Design Of Shells Research Articles

Multifunctional Doping Strategy to Develop High‐Performance Ni‐Rich Cathode Material

AbstractA high fraction of reactive Ni4+ ions at the cathode–electrolyte interfaces lead to capacity fading of Ni‐rich cathodes. Therefore, a core–shell (CS) design encapsulating the Ni‐rich region by a Ni‐less shell is an effective approach for improving the cycling stability of the cathodes. However, with increasing average Ni content to increase the capacity, the thickness of the shell should be reduced or the Ni fraction of the shell will be inevitably higher, making it susceptible to interdiffusion, which flattens the concentration gradient during the lithiation process. Herein, the limit of the average Ni composition in the CS‐type cathode is pushed to 94% via Ta doping, which suppresses interdiffusion by segregating the Ta‐rich phases at the particle boundaries. Ta doping allows the maintenance of the highly aligned microstructure and the ordered intermixing structure of Li and transition metal ions, as well as the concentration gradient, over a wide lithiation temperature range. The Ta‐doped CS‐type cathode retains 92.6% of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles and exhibits resistance to damage from fast charging. Multifunctional Ta doping in the CS‐type cathode provides a simple and all‐around solution to maximize the electrochemical performance of Ni‐rich cathodes, providing flexibility in the lithiation process.

Developing of biophysical food for monitoring postharvest supply chains for avocado and potato and deploying of biophysical apple

Horticultural products are prone to high postharvest losses due to their perishability and susceptibility to drivers for food decay, including temperature. A narrow temperature window must typically be maintained to prevent accelerated decay and, at the same time, thermal damage, such as chilling injury. Food simulators or so-called biophysical food help monitor temperature anomalies in the postharvest cold chain, and optimize refrigerated transport and storage. This biophysical food for fruit and vegetables needs to be tailored for each commodity or cultivar to consider different physical properties influencing their thermal response. We developed new biophysical food for two sizes of both avocado (cv. ‘Hass') and potato (cv. ‘Kufir Jyoti’ and ‘Agria’). The shell design and filling were adapted to mimic the specific characteristics of the real products. Integrated sensors logged core and surface temperature. Furthermore, we optimized the production steps of our existing biophysical food prototype for apples (cv. ‘Braeburn’) and deployed them in a cold storage facility in India. Thereby our biophysical apple was used to map the thermal distribution inside a cooling unit. By mimicking the real commodities' thermal response via biophysical food, we gain complementary insights compared to only monitoring air temperature. Our plug-and-play biophysical food can be stored with real food, particularly to sense conditions in hard-to-reach locations. These biophysical food temperature data will help improve cold chain operations to achieve optimal and homogenous cooling and decrease postharvest losses. • The current biophysical apple was optimized to improve the manufacturing protocol, scalability and to extend its end-life. • New biophysical foods were developed for two sizes of avocado and potato products with species-specific designs (i.e., size, density, thermal properties) to mimic their thermal response during cooling processes. • The validation of these fruit simulators revealed a clear temperature gradient between the surface and core during cooling, whereas the added value of such biophysical food was identified as higher for large products. • The deployment of the biophysical apple in a cooling unit in Himachal Pradesh, India, revealed that temperature heterogeneities are mostly present during harvesting and early storage phases. • The easy-to-use and plug-and-play biophysical foods enable realistic temperature monitoring in postharvest supply chains by non-destructive product core temperature sensing.

Deep Drawing Process Design and Quality Optimization of Mirror Micromotor Shell

First of all, a negative clearance deep drawing scheme is proposed for a micromotor shell product with specular surface quality. The negative clearance condition is used to make the material bear strong extrusion and plastic deformation in the deep drawing process so that the mirror surface of the shell is realized, and the surface roughness Ra is below 0.2 mm. Next, a three-step deep drawing forming process is developed, and the negative clearance parameters of each step are designed and optimized. The drawing quality is evaluated by finite element simulation. In addition, the stamping trial-production test is carried out, and the qualified mirror micromotor shell is obtained. Finally, the thickness and roughness test results show that the thinning rate and roughness of the product meet the application requirements. Therefore, the developed drawing process and negative clearance drawing scheme are reasonable.

DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS PbO PARTICLES

This study aims to develop and analyze the design of heat exchangers (HE) in the synthesis of PbO particles using a single precursor method. This type of HE shell and tube one-pass is designed to be simple. The specifications of HE equipment are shell length 1.5200 m, shell diameter 0.1361 m, outer tube diameter 0.0334 m, and thickness 0.0243 m. Then the calculation is done manually using the Microsoft Excel application. The results showed that the HE shell and tube design with the one pass type has a laminar flow, with an effective value of 84.66%. Therefore, this heat exchanger with shell and tube one meets the requirements and standards based on effectiveness, but without considering the fouling factor. The results of this analysis can be used as a learning medium in the design process, analysis of heat exchanger performance, and operating mechanisms.

Design and failure analysis of cylindrical shells due to explosive loads

Metal cylindrical shells are widely used to store and transport highly hazardous chemicals and used as pressure vessels and pipelines. These structures can be subjected to explosive loads to accidents, terrorism, or military actions. The design of the cylindrical shell is to be done to resist the internal explosive pressures. This paper is viewed on the design of the cylindrical shell which can be used in real life applications to resist the internal pressure caused due to explosion of the fluid in it. The design process involves the determination of explosive loading, structural analysis, selection of appropriate material and the dimensions of the shell. The shell design is conducted in CATIA modelling software. The failure analysis of the cylindrical shell is conducted on the ANSYS 2021 R2 to determine the deformations and the stresses developed in the structure. By varying the shell geometry and load acting, the structural analysis is conducted.

Numerical Analysis on Natural Vibration of Cylindrical shell with Different Cross-section

Cylindrical shell in engineering has different cross-section, i.e., circular section, oval section, rectangular section, and so on. In this work, numerical analysis is conducted on natural vibration of cylindrical shell with different cross-section, and the difference is studied between modal frequency and modal shape from different section shell. Numerical results show that, with the same length, width /thickness and boundary condition, the first 10 order modal frequency from circular section shell is nearly 60% bigger than that from the rectangular section shell. This indicates that the load carry ability of circular cylindrical shell is much better than rectangular cylindrical shell, which will help to support the design of cylindrical shell in engineering.

Bionics in architecture and geometric modelling of thin shell surfaces

In the scientific problem of design and calculation of thin elastic shells in the modern world, certain advances have already been made in mathematical and technical theory, based on hypotheses, experimental data, calculation equations and engineering calculations. Only such shells, which are designed based on calculation and used in building and technical constructions, can be referred to a small number of geometric surfaces. When designing thin shells, surfaces of rotation (sphere, torus, paraboloid, ellipsoid of rotation) and transfer surfaces (hyperbolic and elliptic paraboloid, circular transfer surface) are used. Trends in construction and engineering seek to apply complex mathematical models in harmony with environmental policy and the environment. This leads to the necessity of studying the influence of parameters when modeling an object on the parameters and properties of the created construction. Possessing a more complex shape the shells are realized as a result of experiment. As a result of active introduction of information technologies it became possible to introduce cardinally new methods in the application of geometric thin-walled spatial structures for the design of building and technical constructions, a number of machine-building parts. Modern analytical calculation programs and computer-aided design systems (Compass, Autocad, Archicad, etc.) make it possible to create a geometric projection model of a structure on the basis of primitives, to perform structural and static calculations of a project in an elementary manner. The solution of such layout problems is made possible with the support of computer geometry based on descriptive and analytical geometry, linear and vector algebra, mathematical analysis, and differential geometry. Modern bionics and environmental policy relies on the latest methods of mathematical modeling of architectural projects with a wide choice of computational and graphical software for calculation and 3d visualization.

A new approach to solution of stability problem of heterogeneous orthotropic truncated cones with clamped edges within shear deformation theory

In this study, the stability problem of heterogeneous orthotropic (HTO) truncated conical shells with clamped edges subjected to external pressures (lateral and hydrostatic) within shear deformation theory (ST) is solved using a new approach. After the mathematical and visual design of HTO-truncated conical shells, modified Donnell-type governing equations including transverse shear stresses are derived for them. Stability equations are solved analytically for the first time in this study by constructing new approximation functions depending on an unknown parameter for stress, deflection and two angles of rotation functions under clamped boundary conditions. In addition, the unknown parameter contained in the analytical formulas for the clamped HTO- truncated conical shells within ST is found from the minimum conditions of the critical external pressures. After confirming the accuracy of the results, the influences of shear stresses, orthotropy, heterogeneity and conical shell characteristics on critical lateral and hydrostatic pressures are examined in detail in the presence of clamped boundary conditions.

Design and fabrication of shell and tube heat exchanger with one pass shell and two pass tube as a water heater with hot sulfur water

Directly sulfur water will be a negative effect on the body. In this research will be the design of a heat exchanger that utilizes heat energy from sulfur water of hot water from the crust and will be used as a water heater in residential. By utilizing the heat energy from the sulfur water making the temperature of cold water will warm. it makes the water will be safe from a chemical element from sulfur water, where is make could make irritation for a body. This research will fabrication a heat exchanger shell and tube equipment with one pass shell and two pass tube as a water heater with hot sulfur water. The parameter input was taken from Berastagi Sumatera Utara. The temperature expected was calculated. The design was showed and explained. There is the length of the pipe in the heat exchanger is 1.7 m in diameter 0.14 m with stainless steel 304 as a primary material.

The required level of thermal protection of enclosing structures of administrative buildings in the transport infrastructure in Russia and European countries

Comparison of various standard values and calculation methods adopted in Russia and European countries has always aroused quite a lot of interest, and many works are devoted to this topic. However, the last comparisons were carried out quite a long time ago, and the purpose of this study is to compare the required level of thermal protection of the building envelopes of administrative buildings in the transport infrastructure in Russia and European countries according to the current regulatory documents to determine the ratio of these values to each other. The normalized values of the level of thermal protection of external enclosing structures are related to the degree-days of the heating period. Moreover, the definition of this value in Russia and the EU countries differ from each other. And it is possible to compare the level of thermal protection of enclosing structures in different countries only according to the same characteristic, that is, with the same (or very close) value of the degree-day of the heating period. Also, the level of required resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures in Russia is set taking into account heat-conducting inclusions in the enclosing structure, and in European countries without taking into account. That is, it is impossible to compare these two quantities in the original form - you need to take into account the design of the outer shell of the building.

Enhancing the efficiency and speed of heat transfer using shell and tube heat exchanger design

The Heat Exchanger requires the least amount of initial investment and continuing maintenance while transferring energy at a maximum or minimum rate from a hot fluid to a cold fluid. With this technique, fluids are never mixed. Because they are used at high pressures and temperatures, Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers are always being improved in terms of efficiency and heat transfer rate. In this study, we suggest a design technique for a shell and tube heat exchanger that can increase the efficiency and rate of heat transfer. It consists of a tube, a tube inlet, a tube outlet, a shell, a shell inlet, a shell outlet, baffle plates, a circular tube bundle, and a baffle pitch. Three alternative pitches-Pitch-80, Pitch-60, and Pitch-40 with similar hot and cold water temperatures were taken into consideration when designing the heat exchanger described here. The helical baffle construction with Pitch Layouts is modified with varied specifications using Pitch-80, Pitch-60, and Pitch-40 and simulated with ANSYS R19.2 in the current invention (Fluent). When compared to the

Core-satellite assembly of phase-changing material microcapsules enabled with broadband light absorption and localized surface plasmonic resonance for effective photothermal energy harvesting

To enhance the comprehensive photo-thermal energy accretion of the confined phase-changing materials (EPCM), engineered plasmonic nanoparticles (PG) and photosensitizer (PDA) were assimilated and structured in a core-satellite manner to form a highly active composite shell (DS-PDA/PG). In this communication, we devise a heterogeneous core-satellite assembly by the conjugation of the PCMs core and PG satellite assisted by a PDA arresting media. The constructed core-satellite can distinctly demonstrate superior photothermal performance compared to their respective precursor. This structural framework enunciates substantial improvement in photothermal energy conversion and heat dissipation mechanism due to the synergistic effect between the PG satellite and the PDA linker. Particularly, the heat channeling effect of PG nanoparticles onto the structured framework due to its localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) mitigation which effectively dissipates heat to the encapsulating shell. The curated approach achieved a phase transition enthalpy of 139.20 J/g, with a thermal discrepancy of 28.89 ± 1.21 °C attaining an augmented photo to heat energy conversion efficiency of 96.95% due to wideband solar absorption and effective heat dissipation through the core-satellite assembly. The structured consolidation of PG and PDA was recognized to be a functional strategy that reinforce substantial improvements toward direct photo energy cultivation in an assortment of applications such as temperature management of greenhouses, solar water heating systems, solar cookers, and solar-thermal electricity generating systems. • A core-satellite assembly of PCM microcapsules was presented. • Broadband solar spectrum absorption on Uv–Vis–NIR range. • Efficient light to heat conversion through LSPR and molecule thermal vibration. • This work provides new insight into the PCM shell design for an effective solar-thermal conversion system. • Presented a new shell synergy insight for efficient light to the thermal conversion of EPCM.

О возможности создания крупногабаритных конструкций в условиях открытого космоса

The paper gives a brief overview of the history of the development of inflatable space struc-tures. Further development should be the use of inflatable shells that harden in space. The possibility of using this technology in the framework of the use of simple tasks is considered in the article. On the ex-ample of thick-walled spherical and cylindrical shells, using Lame's analytical solutions, it is shown that the thickness of the shell can be thin. The thin shell design is much easier to inflate. No high pressure is required for this. Using the classical heat conduction equation, the temperature distribution inside a cy-lindrical shell is determined. When setting the boundary conditions, the flux of rays incident both from the side of the Sun and from the side of the Earth was taken into account. The radiation on the surface of the cylinder was calculated according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. It has been established that a tem-perature occurs in the shell, the maximum value of which is in the range from 150 to 200 degrees Celsi-us. Prepreg casings require the use of a high temperature resin suitable for hot curing.

Shell and tube heat exchanger design for production graphene oxide nanoparticles from agricultural waste

Heat exchangers are used to transferring energy (heat), using fluids or gases, both hot and cold, from one area to another due to temperature differences. Almost all agricultural wastes serve as carbon products which are essential to produce graphene oxide, it is very possible to get graphene oxide by synthesizing it from agricultural waste which is expected to reduce the amount of waste on the earth. After carrying out the synthesis, it is necessary to test the characterization of the resulting product. The characterization stage requires a sintering process (20oC to 98oC) until the product is completely solidified. This research aims to design a heat exchanger that is highly effective in assisting the sintering process. For the design to be well-directed, several things must be done, such as calculating the main components (shell and tube) and designing a heat exchanger. Based on the TEMA standard and the use of simple calculations that refer to the attached calculation formula using Ms. Excel, hot and cold fluids used in this heat exchanger design are ethylene glycol and water. The length of the shell and tube as a whole is 5 m, the inner and outer shell diameters are 254 mm and 279.4 mm; the inner and outer tube diameters are respectively 22.09 mm and 25.40 mm. The calculation results show an excellent design effectiveness value of 86.14%. Continuous innovation in the design and materials of the heat exchanger can increase the effectiveness value to close to 100% so that it can help the graphene oxide synthesis process to make it cheaper and more efficient.

Rational design of hierarchical yolk-double shell Fe@NCNs/MnO2 via thermal-induced phase separation toward wideband microwave absorption

Rational design of yolk-shell architectures with synergistic effect are vital for improving microwave attenuation ability, but still face challenges. In this work, we employ the thermal-induced phase separation engineering and redox strategy to fabricate hierarchical yolk-double shell Fe@NCNs/MnO2, in which magnetic Fe units are individually confined in N-doped carbon nanocubes (NCNs) cavity and hierarchical MnO2 nanosheets are intimately anchored on NCNs surface. It is found that the phase separation process between Prussian blue and poly-dopamine is significantly determined by the thermal-induced inward contraction owing to their different thermal stabilities and independent crystal structures. As results, the hierarchical composites exhibit matched impedance and wideband microwave absorption owing to the internal cavity architectures, multiple hetero-interfaces, dielectric-magnetic synergistic effect and hierarchical conformations. The minimum reflection loss reaches −46.7 dB with 3.3 mm thickness, and more importantly, the effective bandwidth (<-10 dB) achieves as strong as 10.8 GHz at 3.1 mm. This work opens up a novel and meaningful thinking for the construction of yolk-double shell architectures and the synthesized hierarchical composites can be used as promising candidates in addressing electromagnetic pollution.

Regulation of Outer Solvation Shell Toward Superior Low‐Temperature Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries (Adv. Mater. 49/2022)

Zinc-Ion Batteries An outer solvation shell design for the electrolyte of Zn-ion aqueous batteries is introduced by Dan Luo, Xin Wang, Zhongwei Chen, and co-workers in article number 2207344. The outer solvation shell provides strong affinity with the Zn (101) crystalline plane and fast desolvation kinetics during the plating process, where a remarkable performance and cycle stability can be achieved at a low temperature.

Shell and tube heat exchanger design for waste water cooling

This paper presents the design of a hull and tube heat exchanger, including thermal calculation, until the definition of the geometry of its mechanical components. The service to which this exchanger will be designed, and to cool the disposal of the water used in the cooling process of a steel rolling mill. Then the mechanical design is presented, where the materials are specified and the dimensions are calculated for the main components of the exchanger. The TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association) and ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) standards were the main international standards on which the mechanical design was based.

Aplikasi Acoustic Shells untuk Mendukung Pertunjukan Musik Kamar di Stage Candra Metu ISI Denpasar

Purpose: This article intends to explain the results of using acoustic shells on Candra Metu performance stage at the Indonesian Institute of the Arts Denpasar in an effort to overcome the problem of musicians on stage without using additional PA System. It was intentional so that the quality of the sound’s character authenticity from the acoustic instrument does not change. The acoustical problem in the Candra Metu stage conduces: (1) inadequate sound distribution which were directed to musicians, (2) musicians are not be able to hear between others during the performance. Research Method: The research method used in writing this article is pre-experimental with One-groups pretest-posttest design, which is explained using qualitative-descriptive method with interdisciplinary approach. Results and discussion: The attempt to overcome sound distribution deficient in the Candra Metu stage by testing the acoustic shells as a performance support during chamber music performance. The acoustic shells’ setting and the arrangement of distance between musicians can affect the sound distribution, where the test result shows that by providing panel reflector could affect and increase the sound intensity on the stage. Implication: The application of acoustic shells on the stage can be helpful to increase sound distribution, whereas to obtain the advantage for musician such as clarity on stage, it is necessary to do acoustic simulation in order that the design of acoustic shells can be redeveloped.

Multipass hollow fiber membrane modules for membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) is an interesting process for desalination; however high thermal energy consumption remains one of the main obstacles in its widespread adoption. The current study presents multipass hollow fiber membrane modules to improve thermal efficiency of MD process. Fundamentally three module designs are considered: conventional one shell and one tube (fiber) pass (A), 1 shell and multiple tube passes (B/C) and equal but multiple shell and tube passes (D). The performance of the proposed designs is analyzed as a function of length of each pass, number of passes and operating conditions by using Aspen Plus simulator. The results demonstrate that the traditional design A yields the highest flux — up to 92 % higher than the multipass design D. On the other hand, the multipass design D is the most energy efficiency and shows up to 35 % less thermal energy consumption than the conventional single pass design of the same length. Single shell and multiple tube pass designs (B/C) show higher flux than D; however, their specific thermal energy consumption remains the highest among all the designs investigated. The pressure drop in multipass modules was marginally (1.5 %) higher than the conventional single pass modules.

Experiment, simulation, optimization design, and damage detection of composite shell of hydrogen storage vessel-A review

The composite shell of composite high pressure hydrogen storage vessel (CHPHSV) is the main structure in bearing inner pressure. Its failure will lead to leakage or burst of CHPHSV, which will cause serious safety problem and economic losses. So the security of CHPHSV has always been a key and difficult problem in academia and industry, which restricts the large-scale application of hydrogen. In this paper, the failures of composite shell of type III, type IV, and type V vessels are reviewed in experiment study, simulation method, optimization design, and damage detection, focusing on the burst modes (safe or unsafe), the influence of hydrogen-thermo-stress field, and the epistemic uncertainty. Firstly, the burst modes, failure behavior, test method, and influencing factors are summarized in the experiment study, and experiment for type V composite pressure vessel is discussed. Secondly, the simulation method is reviewed in the aspect of first ply failure (FPF) analysis and last ply failure (LPF) analysis. The damage evolution of safe burst mode and unsafe burst mode is summarized. Besides, the influence of hydrogen-thermo-stress field and the uncertainty characteristic are also reviewed. Moreover, simulations of micro-crack and permeability for type V composite pressure vessels are summarized. Then, the optimization design methods based on deterministic parameters and uncertain parameters are reviewed. Finally, the damage detection methods of the composite shell of CHPHSV are summarized. The experiment, numerical simulation, and optimization are important for design of the composite vessel, and the damage detection can significantly reduce the degree of uncertainty and maintenance safety. In the future research, precise model considering multiple damage modes, hydrogen-thermo-stress field effect should be established for simulation of safe and unsafe burst mode. Uncertain quantization should be studied for burst pressure with combination of stochastic uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty. Besides, the robust design method based on the reliability of CHPHSV considering the epistemic uncertainty of design parameters should be established for a larger safety margin.