Design Of Sensor System Research Articles

A Study on the DISASTER Body Response Measurement System Using VR

Purpose: In this study, a number of industrial accidents occur, and occupational accidents caused by post-traumatic stress disorder. As a result of this occupational accident, many workers are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Numerous industrial accidents occur every year, and the approval of occupational acci-dents caused by post-traumatic stress disorder is increasing. In particular, in the case of industrial accident trauma, workers are suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder that is more severe than other trauma patients in that workers are continuously re-exposed to the accident scene and re-experienced the accident. Method: Therefore, exposure treatment techniques for patients suffering industrial acci-dent trauma using VR(virtual reality) and measurement systems introduction was necessary. Using the disaster and disaster contents developed through this research and development, measure user reaction and secure data on the degree and timing of user reaction according to each accident event, so that it is possible to obtain reference data for appro-priate exposure setting according to the level of trauma became. As a methodology, a population composition for setting the exposure level and a hypothesis design for verifi-cation and a scenario design for hypothesis testing were established. In addition, the user reaction data for each accident event in the virtual experience was regarded as heart rate data, and a sensor and related system design that can measure data through the experiment were made, and the experiment was analyzed according to the scenario. Results: So, by measuring the heart rate of the experimenter using VR(virtual reality) to experience a traumatic disaster, Measuring heart rate variability(HRV) by disaster and environmental factors and observing stress chang-es. It is expected that it will be possible to obtain data on the extent to which the user reacts in a specific disaster by securing a measurement value of how and at what point in time the user reacts. Conclusion: This made it possible to analyze the post-traumatic disability later. In particular, through the re-sults of this experiment, it was possible to present the need for an indicator that can objectively evaluate the effec-tiveness of VR content for education and objective data of the indicator. In addition, a lot of data such as stability, movement, reaction, etc. were secured as basic indicators for the de-velopment of the “Crane VR Education Content” evaluation system.

An E-Textile Respiration Sensing System for NICU Monitoring: Design and Validation.

The world is witnessing a rising number of preterm infants who are at significant risk of medical conditions. These infants require continuous care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Medical parameters are continuously monitored in premature infants in the NICU using a set of wired, sticky electrodes attached to the body. Medical adhesives used on the electrodes can be harmful to the baby, causing skin injuries, discomfort, and irritation. In addition, respiration rate (RR) monitoring in the NICU faces challenges of accuracy and clinical quality because RR is extracted from electrocardiogram (ECG). This research paper presents a design and validation of a smart textile pressure sensor system that addresses the existing challenges of medical monitoring in NICU. We designed two e-textile, piezoresistive pressure sensors made of Velostat for noninvasive RR monitoring; one was hand-stitched on a mattress topper material, and the other was embroidered on a denim fabric using an industrial embroidery machine. We developed a data acquisition system for validation experiments conducted on a high-fidelity, programmable NICU baby mannequin. We designed a signal processing pipeline to convert raw time-series signals into parameters including RR, rise and fall time, and comparison metrics. The results of the experiments showed that the relative accuracies of hand-stitched sensors were 98.68 (top sensor) and 98.07 (bottom sensor), while the accuracies of embroidered sensors were 99.37 (left sensor) and 99.39 (right sensor) for the 60 BrPM test case. The presented prototype system shows promising results and demands more research on textile design, human factors, and human experimentation.

Autonomous Terrain Vehicle

Objective: The covid-19 outbreak affected the door-to-door delivery of essentials as it was difficult to maintain “physical distancing” causing a threat to the lives of people involved in the process. We aimed to design a fully autonomous vehicle that would be capable of moving over all types of terrains without any human intervention. Overall, the primary objectives of the vehicle are to be able to navigate to a given location, to be capable of moving over all terrains & climbing staircases, capable of detecting the hurdles and obstacles coming along the way and capable of carrying a payload. Method : The Raspberry Pi is the main control unit. Closed-loop feedback algorithm has been implemented. The direction and speed are controlled using the PID. The real time video is captured using the onboard camera. IMU sensors monitor the physical orientation of the vehicle. The battery provides required current and voltage to all the peripherals. Findings : In order to make sure that the bot is moving in a straight line and not deviating from the path required, line detection has been implemented. The image frames detected by the cameras are imported into Python in BGR color format which is later converted in HSV format. The upper and lower color limits are defined. Edge detection is done using Canny Transform and Line prediction requires Hough Line Transform. Novelty: This paper presented the mechanics and sensor system design of a small-sized and affordable, yet highly maneuverable all-terrain robot. The robot size can be altered according to its use. The project proved that an autonomous all-terrain robot can be designed and built with a relatively small budget. Because of the sensors and the processing unit, it was estimated that the chosen platform should be able to carry at least 3 kg of electronics. Keywords Navigate, Raspberry Pi, Line detection, Maneuverable, Sensors

SENSOR SYSTEM DESIGN FOR PROPELLER TEST BENCH

The sensor system is a system that functions to detect signals that come from changes in energy such as electrical energy, physical energy, chemical energy, biological energy, mechanical energy, and so on. The propeller test bench is an propeller performance testing platform prior to propeller installation on an aircraft to ensure engine suitability. The purpose of this design is to test the performance capability of the engine with the right sensor system measurement tool so that it can generate the value of thrust, rpm speed, and the temperature of an engine which will be designed to be used in the learning process to support propulsion practicum activities. The method used in this research is an experimental method of sensor system design. The design of the sensor system consists of a tachometer as a rpm measurement sensor, a thermostat as a sensor to measure the temperature of the propeller spool and temperature of the engine fin, and also a load cell as a sensor to measure the thrust value.The sensor system test results were then validated using the measurement results by the sensor manufacturer. The test was carried out on a wood-type propeller measuring 22 x 8 chords 4,5 cm and 5 cm. Based on the test results, it is known that the chord wood type propeller is 4,5 cm, at the maximum rpm is 7021.7, the resulting thrust value is 6.75. In testing the 5cm chord wood type propeller shows the maximum speed of 6977.5 produces a thrust of 6.95. Validation was carried out on the measurement results of rpm and thrust, the average error factor obtained for 4,5 cm chord wood type propeller was 0.783%, while for 5 cm chord wood type propeller the average error factor obtained was 1.0582%. From the resulting average error, it can be concluded that the measuring instrument for this sensor system has good accuracy

Machine learning and computation-enabled intelligent sensor design

Over the past several decades the dramatic increase in the availability of computational resources, coupled with the maturation of machine learning, has profoundly impacted sensor technology. In this Perspective, we discuss computational sensing with a focus on intelligent sensor system design. By leveraging inverse design and machine learning techniques, data acquisition hardware can be fundamentally redesigned to ‘lock-in’ to the optimal sensing data with respect to a user-defined cost function or design constraint. We envision a new generation of computational sensing systems that reduce the data burden while also improving sensing capabilities, enabling low-cost and compact sensor implementations engineered through iterative analysis of data-driven sensing outcomes. We believe that the methodologies discussed in this Perspective will permeate the design phase of sensing hardware, and thereby will fundamentally change and challenge traditional, intuition-driven sensor and readout designs in favour of application-targeted and perhaps highly non-intuitive implementations. Such computational sensors enabled by machine learning can therefore foster new and widely distributed applications that will benefit from ‘big data’ analytics and the internet of things to create powerful sensing networks, impacting various fields, including for example, biomedical diagnostics, environmental sensing and global health, among others. Traditional sensing techniques apply computational analysis at the output of the sensor hardware to separate signal from noise. A new, more holistic and potentially more powerful approach proposed in this Perspective is designing intelligent sensor systems that ‘lock-in’ to optimal sensing of data, making use of machine leaning strategies.

Artificial Olfaction in the 21st Century

The human olfactory system remains one of the most challenging biological systems to replicate. Humans use it without thinking, where it can measure offer protection from harm and bring enjoyment in equal measure. It is the system's real-time ability to detect and analyze complex odors that makes it difficult to replicate. The field of artificial olfaction has recruited and stimulated interdisciplinary research and commercial development for several applications that include malodor measurement, medical diagnostics, food and beverage quality, environment and security. Over the last century, innovative engineers and scientists have been focused on solving a range of problems associated with measurement and control of odor. The IEEE Sensors Journal has published Special Issues on olfaction in 2002 and 2012. Here we continue that coverage. In this article, we summarize early work in the 20 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> Century that served as the foundation upon which we have been building our odor-monitoring instrumental and measurement systems. We then examine the current state of the art that has been achieved over the last two decades as we have transitioned into the 21 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> Century. Much has been accomplished, but great progress is needed in sensor technology, system design, product manufacture and performance standards. In the final section, we predict levels of performance and ubiquitous applications that will be realized during in the mid to late 21 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> Century.

Design Space Exploration for Secure IoT Devices and Cyber-Physical Systems

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), embedded devices have been gaining importance in our daily lives, as well as industrial processes. Independent of their usage, be it within an IoT system or a CPS, embedded devices are always an attractive target for security attacks, mainly due to their continuous network availability and the importance of the data they handle. Thus, the design of such systems requires a thorough consideration of the various security constraints they are liable to. Introducing these security constraints, next to other requirements, such as power consumption, and performance increases the number of design choices a system designer must consider. As the various constraints are often conflicting with each other, designers face the complex task of balancing them. System designers facilitate Design Space Exploration (DSE) tools to support a system designer in this job. However, available DSE tools only offer a limited way of considering security constraints during the design process. In this article, we introduce a novel DSE framework, which allows the consideration of security constraints, in the form of attack scenarios, and attack mitigations in the form of security tasks. Based on the descriptions of the system’s functionality and architecture, possible attacks, and known mitigation techniques, the framework finds the optimal design for a secure IoT device or CPS. Our framework’s functionality and its benefits are shown based on the design of a secure sensor system.

Functional requirements analysis and design of wearable multi-channel sensing system

&lt;p&gt;In recent years, a large number of wearable devices have emerged; and users have higher and higher functional requirements for wearable devices. However, the realization of complex functions of wearable devices often depends on the real-time acquisition of multi-channel sensing signals. Taking the wearable 8-channel PVDF sensor system as an example; this paper studies the functional requirements of this kind of system. It is found that the flexible ultra-thin and long endurance time are two obvious characteristics of this kind of equipment. The key technical problems of the system are completed, such as the selection of MCU, the coding design of multi-channel sensing data, the transmission mode design of multi-channel sensing data and the low power consumption design of the system. A practical design scheme of reliable wearable multi-channel sensor system is designed. This scheme also provides a reliable reference for the design and development of wearable multi-channel sensor system.&lt;/p&gt;

Colorimetric optical nanosensors for trace explosive detection using metal nanoparticles: advances, pitfalls, and future perspective

Warfare threats and acts of terror are challenging situations encountered by defense agencies across the globe and are of growing concern to the general public, and security-minded policy makers. Detecting ultra-low quantities of explosive compounds in remote locations or under harsh conditions for anti-terror purposes as well as the environmental monitoring of residual or discarded explosives in soil, remains a major challenge. The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) for trace explosive detection has drawn considerable interest in recent years. For nano-based explosive sensor devices to meet real-life operational demands, analytical parameters such as, long-shelf life, stability under harsh conditions, ease-of-use, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and rapid signal response must be met. Generally, the analytical performance of colorimetric-based nanosensor systems is strongly dependent on the surface properties of the nanomaterial used in the colorimetric assay. The size and shape properties of metal NPs, surface functionalisation efficiency, and assay fabrication methods, are factors that influence the efficacy of colorimetric explosive nanosensor systems. This review reports on the design and analytical performances of colorimetric explosive sensor systems using metal NPs as optical signal transducers. The challenges of trace explosive detection, advances in metal NP colorimetric explosive design, limitations of each methods, and possible strategies to mitigate the problems are discussed.

Infrastructure-Based Sensor Data Capture Systems for Measurement of Operational Safety Assessment (OSA) Metrics

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The operational safety of automated driving system (ADS)-equipped vehicles (AVs) needs to be quantified for an understanding of risk, requiring the measurement of parameters as they relate to AVs and human driven vehicles alike. In prior work by the Institute of Automated Mobility (IAM), operational safety metrics were introduced as part of an operational safety assessment (OSA) methodology that provide quantification of behavioral safety of AVs and human-driven vehicles as they interact with each other and other road users. To calculate OSA metrics, the data capture system must accurately and precisely determine position, velocity, acceleration, and geometrical relationships between various safety-critical traffic participants. The design of an infrastructure-based system that is intended to capture the data required for calculation of OSA metrics is addressed in this paper. The designed multi-modal sensor system includes a combination of traffic video cameras, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) roadside units (RSUs), National Transportation Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Protocol (NTCIP)-compliant signal controllers streaming Signal Phase and Timing (SPAT) data, and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) sensors. The system is contrasted with other design options to evaluate trade-offs between capability and cost. The designed data capture system was deployed at a SMARTDrive Program&lt;sup&gt;SM&lt;/sup&gt; Test Bed intersection in Anthem, AZ that has been developed by the University of Arizona Transportation Research Institute (TRI) in cooperation with the Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT). The intersection is equipped with a sensor system that includes a fiber optic data transfer backbone to support the data transfer to a server at the MCDOT Traffic Management Center. A measurement uncertainty (MU) analysis has been conducted using experimental data to better understand the performance and reliability of the proposed sensor system design. The data capture system will enable the development and validation of a methodology to continuously measure OSA metrics by gaining rich information through fusion of multimodal data collected from available sources for safety assessment of the transportation system that includes AVs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Barriers for Industrial Sensor Integration Design—An Exploratory Interview Study

Abstract The transition to Industry 4.0 poses new challenges for sensor integration design. The foundation of any intelligent system is the data, and the data quality depends largely on the integration of the sensor generating it. In this study, the barriers for robust sensor system design are explored through an interview study among practitioners from different industrial contexts. The aim is to explore potential challenges within different contexts and suggest possible directions for research within the field of sensor integration design. Beyond the question of new sensing technologies, the study highlights an increasing challenge of physical integration tasks and illustrates the varying requirements for development support in different industry sectors.

Design of Multifunctional Touch and Slip Sensor System Based on PVDF Piezoelectric Film

A multi-functional touch slip sensing system is designed based on PVDF piezoelectric film. The piezoelectric sensor converts the pressure signal into electrical signal through piezoelectric effect, and the conditioning circuit further processes the electrical signal. After A/D conversion, the data is transferred to the upper computer to extract the information. In addition, based on the thermoelectric effect of piezoelectric film, the sensor can detect the thermal sensation signal and has the function of self-protection. The piezoelectric sensor adopts bionic fingerprint structure, which has high sensitivity and good flexibility. The conditioning circuit includes amplifying unit, filtering unit, voltage lifting unit and voltage following unit. These units are integrated on the circuit board of 11mm*10mm, which has high integration and easy application. The experiment verifies that manipulator equipped the sensing system can automatically judge tactile, slip and thermal sensation, and can grasp an egg and a paper cup with water, realizing the ability of soft grasping.

Design of Inductive Sensor System for Wear Particles in Oil

Design of Inductive Sensor System for Wear Particles in Oil

Universal firefighter sensor for dangerous road tunnel environment

This article deals with the issue of detecting and measuring the concentration of dangerous substances in the road tunnel during an accident, in order to minimize the risk to the firefighter during the intervention. The article also includes the design and construction of a mobile sensor system together with the processing of data and a suitable presentation of measured data. The gases are measured by specific detectors of the MQ gas sensors series. NTC type thermistors were used for temperature measuring. The control unit for the mentioned universal sensor is the development board D1 mini Pro, which has an integrated Wi-Fi chip. The universal sensor was designed especially for firefighters intervening during an accident in road tunnels. The measured data are processed and then sent via Wi-Fi network to an external database, from which they are then conveniently presented on the website. The website is then viewed on-line data from sensor for firefighters, whose are intervening during an accident in the tunnel.

Depth Measurement Based on Stereo Vision With Integrated Camera Rotation

Measuring the distance is one of the main objectives for sensor development. In this article, we present a new sensor system design for depth recovery. It is based on stereopsis with the integrated rotation of an image sensor. Different from conventional stereo vision systems with multiple cameras, the proposed rotational stereo configuration is built upon a single imaging device. By directing its lateral motion with a circular constraint, the visual parallax is generated from multiple viewpoints. The image pairs captured with the integrated sensor rotation are used for the correspondence matching and disparity computation. Moreover, a variation of multiple-baseline stereo with multiple base-angle implementation is proposed. It provides a flexible baseline setting to improve the depth measurement accuracy. The geometric formulation and computational algorithm are derived and developed. In the experiments, a prototype range sensing device is constructed. The results obtained from the real scene environment have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed depth measurement approach.

Analysis of Basic Principles for Sensor System Design Process Mobile Robots

This work considers general classification of SS, which is grouped according to their functional tasks and consists of three groups of devices, as result, an analysis is carried out and features that must be taken into account when designing such sensor systems are determined. The paper proposes a general principle for design of sensor systems of mobile robots, which differs in that an initial model is proposed, which will be one of key components for further design concept. General principles of sensory systems organization are proposed: sensitivity, modality, adaptation and speed.

Joint Design of Sensing and Communication Systems for Smart Homes

With the recent advance of technologies, smart homes are no longer just the subjects of science fiction and are now becoming a reality. it is essential for a smart home to understand its residents and provide entertainment and healthcare services. Researchers have demonstrated the great potential of RF sensing in smart homes, including understanding the residents' gesture commands and monitoring the residents' health status unobtrusively. Although RF sensing has appealing properties, it brings congestion to wireless networks. To make the situation worse, there is an unprecedented amount of wireless traffic in smart homes. in this article, we investigate the joint design of sensing and communication systems to alleviate the strain on wireless resources. instead of designing sensing and communication systems as separate objectives, we tend to address them jointly. We discuss this issue from two directions. The first is to empower the traditional sensing device with communication capability, so that the sensing device will become a dual-function apparatus; the second is to enhance the sensing capability of WiFi signals by redesigning the packet format so that the current communication infrastructure can also act as a sensing device. We believe that only with joint design can the sensing and communication system work harmoniously in smart homes, providing both unobtrusive sensing and ubiquitous connectivity.

Design and Development of Electronic Sensor and Monitoring System of Smart Low-cost Phototherapy Light System for Non-Invasive Monitoring and Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice

Design and Development of Electronic Sensor and Monitoring System of Smart Low-cost Phototherapy Light System for Non-Invasive Monitoring and Treatment of Neonatal Jaundice

Design of a High Sea Wave Sensor System in Puger Beach

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has a very wide sea area. Thus, Indonesian sea has a huge potential of natural resources that can be utilized to grow the nation's economy. There are many occupations and efforts that can be done to increase the income from the sea and also to conserve it. Fishery is one of the most effective way to gain the sea resources; however, fishery is limited by the weather condition on the sea. This is also a problem that happened in Puger Beach. Puger Beach is located in the south Jember and it faces the Hindia Ocean, which means the weather condition is more dangerous for fishermen than other part of coastal. To ensure the safety of the fishermen, the weather condition on the sea must be evaluated and predicted before the fishery. This study designed a system to provide fishermen in Puger Beach an information about sea and beach weather condition which consist of wave height prediction, wind speed, temperature, humidity and weather prediction. The wind speed is obtained from self-designed anemometer system, the temperature is measured using LM35 sensor, and the humidity is assessed using DHT22. The wave height in the sea was predicted by calculating the wind speed value and effective average fetch value using neural network algorithm. The weather on the sea and on the beach were predicted by rain and light sensor. This weather prediction would be classified into three different results, namely raining, cloudy and bright. After some experiments, the result showed that the device can provide the information needed for fishermen and it has a high sensing accuracy. The humidity measurement had an average error of 1.1%, the temperature measurement had 1.42% average error, and 2.37% for the wind speed measurement. The wave height measurement system worked out and found the average wave height in Puger Beach 0.37 meters.

Gold-on-glass microwave split-ring resonators with PDMS microchannels for differential measurement in microfluidic sensing.

This paper describes a microwave resonator incorporating microfluidic lab-on-chip sensor system capable of performing simultaneous differential measurement based sensing of liquid samples. The resonators are split-ring resonator shapes made of gold on glass substrates. Directly bonded on glass substrates are polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. Sensor system design incorporates a pair of identical resonators, one of which performs reference reading from the background. Tracking the difference of the responses of both resonators simultaneously, rather than a single one, is used to obtain a more linear and noise-free reading. The sensor system was produced with conventional fabrication techniques. It is compatible with low-cost, simple, easy to handle sensing applications. Results indicate that reliable differential measurement was possible owing to a well-matched pair of sensors with a response error as low as 0.1%. It was also demonstrated that differential measurement capability enables sensing with improved linearity. Measurements were performed with glucose solutions in the range of 3.2-16.1 mM, achieving a sensitivity of 0.16 MHz/mM.