compared to first two models. Key Words: Boiler Supporting structure, Weight comparison, Jindal steel sections, Tata structural tube sections, Indian standard steel sections, STAAD.Pro.

A Method for Predicting the Corrosion Behavior of Structural Steel under Atmosphere

The durability and safety of steel structures during their life cycle are affected by steel corrosion. Limited test conditions and time hinder the reproduction of actual atmospheric steel corrosion. Most test studies have focused on the effect of pitting or uniform corrosion of steel structures, leading to the development of vague engineering methods that make it difficult to design steel structures with excellent corrosion resistance. In this study, a method involving three-dimensional cellular automata and a genetic algorithm was developed for predicting the corrosion behavior of structural steel. The calculation efficiency of three-dimensional cellular automata was improved by small iterative steps and adaptive activation for potential corrosion. Furthermore, the proposed method was tested with published tests, and the results showed that the method can simulate atmospheric corrosion with excellent accuracy and efficiency. The simulation results were used to calculate the structural steel cross-sectional performance with greater accuracy than that of the method of assuming uniform corrosion. Meanwhile, with accurate material parameters, the proposed method can also simulate the atmospheric corrosion of high-performance steel of different strengths and properties.

Moment modification factors for the buckling design of steel beams – new recommendations

When a unbraced flexural steel beam is subjected to a ununiform moment distribution, a simplified moment modification factor (denoted as Cb) should be evaluated for the design of the buckling resistance of that member. However, typical standards for the buckling design of steel structures (e.g., American AISC A360, Australian AS-4100, Canadian CSA S16, Eurocode 3 and Japanese standards) currently recommend different design equations for the factor. Also, such equations are based on simplified expressions those are not exact solutions. Thus, the present study firstly revise the standard equations to discuss their advantages and disadvantages in application. Also, a numerical solution based on a finite element analysis package is then conducted in the present study to predict the Cb factor. The numerical solution is successfully validated against available research results. Based on the comparison of the modification factors between of the present numerical study and those based on the design standards, it is observed that the modification factors based on the current design standards maybe not safety enough to predict the buckling resistances in several loading cases. The present study finally recommends a new modification more on the safe side for the Cb factor to ensure a conservative design

Correlation of Student Attainment for Civil Engineering Design Project and Structural Concrete and Steel Design for Undergraduate Students in Concurrent Semester

Structural Concrete and Steel Design(ECSXXX) and Civil Engineering Design Project(ECSYYY) are two (2) compulsory subjects in most studies of Diploma of Civil Engineering in Malaysia. These subjects have been associated with each other as the structural concrete and steel design has carried the theory and fundamentals to the design project subject. ECSXXX which indicates the study on the reinforced concrete of beam, slabs, column, and foundation. Complementary to these, the design of steel beam, column and connections are also included in the syllabus. All the topics will imply in the subject of ECSYYY, whereby students are required to design manually and software for a two-story house. The previous study plan for Diploma Civil Engineering in UiTM Johor was designed that the subject of ECSXXX was under semester 5 and the subject ECSYYY was at semester 6. However, to fulfill the requirement of the Engineering Technology Accreditation Council (ETAC), current study plan was established which combined the two subjects in semester 5. As a result, a single semester 6 will be allocated for the Industrial Training. Due to this system, student attainment based on grade and PO should be analysed. Data recorded all students pass the minimum indicator for PO2,P03,PO4,PO5,PO8 and PO10 using i-Ras. Hence, correlation of overlapping PO such as PO3 and PO4 were analysed for betterment of continual quality improvement can be done in future. Students scored better grades for ECSYYY compared to ECSXXX.