Design Of Poly Research Articles

Design of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Polymer-in-High Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have emerged as promising candidates for solid-state lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to their inherent safety advantages and potential to facilitate high energy density devices [1]. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been the most prominent representative polymer host in SPEs since 1970s because of their excellent ability to solvate Li ions and support ion transport [2,3]. However, it suffers from limited oxidation stability (<4 V vs. Li) and low ambient temperature conductivity (up to 10−6 S cm−1), thus hindering its practical application in high voltage (>4V) high energy density LMBs. In this study, a new type of polymer-in-“high concentrated ionic liquid” solid electrolyte is designed with high molecular weight PEO, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fuorosulfonyl) imide (C3mpyrFSI) ionic liquid and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI). The EO: [LiFSI/C3mpyrFSI] ratio has been widely varied and the resulting physicochemical and electrochemical properties have been explored. The optimal electrolyte provides promisingly high oxidative stability exceeding 5V and ambient temperature conductivity of 5.6 x10-4 S cm-1. It induces stable solid electrolyte interface with Li metal and demonstrates prolonged reversible Li plating-stripping in Li symmetrical cells even at high temperatures (up to 70°C). All solid-state Li metal cells assembled with LFP cathode show excellent rate capability and cycling performance (see Figure 1). The discharge capacity can be maintained at 47.3% when the current density increases 20 times from 0.1 C to 2 C (areal capacity ~0.4 mAh/cm2), and long-term cycling of Li||LFP cells showed 97% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Based on the findings, an ion conduction network consisting of interconnected anion-rich clusters and pores is highlighted to help understand the structural change, ion dynamics and good battery performance of the designed SPE. Therefore, the novel approach of polymer-in-“high concentrated ionic liquid” solid electrolyte enables a new pathway to design high-performing SPEs for high energy density all-solid-state LMBs. Figure 1

Ultrarobust, Self-Healing Poly(urethane-urea) Elastomer with Superior Tensile Strength and Intrinsic Flame Retardancy Enabled by Coordination Cross-Linking.

Poly(urethane-urea) elastomers (PUUEs) have gained significant attention recently due to their growing demand in electronic skin, wearable electronic devices, and aerospace applications. The practical implementation of these elastomers necessitates many exceptional properties to ensure robust and safe utilization. However, achieving an optimal balance between high mechanical strength, good self-healing at moderate temperatures, and efficient flame retardancy for poly(urethane-urea) elastomers remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we incorporated metal coordination bonds and flame-retarding phosphinate groups into the design of poly(urethane-urea) simultaneously, resulting in a high-strength, self-healing, and flame-retardant elastomer, termed PNPU-2%Zn. Additional supramolecular cross-links and plasticizing effects of phosphinate-endowed PUUEs with relatively remarkable tensile strength (20.9 MPa), high elastic modulus (10.8 MPa), and exceptional self-healing efficiency (above 97%). Besides, PNPU-2%Zn possessed self-extinguishing characteristics with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 26.5%. Such an elastomer with superior properties can resist both mechanical fracture and fire hazards, providing insights into the development of robust and high-performance components for applications in wearable electronic devices.

5G and urban amenity: regulatory trends and local government responses around small cell deployment

PurposeAs part of the 5G rollout, small cell base stations will be deployed across cities. This paper aims to identify an international effort to remove regulatory barriers around deployment and outline emerging strategies Australian local governments are developing to ensure urban amenity in a deregulatory context.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyses existing legislation, policy frameworks and grey literature and has conducted eight interviews with participants from the local government sector.FindingsThis paper identifies a global deregulatory trend around small cell deployment and that councils are trying to renegotiate their relationship with telecommunications carriers as 5G is rolled out. Three strategies are identified: the design and installation of smart poles, network sharing and partnerships.Originality/valueThis research contributes to scholarship focused on the 5G rollout and offers one of the first accounts of the emerging tensions between regulatory frameworks, commercial imperatives and municipal authorities, identifying urban amenity as a key area of concern.

Advanced multimaterial shape optimization methods as applied to advanced manufacturing of wind turbine generators

AbstractCurrently, many utility‐scale wind turbine generator original equipment manufacturers are dependent on imported rare earth permanent magnets, which are susceptible to market risks from cost instability. To lower the production costs of these generators and stay competitive in the market, several small wind manufacturers are pursuing continuous improvements to both generator design and manufacturing. However, traditional design and manufacturing methods have yielded marginal improvements in wind power performance. This work presents novel methods to redesign a baseline 15‐kW wind turbine generator with reduced rare‐earth permanent magnets by leveraging cutting‐edge three‐dimensional (3D) printed polymer‐bonded permanent magnets and steel. Symmetric, asymmetric, and multimaterial‐magnet parametrization methods are introduced for shape optimization. We extend the symmetric and asymmetric methods to the back iron in the stator to further investigate the impact and opportunities for performance improvements with lesser active materials. We employ a design‐of‐experiments approach with parametric computer‐aided design for shape generation and evaluate different designs by magneto‐thermal modeling and finite‐element analysis. We use adaptive sampling technique to identify better performing designs with lesser magnet mass, higher efficiency, and lower cogging torque when compared with the baseline generator. Asymmetric pole designs resulted in a magnet mass in the range of 4.77–5.37 kg, which was 27%–35% lighter than the baseline generator, suggesting that a new design freedom exists that can be enabled by advanced manufacturing, such as 3D printing. Shaping the back iron in the stator resulted in material savings in electrical steel of up to 14.62 kg, which was 20% lighter than the baseline stator. We conducted a structural analysis to evaluate an optimized asymmetric rotor design from the point of view of mechanical integrity and air‐gap stiffness. The magnetically optimal shape profile was shown as having a positive impact on the radial stiffness, and an optimal solution was discovered to reduce the structural mass by nearly 30 kg, which was 29% lighter than the baseline.

Design of MIMO PI-compensators without exponentially unstable poles

Abstract There is a class of systems that can only be stabilized by unstable compensators. However, for most practical systems suitable for use with linear regulators, this is possible with stable ones. To avoid exponentially unstable results in the design of pole placing PI-compensators it is of crucial importance to consider the position of the transmission zeros. This also has a favourable effect on the disturbance rejection. In multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, however, not only the zero position but also the zero direction is of importance. In this paper, a design method for multivariable PI-controllers in the time- and in the frequency-domains is presented which helps to avoid the occurrence of exponentially unstable controllers. A modified design method for multivariable PI-controllers, recently published in this journal, facilitates the procedure.

Design of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) coated MnO2 nanoparticles for thermally regulated catalytic decomposition of H2O2

We report the synthesis of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) coated manganese dioxide nanoparticles for the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with the goal of developing a temperature-controlled catalytic system.

КЛАСТЕРІЗАЦІЯ ТА ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЯ МАЛОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА ЯК ЗАПОРУКА ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЙОГО КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ В ЕКОНОМІЧНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of clustering and polarization of business entities in the economic space of communities. The article notes that the design of growth poles, and especially growth centers on the scale of the regional (territorial) economy, not only exists, but has also been proven in world practice in countries with different levels of socio-economic development. At the same time, the main result of the implementation of the cluster policy should be to increase the competitiveness of the enterprises participating in the cluster and the economy of the country as a whole. The article examines the meaning of the definitions "competitiveness", "polarized territorial structure", "cluster", etc. In particular, special attention is paid to ensuring the competitiveness of economic entities in the formation of mutual relations with the external environment. Clusters are considered as one of the effective forms of organizing the interaction of geographically interdependent enterprises-suppliers of equipment, specialized production services, infrastructure, logistics centers, research centers, institutions of higher education and other organizations in order to increase the competitiveness of economic entities and territories. The main systemic effects of cluster development, which have a significant impact on the economy of the territorial community, the region and the country, are highlighted separately. The article substantiates that at the center of the development of any polarized territorial structure, in particular, a cluster, there is always a certain industry that is a priority for this locality (territory). In turn, the determination of priority types of economic activity for a separate territory inevitably leads to the activation of the process of concentration of production around the selected industry, that is, polarized development of the territory. The article notes that the following problems may theoretically arise during the formation of new growth poles: the power of the innovative impulse may be directed not to those regions (territories) that need support, but to highly developed ones, to which the propulsive industries of the growth poles naturally gravitate; shortage of financial, labor and other resources may be acute.

A Novel Dual Port Dual Rotor Wound Field Flux Switching Generator With Uniform and Non-Uniform Rotor Poles for Counter-Rotating Wind Power Generation

In this paper, a novel dual port counter rotating dual rotor wound field flux switching generator (DPCRDR-WFFSG) is proposed for direct drive counter rotating wind power generation. Mechanism of gearless and brushless counter rotating operation of DPCRDR-WFFSG is discussed and simplified formulation is opted for possible combination of the rotor poles number <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(N_r)$</tex-math></inline-formula> . In proposed DPCRDR-WFFSG, dual electrical ports are formed of non-overlapped armature winding having shared toroidal field excitation winding whereas inner and outer rotors act as inner and outer port. These inner and outer port are thoroughly investigated for electromagnetic performance to search out optimum rotor poles combination. The rotor poles combinations are examined under uniform and non-uniform poles and comparatively studied. Based on simplified formulation, various combinations of the rotor pole numbers are searched out and found that under uniform poles operation, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N_r= 10$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N_r = 14$</tex-math></inline-formula> offers comparatively better electromagnetic performance whereas in case of non-uniform rotor poles <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N_r = 10/14$</tex-math></inline-formula> further improves electromagnetic performance. Furthermore, analysis evident that in comparison with the inner port, outer port shows dominant contribution in electromagnetic performance whereas, in comparison with uniform rotor poles, the new approach of adopting non-uniform rotor poles improve electromagnetic performance. It is worth noting that non-uniform rotor poles in inner ports improves efficiency and power factor whereas in outer port, average torque and output power are enhanced. Finally, validity of uniform and non-uniform rotor poles design approach for DPCRDR-WFFSG is verified with four prototype that validated finite element analysis.

Design and frequency control study of small-sized magnetorheological finishing device applied in optical manufacturing

With the continuous development of various advanced optical systems, there is an increasing demand for optical components with small apertures (generally ranging from a few millimeters to tens of millimeters in diameter), steep slopes, or even specific relief structures on their surfaces (such as continuous phase elements). These optical components all require high surface quality and shape accuracy. However, existing magnetorheological finishing (MRF) devices have larger dimensions, and the obtained removal function size is relatively larger than the size of small-diameter optical components, making it difficult to achieve high surface shape accuracy after processing. To achieve high-precision machining of small-aperture optical components and obtain higher frequency control capabilities, this study first designed and optimized a small-size MRF device with a 13 mm polishing wheel. Based on theoretical and finite element simulation analyses, the magnetic pole structure of the small-size MRF device was designed. The orthogonal experimental method was used to optimize the key parameters of the magnetic pole according to the magnetic field design requirements, and the device was constructed. Its performance and stability were experimentally analyzed, and the results showed that the peak magnetic field intensity in the polishing area of the device was about 230mT, which met the polishing requirements, and both its long-term and short-term processing stabilities met the design requirements. In addition, different sizes of removal functions were analyzed for frequency control ability, and theoretical and spectral analyses of the removal function indicated that the small-size removal function had better low-frequency error correction ability, while for mid-frequency band and mid-frequency ripple error, the opposite was true. The experimental results showed that when the optical component was shaped by 20 %, the low-frequency convergence capability of the 100 mm polishing device was only 18.72 %, much lower than that of the 13 mm polishing device, which was 52.51 %.Moreover, the mid-frequency ripple spectrum amplitude for the 13 mm polishing device was more than 15 times higher than that for the 100 mm polishing device when removing 50 nm material, and the mid-frequency root mean square (RMS) increased significantly, deteriorating the surface mid-frequency error of the optical component. Therefore, when performing magnetorheological polishing on an optical component surface, a process of using large-size MRF devices for roughing combined with small-size MRF devices for finishing can ensure machining efficiency while controlling low-frequency and mid-frequency errors well. This study provides theoretical support for the magnetic pole design of MRF devices and broadens the frequency spectrum correction ability and application range of MRF processes, which has great application value.

Design of Poly(lactic) acid/gelatin core-shell bicomponent systems as a potential wound dressing material

The electrospun core-shell nanofiber has great many advantages such as different types of solvents that can be used for changing flexibility, mechanical properties, or surface chemistry of fiber. Hydrophobic Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and hydrophilic gelatin (Gel) were electrospun by various preparation conditions to design perfect bicomponent PLA:Gel nanofiber in a core-shell structure. Solvent types, the concentration of polymeric components, flow rate, and voltage of the electrospinning process were changed to optimization of nanofiber. According to the SEM images, the best nanofiber structure without beads was obtained at 0.4 ml/h flow rate of PLA solution and 1.2 ml/h flow rate of Gel solution at 45:55 (w:w %) weight ratio of PLA:Gel in trifluoroethanol solvent with a 10 kV voltage at 10 cm distance to the collector. From the TEM images, the existence of the core-shell structure had been proved which all prepared nanofibers with 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol solvent. Furthermore, contact angle measurements showed a change in wettability when the Gel amount was increased. Therefore, the mildest synthesis conditions were determined for bicomponent PLA:Gel core-shell nanofibers as a potential wound dressing and dual drug carrier materials.

SDT Smart Hybrid Streetlight Pole Design Utilizing Renewable Energy for a Smart City in Thailand

SDT Smart Hybrid Streetlight Pole Design Utilizing Renewable Energy for a Smart City in Thailand

Demagnetization Modeling and Analysis for a Six-Phase Surface-Mounted Field-Modulated Permanent-Magnet Machine Based on Equivalent Magnetic Network

Demagnetization Modeling and Analysis for a Six-Phase Surface-Mounted Field-Modulated Permanent-Magnet Machine Based on Equivalent Magnetic Network

DESAIN SOLAR TREE UNTUK PENERANGAN JALAN UMUM DI JALAN BYPASS NGURAH RAI BALI

The road is a public facility that is quite important for the community in connecting access between regions. Public street lighting (PJU) is part of the road's complementary infrastructure which can be installed on the right or left of the road section or in the middle (on the road divider). LED is a type of lamp that is often used in PJU throughout Indonesia. In this study, solar trees are designed as a source of environmentally friendly electrical energy which will be added ongrid to the public street lighting system (PJU). This study aims to analyze the selection of the type of lamp, the capacity used and the design to be used on the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road. The location chosen from the planned Solar Tree installation is the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road for street lighting. This is intended as an application for the utilization of renewable energy, and to find out what percentage of savings is generated. The results of the tests in this study produce calculations based on the kWh meter on the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road using a solar panel of the Mono Full Screen type DHM-54X10/FS 390~420W with a maximum power of 420 watts, resulting in: First, the solar tree uses four panels with a maximum power of 1680 watts. second, the design of solar tree poles that are adequate to the conditions on the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road, namely the "Tedung" and "Kayon" shapes which will contain four panels on each pole. Third, the savings obtained from using this Solar Tree are 18.69%.

Design to Improve Thrust Force Performance of Dual-side Primary Permanent-magnet Vernier Linear Motor

This paper proposes novel dual-side primary permanent-magnet vernier linear (DS-PPMVL) motors. The novelty of the proposed motors is the design of asymmetric consequent poles on the mover, which can effectively enforce the flux-modulation effect and improve the thrust force performance. First, the topologies and operation principle are introduced. Subsequently, the structure relationships between the existing and proposed motors are discussed. Then, a unified analytical model is built. Accordingly, the magnetic field generated by the consequent pole is calculated. Meanwhile, the performance improvement mechanism with the asymmetric consequent pole is analyzed. To improve the efficiency of motor optimization, multi-objective optimization method is adopted to obtain the global optimal solution combination of structure parameters. The proposed motors exhibit higher thrust force, higher force density, less PM consumption, and better overload performance than the existing DS-PPMVL motor. Finally, experiments are conducted based on the existing prototype to verify the accuracy of the design and analysis.

Research on Power Transmission Tower Planning Method Based on Real Terrain and Surface Feature

With the rapid development of power grid construction in China, the engineering construction conditions of overhead lines have changed. Further research is needed on the combination scheme of general design technical conditions of lines, tower planning, and design, etc., to meet the application requirements of the actual line projects in China for the general design of transmission line towers. This research adopts the pole and tower planning method that conforms to the real terrain and terrain conditions and considers the actual constraint information, such as the terrain, crossing trees, power lines, and railways, to carry out the planning and design of transmission line poles and towers.

Investigation the Parameters of Non-Cylindrical Ice Load on Power Transmission Lines

Ice load on transmission lines is a critical factor that affects their cost and operation. National standards specify how ice load is considered in the design of power lines and poles. These standards generally use empirical relations that assume that the ice load on each phase accumulates uniformly and cylindrically. However, field tests and fault records show that the actual ice load on conductors is often not cylindrical due to altitude, wind strength and direction, and terrain topography. This study firstly defines several parameters to describe asymmetrical ice load. This load can cause additional vertical force on the line, conductor swing angle deviation, and sag changes. Since empirical equations are only valid for cylindrical ice load, the cross-sectional shape of the conductor must be transferred to millimeter paper, and calculations performed using one of several numerical integral methods. The coefficients for asymmetric ice are calculated in kg⁄m (N⁄m) using an AutoCAD model in the numerical study.

Fabrication and design of poly(l‐lactic acid) membrane for passive MAP packaging of Brassica chinensis L

PLDx L copolymers were synthesized from physically stable rigid poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and a few different molecular weights of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to increase the O2 and CO2 permeabilities of PLLA films and make them acceptable for packaging highly respirable products. The effect of PDMS on the morphology, mechanical properties, and gas permeability of PLDx L was investigated. Copolymers showed approximately 10 times the fracture strain and 1.7 times the CO2 and O2 permeabilities of neat PLLA. Additionally, PLDx L maintained an increased CO2 /O2 perm-selectivity consistent between 5 and 40°C. Passive modified atmosphere packaging of Brassica chinensis L was developed to assess the membrane's impact on headspace gas inside the package. The results showed that poly(amide)/poly(ethylene) packaging with 48cm2 PLD1.8 L membrane as a breathing window can provide 50g B. chinensis L. with a healthy atmosphere of 3%-8% O2 and 5%-8% CO2 between 6 and 22 days. Vegetables packaged in PLD1.8 L had the lower respiration rate, lower nitrite contents, and less proliferation of microorganisms. Moreover, a suitable atmosphere kept vegetables with higher ascorbic acid and a good appearance after more than 2 weeks of storage at 5°C. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The permeability of the PLLA-based membrane can be adjusted for the breathable window membrane of sealed fresh products. In the future, several types of film could be developed to match the respiratory and metabolic characteristics of different kinds of products. Such PLLA-based specialized membranes can refine the fresh-keeping function and be more attractive to the customer.

Study on mechanical properties and application in communication pole line engineering of glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composites (GFRP)

Reinforced concrete poles, wooden poles and steel poles are commonly used in communication pole line engineering, but there are numerous shortcomings, which can’t be ignored. In this paper, a scheme of applying glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composites (GFRP) instead of traditional materials to manufacture poles in communication pole line engineering is proposed. The technical properties and bending moment of GFRP poles were studied through material test and bending performance test. Furthermore, Abaqus was used to carry out finite element analysis on GFRP pole, and physical and mechanical properties of GFRP and traditional materials were compared. Referring to GB/T 51421–2020 and DL/T 5219–2014, structural design of GFRP pole and foundation was carried out, respectively. Finally, economic benefit of GFRP pole was analyzed, then an innovative installation method of GFRP pole was proposed. Results show that GFRP has high stiffness, light weight, high strength and durability. Besides, GFRP pole has sufficient flexural bearing capacity, and foundation has excellent overturning stability, which lays a foundation for the application of GFRP in communication pole line engineering.

Development of a Slow-Degrading Polymerized Curcumin Coating for Intracortical Microelectrodes.

Intracortical microelectrodes are used with brain-computer interfaces to restore lost limb function following nervous system injury. While promising, recording ability of intracortical microelectrodes diminishes over time due, in part, to neuroinflammation. As curcumin has demonstrated neuroprotection through anti-inflammatory activity, we fabricated a 300 nm-thick intracortical microelectrode coating consisting of a polyurethane copolymer of curcumin and polyethylene glycol (PEG), denoted as poly(curcumin-PEG1000 carbamate) (PCPC). The uniform PCPC coating reduced silicon wafer hardness by two orders of magnitude and readily absorbed water within minutes, demonstrating that the coating is soft and hydrophilic in nature. Using an in vitro release model, curcumin eluted from the PCPC coating into the supernatant over 1 week; the majority of the coating was intact after an 8-week incubation in buffer, demonstrating potential for longer term curcumin release and softness. Assessing the efficacy of PCPC within a rat intracortical microelectrode model in vivo, there were no significant differences in tissue inflammation, scarring, neuron viability, and myelin damage between the uncoated and PCPC-coated probes. As the first study to implant nonfunctional probes with a polymerized curcumin coating, we have demonstrated the biocompatibility of a PCPC coating and presented a starting point in the design of poly(pro-curcumin) polymers as coating materials for intracortical electrodes.

A New Design of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels Using Biodegradable Poly(Beta-Aminoester) Crosslinkers as Fertilizer Reservoirs for Agricultural Applications

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (P(NIPAAm)) hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization with biodegradable poly (β-amino ester) (PBAE) crosslinkers at 1 wt% and 3 wt% ratio, and compared with conventional N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA)-crosslinked hydrogel. The influence of the type, molecular weight, and diacrylate/amine ratio of the crosslinker on the crosslink density, compressive strength, and swelling and biodegradation behavior of the hydrogels was investigated. The hydrogels synthesized with lower molecular weight PBAE crosslinkers showed higher crosslinking degrees and compressive strength and lower swelling ratios. To reveal the controlled release behavior of the fertilizer, KNO3 was used as the model, and its loading and release behavior from these hydrogels was also examined. The N/T5/1 sample with 1.5/1.0 diacrylate/amine molar ratio and 1 wt% PBAE ratio demonstrated the most controlled release of KNO3 with 66.9% after 18 days in soil. In addition, the hydrogel with the porosity of 71.65% and crosslinking degree of 2.85 × 10-5 mol cm-3 showed a swelling ratio of 69.44 g/g, biodegradation rate of 23.9%, and compressive strength of 1.074 MPa. Thus, it can be concluded that the new designed biodegradable P(NIPAAm) hydrogels can be promising materials as nitrate fertilizer reservoirs and also for controlled fertilizer release in soil media for agricultural applications.