Power Distribution Network Design Research Articles

Sustainable and 5G enhanced power distribution network design considering renewable energy generation and dynamic electricity pricing

Sustainable and 5G enhanced power distribution network design considering renewable energy generation and dynamic electricity pricing

Analysis of Decoupling Capacitor Performance in Improving Power Integrity in Two Layer/Three Layer Printed Circuit Boards

Electronic circuits can only function properly if supplied with clean power. The clean power is only possible if the AC. & D.C. noise in the power supply voltage which is supplied to electronic devices is below tolerance limits. To keep this noise within the limits, the impedance of Power Distribution Network (PDN) should be as minimal as possible. The use of Decoupling Capacitors is the most proven strategy to keep the PDN impedance low. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the performance of PDN of a two-layer and three-layer P.C. Board, for the same set of Decoupling Capacitors. The PDN design has been carried out to meet an assumed set of specifications. The values of Interconnection Inductance have been obtained. The Interconnection Inductance is mostly responsible for PDN impedance, especially at higher frequencies. The simulations have been conducted for the PDN impedance of a two-layer as well as a three-layer P.C. Board. From the simulated impedance profiles, it is evident that PDN impedance obtained for a two-layer P.C. board is almost similar to that of a three-layer one if the width of the power supply trace is suitably tailored. It is therefore more prudent to go for a two-layer PDN configuration considering its simplicity and economy.

Novel Target-Impedance Extraction Method-Based Optimal PDN Design for High-Performance SSD Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

In this article, we first propose and demonstrate a novel target-impedance (Z) extraction based optimal power distribution network (PDN) design methodology for high performance solid-state-drive (SSD) products. Instead of using the current profile of a chip power models (CPMs), the suggested methodology uses both measured current spectra and hierarchical PDN-Z models for target-Z calculation. We successfully measured the PCB-level current consumed by a memory package on SSD device using a test interposer specifically designed for current probing without interrupting the normal operations. Then, the measured PCB-level current is converted to the chip-level current value using Y-matrix of the hierarchical PDN-Z model. Compared with the simulation time for extracting a CPM current model, the proposed current measurement has relatively no time limit and, therefore, the target-Z covering a broadband frequency range is calculated based on the measured current spectrum. In addition, passive components such as decoupling capacitor are effectively selected using the deep-Q learning algorithm to satisfy the target- Z extracted by the proposed method and to optimize the PDN design. Finally, we verified for the first time that the mass-produced SSD product with the optimized PDN design satisfies the target voltage ripple in both simulation and measurement demonstrations.

Prediction of Power Supply Induced Jitter With PDN Design Parameters

This article proposes a method to predict power supply induced jitter (PSIJ) at the inverter chain buffer output with the design parameters of power distribution network (PDN). The PDN is assumed to contain multiple decoupling capacitors with sufficiently different values for each branch. The relationship between PSIJ and PDN design parameters is derived analytically by convoluting the time-domain voltage ripple with the buffer time-domain PSIJ sensitivity, given the triangular noise current information. The analytical formula is validated through measurement by using an in-house designed CMOS buffer circuit and a controllable aggressor circuit based on 180 nm technology. The buffer output PSIJ under the operation of the aggressor circuit and the corresponding switching noise current are characterized. The <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R–L–C</i> design parameters of PDN are extracted through impedance measurement. With the PDN parameters, the output jitter is calculated with the derived formulation. Compared with the measurements, the prediction error of the proposed method is within 8.1% when the voltage ripple amplitude is no larger than 10% of the supply voltage.

Power distribution network design considering dynamic and differential pricing, buy-back, and carbon trading

The increase in energy demand and the effect of traditional energy generation supported by the penetration of technological advancements in renewable energy generation calls for an integrated power distribution network design. In this study, a power distribution network design with the establishment of distributed renewable energy resources and involvement of prosumers in energy system to generate, buy, and supply carbon-free energy is considered. The dynamic prices that cope with the dynamic demand of both prosumers and customers over the energy planning time horizon and the buy-back price to be paid to the prosumers are also considered. A mathematical model for power distribution network design, including carbon trading and a buy-back policy, was developed. The objective is to determine the generation capacity of the distributed renewable energy resources to be installed at different potential sites, the differential prices offered to prosumers and consumers, and the buy-back price while maximizing the profit of a power plant. A scenario-based stochastic solution approach and fuzzifying fuzzy parameters are provided to address the above problem. The results show that the power plant earns the most profit at a relation factor of 0.8 between the differential prices by offering the highest buy-back price to incentivize the prosumers. With the increase in the relation factor, the net profit of the power company decreases, but the buy-back price increases, while the dynamic prices remain unpredictable. The average buy-back price offered to prosumers was 62.4% of the average selling price.

Fundamental Points of Power Distribution Network Design on Printed Wiring Board —Target Impedance and PI Validation—

Fundamental Points of Power Distribution Network Design on Printed Wiring Board —Target Impedance and PI Validation—

Joint power distribution and charging network design for electrified mobility with user equilibrium decisions

AbstractRapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) requires the development of a highly flexible charging network. The design and management of the charging infrastructure for EV‐dominated transportation systems are intertwined with power grid operations both economically and technically. High penetration of EVs in the future can increase the charging loads and cause a wide range of operational issues in power distribution networks (PDNs). This paper aims to design an EV charging network with an embedded PDN layout to account for energy dispatch and underlying traffic flows in urban transportation networks supporting electric mobility in the near future. A mixed‐integer bilevel model is proposed with the EV charging facility location and PDN energy decisions in the upper level and user equilibrium traffic assignment in the lower level considering an uncertain charging demand. The objective is to minimize the cost of PDN operations, charging facility deployments, and transportation. The proposed problem is solved using a column and constraint generation (C&amp;CG ) algorithm, while a macroscopic fundamental diagram concept is implemented to estimate the arc travel times. The methodology is applied to a hypothetical and two real‐world case study networks, and the solutions are compared to a Benders decomposition benchmark. The east‐coast analysis results indicate a 77.3% reduction in the computational time. Additionally, the benchmark technique obtains an optimality gap of 1.15%, while the C&amp;CG algorithm yields a 0.61% gap. The numerical experiments show the robustness of the proposed methodology. Besides, a series of sensitivity analyses has been conducted to study the impact of input parameters on the proposed methodology and draw managerial insights.

Efficient DC and AC Impedance Calculation for Arbitrary-Shape and Multilayer PDN Using Boundary Integration

This article presents an efficient methodology based on boundary integration to calculate the dc and ac impedance of power distribution networks (PDNs) for arbitrary-shape and multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed method adopts a boundary element method to extract inductances for the arbitrary parallel-plane shapes. Subsequently, the equivalent circuit formed by the via inductances and plane capacitances is solved using the node voltage method. By merging the parallel and serial inductances and simplifying the equivalent circuit, the computation time can be significantly reduced for a large number of vias and layers. This matrix manipulation strategy can be applied to various PCB structures without human intervention or commercial circuit solvers. Moreover, a contour integral method is employed to calculate the dc resistances for arbitrary shape and multilayer PDNs. Therefore, the wideband PDN impedance from dc to ac frequencies can be efficiently calculated through 1-D boundary integration, which can be performed more quickly than full-wave simulations. The proposed method can aid in the development of electronic design automation tools for PDN design.

5g Enhanced and Sustainable Power Distribution Network Design Incorporating Renewable Energy Generation and Dynamic Energy Pricing

5g Enhanced and Sustainable Power Distribution Network Design Incorporating Renewable Energy Generation and Dynamic Energy Pricing

Power distribution network design considering the distributed generations and differential and dynamic pricing

In this study, a power distribution network design model is developed considering voltage control, as well as differential and dynamic pricing schemes. The objective is to maximize power distribution network profits under uncertain demands and parameters, such as power generation capacity, investment and generation cost of renewable distributed generation units, and the penalty budget for unsatisfied demands. The model determines the percentage of the power supply to the customer groups, the amount of power supplied to each customer group, the technology and capacity of renewable distributed generation units, and the prices offered. The proposed pricing scheme is differential for different types of customers with allowable voltage limits. The price is dynamic according to the planning time, including low, medium, and peak times. A fuzzy stochastic programming approach is developed to solve this problem. By simultaneously using triangular crisp numbers and probabilistic variables, the fuzzy stochastic programming integrates the fuzzy and stochastic approaches to deal with the uncertainty of demand and parameters. The numerical analysis shows that, as the confidence level decreases, the capacity of renewable distributed generation units and the profit increase. The results also show that when the decision maker responds to the uncertainty in demand with a high confidence level, the optimum profit can be obtained; approximately 55.90% of the power is supplied to low-demand customers.

Grey correlation-oriented Random Forest and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Power Load Forecasting

ABSTRACT Accurate power load prediction plays an important role in the design of power distribution equipment and distribution network. The traditional forecasting methods have the problems with low accuracy of power load forecasting and slow model training. In order to improve the accuracy of power load fore-casting, this paper proposes a new method combining Grey correlation-oriented random forest with par-ticle swarm optimization algorithm for power load prediction. The method first uses Grey correlation projection to measure the similarity between the attributes of historical samples and the attributes of predicted samples, and it constructs the similar historical sample data set. Then the decision tree of ran-dom forest is optimized based on particle swarm optimization to improve the prediction accuracy. Fi-nally, Hadoop distributed cluster is used to realize the parallelization of power load prediction and im-prove the prediction efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed model in this paper has better prediction performance than the traditional power load forecasting methods.

Towards the Flexible Distribution Networks Design Using the Reliability Performance Metric

At present, the entire world is moving towards digitalization, including in the electric power industry. Digitalization is in its heyday and a lot of articles and reports are devoted to this topic. At the same time, the least digitalized of the electrical networks are distribution networks that account for a very large share in electric power systems. The article proposes a methodology for creating a flexible distribution network based on the use of digital technology. Additionally, we elaborate a methodology with the identification and collection of the necessary information to create digital networks, develop ways to adapt the required equipment, and suggest methods of recognition of some short circuits. Furthermore, we address the issue of reliability of the information obtained from digital devices, develop a technique for arranging the devices to cover the entire network as required to improve the power system protection of electrical power distribution networks. The above measures make it possible to ensure the flexibility of the active distribution network, as well as to adjust the parameters of the actuation of power system protection depending on changes in external conditions and in the event of emergencies. We propose a technique for controlling the distribution network, based on the factoring-in of the type of damage during an emergency in real time, as well as a technique for arranging the measuring devices and the creation of an information and communication network. We provide recommendations for the design and operation of electric power distribution networks with digital network control technology.

Electrical modeling of carbon nanotube‐based shielded through‐silicon vias for three‐dimensional integrated circuits

AbstractIn this article, two kinds of shielded carbon nanotube (CNT) through‐silicon vias (TSV) are proposed and investigated for high‐density three‐dimensional integrated circuits (3‐D ICs). First, vertical aligned CNT array is inserted into a single hole, and two isolated metal pads, that is, the central circular and outer annular pads, are deposited onto the surface to make distinct conduction paths. The shielded CNT TSV, which can also be named as coaxial TSV, is formed, with the semiconducting CNTs utilized to suppress lateral conductance. Based on a similar concept, the shielded differential CNT TSV is developed. By virtue of the proposed shielded CNT TSVs, the chip area can be saved significantly. The equivalent circuit models are established for the proposed shielded CNT TSVs. A passive equalizer is designed to improve the signal quality for shielded differential CNT TSV. Finally, the potential applications of the proposed TSVs in 3‐D IC power distribution network design are investigated.

Solid-State Bus-Tie Switch for Shipboard Power Distribution Networks

Recent trends in shipboard power distribution network design, such as the transition from ac to dc, result in new challenges on the issue of distribution network protection. Devices such as a solid-state bus-tie switch provide the first line of defense against the propagation of low-impedance faults across the distribution system by quickly separating the faulty portion of the network and preventing additional energy to be fed into the fault. This article proposes a new topology of a solid-state bus-tie switch for shipboard power distribution networks. The topology is thoroughly described considering its operating principles, and a small-scale prototype has been used to verify its operational performances. Current interruption capabilities are demonstrated, both in the open- and closed-loop operations, with fault detection and decision algorithms implemented on a stand-alone controller.

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A voltage drop limited decentralized electric power distribution network

We consider a decentralized electric power distribution network design problem in rural areas with no existing infrastructure. While the source facilities can be located anywhere on the continuous space, the demand points are connected to these source facilities on a tree topology. Since excessive voltage drops cause problems with the appliances at the demand points, we employ a limitation on the voltage drop as a constraint in our distribution network design. Given the locations of demand points on a plane, we formulate a mixed-integer quadratically-constrained programming model for our design problem. Since this problem can be solved for only very small instances, we propose seven alternative heuristic methods that initially decompose the set of demand points into clusters that can be served by a single source facility. Then, for each cluster, these methods tackle the problems of locating the source facility on the continuous space and designing the voltage drop-limited minimum spanning tree to serve all demand points in the cluster by a single facility. We select the solution method based on the size of each cluster; alternative methods can be employed for different sized clusters of the same problem. We use numerical examples to demonstrate the benefits of the tree topology networks obtained by each method compared to the star topology distribution networks for the same clusters.

Philosophy and Practice of Classification and Hierarchization of Power Distribution Network Planning and Design Standard System

The integration of distributed power sources and other new-type equipment to power distribution network places higher requirements on the planning of power distribution network. Due to lack of scientific and reasonable classification and hierarchization methods, overlap or even contradiction among China’s existing power distribution network planning and design standards is becoming increasingly severe. Based on the principles of standard classification and the existing standard system, a classification and hierarchization method suitable for the power distribution network planning and design standard system is proposed in this paper. The power distribution net-work planning and design standards are classified into five classes. And then, after analysing the content attributes of standards at each level and the relation of inclusion among standards at different levels, two hierarchization methods including Content Evaluation Method and Comparative Analysis Method are proposed to determine the level of a standard. Finally, this paper illustrated the effectiveness of the two methods by examples. These research results provided theoretical guidance and reference for the effective management and efficient application of standards and the establishment of a modern power distribution network planning and design standards system.

Optimization of Distribution Network Construction Based on GIS System

With the rapid development of China’s economy and science and technology, people’s daily life and scientific research work demand more and more electricity. The traditional distribution network structure and load can hardly meet the actual demand. Therefore, it is very necessary to construct a more stable distribution network system in accordance with the actual demand for electricity. This paper mainly introduces the application of GIS system in power distribution network planning and design, and realizes the optimization and upgrading of power distribution network in coordination with the geographic information of the construction site, so as to meet the increasing demand for electricity.

Preliminary results of TUSUR University project for design of spacecraft power distribution network: EMC simulation

In this paper, the relevance of the use of mathematical modeling with the electromagnetic compatibility requirements in solving problems of space engineering is shown. Approbation of the software prototype developed in TUSUR is performed by designing the power supply network elements of a spacecraft. The mathematical and software features of the prototype are described.

A CAD approach for pre-layout optimal PDN design and its post-layout verification

Design of power distribution network (PDN) draws great attention to integrated circuit (IC) designers as it directly affects the circuit performance. The challenge is to immune the circuit from the noise arising due to PDN by means of effective placement of decoupling capacitance (decap) with optimal power, delay, energy and area utilization. Our work involves extraction of circuit parameters in the pre-layout stage and estimating decoupling capacitance as an early prediction activity based on dynamic power dissipation. We propose a new modular pre-layout PDN (MPLPDN) design approach, which modularizes the circuit and involves a computer aided design (CAD) methodology to investigate the changes in noise, power and delay parameter based on predictive decap allocation across the modules. A pruning methodology has been adopted to choose the best combination of the modules. The modularization algorithm is applied in a bottom up approach i.e. the lower level modules are combined at first and the top level module is created at the last stage. The experimental results based on pre and post layout simulation of application circuits show that MPLPDN achieves a considerable PDN noise suppression with a negligible increase in power, delay, energy and area. The comparison between pre-layout and post-layout simulation results also establishes the correctness of our early prediction.