Design Of Power Divider Research Articles

Compact 2-Way Power Divider for IoT Application

The utilization of power dividers covers a vast range of applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT). For this purpose, the need for having a robust and ergonomic electronic device is crucial. Bulky size could barely integrate onto the human body due to its weight that could be very difficult to implement. Hence, this paper presents the design of a compact power divider for IoT applications. It was designed on a substrate Rogers 4350B, εr=3.48, tan δ= 0.0037 and h=0.17mm. The design was meant to be operated at 2.4GHz frequency with the output of equally 3dB power division on the output port. Wilkinson design was implemented to perform the design of power divider which will be simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio simulation tools. Parameter sweep was done to its width of transmission line at 0.21mm and 0.31mm to optimize the performance of the design. The simulated result was then compared against measured results in which S-parameter was evaluated in terms of input return loss, isolation and power division. Simulated and measured results showed that 0.21mm width of the transmission line performs better as compared to 0.31mm width of the transmission line.

A Design Approach for Compact Wideband Transformer With Frequency-Dependent Complex Loads and Its Application to Wilkinson Power Divider

In this article, a new design approach for the wideband transformer with frequency-dependent complex loads is proposed, which is based on the least-square method and the generalized modified small reflection theory (MSRT) with proper electrical parameters. Compared with the wideband transformers based on other approaches such as the generalized MSRT and transmission line theory, the proposed ones feature easy design, compact size, and wide bandwidth. For validation, several wideband transformers with frequency-dependent complex loads are designed, simulated, and measured. The measured results are consistent with the calculated and simulated results, and a wideband transformer with a fractional bandwidth of 68.5% (defined by 15-dB return loss) and an overall size of $0.025\lambda _{g}^{2}$ is achieved. In addition, when applied to the design of wideband Wilkinson power divider, a fractional bandwidth of 110% (defined by 25-dB isolation) and an overall size of $0.069\lambda _{g}^{2}$ are attained.

Topology and Design Formulas for Four-Way Filtering Power Divider With Wide Isolation Range

In this paper, we present a topology with design equations for the rigorous design of multiway power dividers having a pre-defined filtering response featuring broadband isolation between any pair of output ports. Hence, a filtering power divider designed using the presented topology and design formulas can suppress undesired oscillations at the spurious frequencies when used as a combiner. More importantly, we provide complete mathematical design equations for designing filtering power dividers with various pre-defined filtering responses. Therefore, it is possible to design a filtering power divider without relying on time-consuming parametric sweeps or heuristic approaches. The presented filtering power divider topology and design equations have been verified by designing, fabricating, and measuring a four-way second-order filtering power divider.

Power dividing systems based on a rectangular coaxial line

L- and S-band phased array antennas are widely used in modern radiolocation systems. Existing power dividers for L- and S-band phased array antennas have several disadvantages. Waveguide based systems are sophisticated and have a large mass. Optical and conventional coaxial line based systems have a large size. Microstrip based systems are compact and have a low mass, but the maximum input power level is quite low. In this paper, the design of microwave devices based on a multilayer rectangular dielectric filled coaxial line is presented and the recommendations on its use in design of multichannel power dividers are given. The paper demonstrates that this type of power divider design results in lower mass, is compact and has high maximum input power level. Thus, multichannel power dividers based on a multilayer rectangular dielectric filled coaxial line are the most suitable for use in modern L- and Sband radiolocation systems.

Design of a Patch Power Divider With Simple Structure and Ultra-Broadband Harmonics Suppression

This paper introduces a simple H-shaped patch Wilkinson power divider (WPD), which provides ultra wide harmonics suppression band. The presented WPD designed at 1.8 GHz, and exhibits good performance at the operating bandwidth. In the proposed divider structure, two simple patch low-pass filters (LPFs) are employed at each branch, and three open ended stubs are added at each port. The proposed divider, implemented using the aforementioned structures has a good performance at both higher frequencies, and the operating frequency. In particular, the designed divider provides an ultra wide suppression band from 3 GHz to 20 GHz, which encompasses the 2nd up to the 11th harmonic. The proposed WPD has an operating band from 1.62 GHz to 2.1 GHz, with the operating bandwidth exceeding 480 MHz. Consequently, the fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 25.8 percent is obtained. The results indicate |S11|, |S12|, |S22|, and |S23|, are equal to –17 dB, –3.5 dB, –20 dB, and –17 dB, respectively, at the operating frequency. The simulation results are corroborated through the measurements of the fabricated divider prototype. The superior harmonic suppression capability is also demonstrated through comparisons with state-of-the-art divider circuits from the literature.

A High-Frequency/Power Ratio Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Identical/Non-Identical Multi-T-Sections With Short-Circuited Stubs

In this article, a systematic procedure is presented for the design of a dual-band unequal-split Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with high frequency and power division ratios. The design methodology is based on replacing the impractical high-impedance transmission line in the conventional divider with cascaded T-section structures with short-circuited stubs. The proposed methodology is simple and adopts distributed elements without reactive components to achieve a large power division ratio. The use of short-circuited stubs allows for circuit miniaturization in comparison to counterpart open-stub techniques. Furthermore, a high frequency ratio is obtained through optimizing the electrical and physical parameters of the T-sections based on a transmission lines theory framework as demonstrated in a simulated and measured prototype. To validate the proposed procedure, two WPD prototypes operating at 1/2.7 GHz and 1/4.4 GHz with a 1:10 power division ratio are simulated and measured. The theoretical response, supported by electromagnetic simulations and measurements, justifies the design concept.

Design and Modeling of a Compact Power Divider with Squared Resonators Using Artificial Intelligence

In this paper, a novel miniaturized microstrip Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using squared resonators and open-ended stubs is designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed divider is designed at 1.9 GHz, which suppresses 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics with high attenuation levels. Moreover, the size of the proposed divider is only 0.1 λg × 0.07 λg, which reduces the circuit size by more than 55%, compared to the conventional Wilkinson divider. In the design process, the neural network model and LC-equivalent circuit model are used to predict the transmission zeros of the circuit. These transmission zeros are used to provide the suppression at the desired harmonics. Also, the main circuit elements could be predicted with the neural network model, which results in a performance improvement of the proposed divider. The results show that the proposed model can predict the frequency response of the designed WPD, accurately.

A Wideband High-Power Ridge Gap Waveguide Power Divider for High-Power Division Sub-Systems Applications

ABSTRACT In this paper, a wideband high-power ridge gap waveguide (RGW) T junction power divider within the frequency band from 10 to 13.5 GHz is introduced. In this configuration, the air has the ridge gap to have maximum power handling capability. An excitation transition, from coaxial cable to the ridge gap waveguide, is introduced. The ridge gap waveguide power divider was fabricated using aluminum sheets to gain the advantage of low cost. The power divider has a wider bandwidth (30%) than the recent most successful RGW power divider along with the high handling power capability (more than 20 K Watts). The power divider design was validated using circuit and 3D full wave electromagnetic simulations and confirmed using experimental measurements with all agreements between results. It has been proved that the power divider attenuation has good matching (15 dB return loss) and equal 3 dB power division with less than 0.05 dB insertion loss. The power divider can be used as a feeder for many high-power application components.

Design of Filtering Power Divider with Wide Stopband Based on QMSIW

A miniaturized filtering power divider with wide stopband based on quarter-mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) is proposed. The physical size of the QMSIW is reduced by 3/4 comparing with the traditional SIW structure, which can achieve miniaturization, and its electromagnetic field distribution has little effect. Using the metal interference column and the etched U-shaped groove to adjust the resonance frequency, so that the main mode and the first higher mode form a passband, meanwhile, suppressing the second higher mode. The simulation results show that the center frequency is 4.42 GHz with insertion loss of 0.45 dB, the 3-dB bandwidth is 4.12-4.63 GHz with a fractional bandwidths of 9.7%, and there is a great stopband up to 11 GHz with 15 dB rejection level. Besides, the return loss of passband is better than 17.5 dB. To verify the validity of this design, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results demonstrate that it has a good agreement with the design simulations.

5 GHz high gain slotted SIW epsilon near zero antenna array for wireless communications

New types of antennas such as Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are being used for high frequency applications. In this paper, the development of an array of novel slotted SIW epsilon near zero (ENZ) antenna is presented. Due to the limited fabrication facilities, the study is conducted in the 5 GHz band. The effective permittivity falls to zero at the cut off frequency of the waveguide. This impact is utilized to make an effective ENZ material in an ENZ super tunnelling waveguide. The design of 1 × 2, 1 × 4 antenna array is presented. The design of microstrip power dividers for feeding the array element is discussed. The presented antenna array achieve higher gain than the previously designed antennas. The prototype of the 1 × 4 SIW ENZ antenna array is fabricated and the measurement results are compared with the simulated studies. This work pertains to investigation on the array of SIW antennas for millimetre wave applications.

Compact Multi-Mode Filtering Power Divider with High Selectivity, Improved Stopband and In-band Isolation

This letter presents a new compact multi-mode filtering power divider (FPD) design based on co-shared FPD topology with sharp frequency selectivity, improved out-of-band harmonic rejection and port-to-port isolation. Power splitting and quasi-elliptic filtering functions are achieved by masterly integrating only one triple-mode resonator. By loading different open-circuited stubs at the input/output ports, multiple additional transmission zeros (TZs) are generated at both lower and upper stopband, resulting in an improved stopband performance. Meanwhile, a better port-to-port isolation is obtained by adopting frequency-dependent resistor-capacitor parallel isolation network. The proposed multi-mode FPD design stands out from those in the literature by both nice operation performance and compact topology with only one resonator. For demonstration purposes, one triple-mode FPD prototype and its improved one are implemented, respectively. Measured results exhibit the superiority of the FPD design.

A New Compact Power Divider Based on Capacitor Central Loaded Coupled Microstrip Line

A new power divider is proposed with a compact size. In 50-Ω systems, impedance transformation is of great importance for power dividers. Coupled microstrip lines with capacitor loaded and two short-circuited ports are introduced to properly transform impedance and increase degrees of freedom in power divider designs. Image impedance and image transfer constant of coupled microstrip lines with capacitor loaded are derived. The main structural parameters of the power divider are calculated accordingly. A special design procedure is illustrated for the proposed power divider with the capacitor loaded, which is implemented on a printed circuit board. A good agreement between the simulated model and the fabricated sample is observed, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed circuit model and the design scenario.

An on-Chip Planar Broadband 3-Way Power Divider for Josephson Voltage Circuits

This article presents a superconducting material based planar broadband 3-way Wilkinson power divider which can be used in the Josephson quantum voltage device for the voltage standards. The 3-way Wilkinson power divider aims to improve the integration of Josephson voltage device compared to the commonly used 2-way power divider. A two-stage λ /4 section on each branch is used to increase the bandwidth, and a π model with lumped equivalent elements are used to further decrease physical dimension in device area. Different from the conventional spatial design of N-way Wilkinson power divider, this work designs a planar broadband 3-way divider to be compatible with the on-chip fabrication process. Simulation results show that the insert loss is below 0.18 dB at working bandwidth of 16.7∼23 GHz, the division imbalance of each branch is below 0.044 dB, and the input and output reflection is better than 15 and 11.9 dB, respectively. The isolation between any of the three output ports is better than 11.8 dB. All these indexes satisfy the requirement of the Josephson voltage standard application. To further prove the validity of our design, real device based on superconducting material is realized and characterized. Devices with a 3-way power divider and three 2-stacked Josephson junction arrays with 256 junctions in each array are fabricated. The experiment results indicate the potential usage of our design in quantum voltage standard devices for high-voltage output.

Design and analysis of millimeter-wave quadrature coupler and power dividers

We present the design and analysis of a Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) CMOS quadrature coupler (QC) and four Ka-band CMOS power dividers. To reduce the chip area of these devices, spiral coupled-line- based structure (or spiral QC-based structure) is adopted. A QC on 90 nm CMOS (with top metal thickness of 3.4 μm) is designed. The QC achieves phase difference (PD) of – 90.015° at 28 GHz, and excellent S21 and S31 of – 3.65 dB and – 3.738 dB, respectively, at 28 GHz. The corresponding amplitude imbalance (AI) is 0.088 dB. Based on the QC structure, a novel power divider structure with in-phase divided signals is proposed. Four power dividers are designed and implemented. At 33 GHz, the miniature square 3-turn power divider on 90 nm CMOS (i.e. divider-4) achieves excellent S11 of – 21 dB, S22 of – 17.8 dB, S33 of – 17.4 dB, and S32 of – 20.9 dB. Moreover, divider-4 achieves S21 and S31 of – 4.029 dB and – 4.008 dB, respectively, at 33 GHz. The corresponding AI and PD are – 0.021 dB and 0.369°, respectively. The chip area is 0.186 × 0.188 mm2 (i.e. 0.035 mm2 or 4.2 × 10–4λ02), one of the smallest normalized chip areas ever reported for millimeter-wave power dividers. The prominent results of the proposed power divider structure indicate that it is suitable for power division/combination in Ka-band and even higher frequency systems.

Multi-way differential power divider with microstrip output interfaces

Abstract The design and implementation of planar multi-way differential power dividers remain a challenge in terms of the compactness and especially, for the achievable characteristic impedance of the quarter-wavelength transformer when considering large number of outputs. In this work, the double-sided parallel stripline is recommended to realize such a power divider with out-of-phase outputs, and explicit design methods are provided. The proposed multi-way power divider was developed without the use of lump elements on a single substrate. For system applications, a prototype operating at 41.6 MHz with 12 pairs of out-of-phase outputs that utilize the microstrip line as the output interfaces was fabricated and examined. At the center frequency of 41.6MHz, the developed prototype measured insertion losses akin to 14.3 dB as compared with the theoretical data of 13.8 dB. The attainable impedance bandwidth ranges from 10 MHz to 80 MHz under a magnitude imbalance of ±0.3 dB. The isolations of the adjacent outputs are about 13.1 dB as compared with the theoretical values of 14.428 dB, and are better than 34 dB for more distant ones. Parameter measurements are in good agreement with the numerical predications, thus demonstrating the realization of the proposed multi-way power divider.

유도성과 용량성 섭동구조를 이용한 전력분배기의 소형화 설계

유도성과 용량성 섭동구조를 이용한 전력분배기의 소형화 설계

Novel planar quasi‐TEM transmission line with high isolation and its application to T‐junction power divider

In this study, a novel quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line (TL) on a single-layer substrate is presented. The proposed structure comprises bilateral metalised vias and two longitudinal slots on the top and bottom plates, respectively. This two-conductor TL separated by the two slots allows the quasi-TEM mode and guarantees high isolation due to the vias which constrain the electromagnetic field. Additionally, the proposed structure provides a remarkable high range of the characteristic impedance, enabling a more flexible design. Furthermore, an empirical analytical formula is derived to calculate the characteristic impedance of the proposed TL adopting conformal mapping, and modified by a polynomial fraction. The transitions to the double-sided parallel-strip line and the microstrip line are proposed with which the propagation constant of this TL is extracted. The comparisons of the far-end couplings of several types of microwave TLs have been provided by the simulation and measurement to verify the isolation property of the proposed TL. Finally, the proposed TL is applied to the T-junction wideband power divider design to demonstrate its practicability. A prototype is fabricated and measured with a wide operating bandwidth from 6.8 to 17.6 GHz.

Design of a compact UWB Wilkinson Power Divider using ring structured and tapered line matching transformer

There is an increasing interest in the design of ultra-wideband (UWB) microwave components for UWB applications. One of the important components in the ultra-wideband application is power divider. In this paper, an ultra-wideband Wilkinson power divider (WPD) using ring structure and tapered line matching transformer is proposed. The aims of this research are to design an UWB WPD for feeding antenna UWB in use of detecting breast cancer. The method used in this research is simulation using finite integration based on CST STUDIO SUITE 2015 3D EM simulator software. This study shows the improvement of output responses due to the introduction of a tapered line and added isolation resistors. The bandwidth and input reflection coefficient are also improved by the ring structure. The proposed UWB WPD can be used for 1:2-way equal power division application in ultra-wideband range, such as UWB antenna which is operating in frequency 3-13 GHz. The simulation result shows that the return loss is better than -10 dB and the insertion loss is about 3.2 dB until 4.15 dB for the operating frequencies and impedance value of 50 ohms.

Multilayer Packaging SIW Three-Way Filtering Power Divider With Adjustable Power Division

A new three-way filtering power divider (FPD) design based on multilayer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) with equal/unequal power division is proposed in this brief. By elaborately integrating three same-type slotline-microstrip transition structures with a pair of TE101-mode resonant cavities, dual-mode three-way filtering power division response is attained in the design. Owing to the loading effect of the common coupling slot, one transmission zero is generated to improve lower passband selectivity. Furthermore, three-way equal and unequal power division can be achieved by flexibly changing the length of the microstrip line beyond the coupling slot. Simultaneously, favorable in-band port-to-port isolation is obtained by loading isolation resistors between the three output microstrip lines. For demonstration, two FPD prototypes with different power division ratios (1:1:1 and 1:1:1.5) operating at 11.8 GHz are designed, fabricated, and tested. The measured results agree well with the simulation results, verifying the presented design concept.

Design of multi-band miniaturized Bagley power dividers based on non-uniform coplanar waveguide

Power dividers, in general, suffer from higher order harmonics and large occupational area, especially at low frequencies. To overcome these drawbacks, we introduce the design of a three-way Bagley power divider (BPD) using non-uniform coplanar waveguide (CPW). The compact configuration is achieved by replacing the conventional CPW with its equivalent non-uniform counterpart. An optimization process incorporating a truncated Fourier series is used to design the optimum non-uniform CPW profiles. Odd harmonics are suppressed by enforcing the divider to operate only at the design frequencies based on a predefined error function. The proposed structure is compact and easy to fabricate. To validate the design approach, different 3-way BPDs (i.e., single-, dual-, and triple-band) are designed and simulated; whereas a single-band prototype is fabricated and tested. Measured results show excellent input port matching and an insertion loss around −5 dB at the design frequency.