Plastic Design Research Articles

Molecular design of environmental friendly green plasticizers

<p indent="0mm">Plasticizers are substances that can increase the plasticity and processibility of the polymer materials. Plasticizer is one of the largest chemical additives for plastic processing industry, which can effectively improve its processing performance and has great economic and social significance. Ideal plasticizer should have good compatibility with the polymer. It should have high plasticization efficiency and light, heat, weather resistance. Low volatility, slow migration rate, excellent electrical insulation, non-toxicity, being odorless, tasteless and colorless, excellent stain resistance as well as being cheap and easily available are desirable properties ideal plasticizer would have. Among thousands of compounds that being able to be taken as plasticizers, there are only less than 100 kinds that subjecting to wide application. Phthalic acid esters plasticizers (such as dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate) are used in the largest amount. The advantages and disadvantages of the main commercial plasticizers are analyzed, especially phthalate plasticizers. However, recently phthalate plasticizers have been restricted in many countries and regions due to their toxic side effects and impacts on human health and environment. Some phthalate plasticizers can kill soil and aquatic organisms when they degrade into relatively persistent toxic metabolites. By designing green plasticizers, researchers are finding alternatives to conventional plasticizers that may alleviate health concerns. In this review, the research progress of environmental friendly green plasticizers is summarized from the molecular design perspective. Firstly, the working principle of plasticizer is elucidated and the lubrication theory, gel theory and free volume theory are discussed. The basic working mechanism is the insertion of the plasticizer molecules between the chains of polymers, making the interaction between polymer chains weakened, and thus decrease the aggregation of molecular chains, and increase the movement property, softness of molecular chains, making the plastic materials more easily to be processed. Polar plasticizer can weak the polarization effect between polar polymer chains and the non-polar plasticizer can increase the space volume between polymer chains. Environmental friendly green plasticizers are alternative solution to gradually replace traditional petroleum based plasticizers in the future. Bio-based plasticizers with renewable resources have attracted significant attention. These plasticizers have the advantages of renewable, easily degradable, non-toxic, and migration resistance, and are promising substitutes for phthalate plasticizers. This review summarizes the latest research progress of plant oil based plasticizers such as soybean oil and castor oil. The distinctive structure and property features of hyperbranched polyester plasticizers (such as adipic acid type and ε-caprolactone type polyester plasticizers) are described. In addition, due to the unique structure, hyperbranched polyester plasticizers have strong anti-migration ability and play an important role in applications that require high migration resistance, such as children’s products, food packaging and medicine. Specific examples of design and application of plasticizers based on cashew phenol, waste edible oil, lactic acid, rosin and tartaric acid are highlighted. Finally, the relationship between chemical structure and properties of plasticizer is analyzed. It is proposed that molecular design will be promising approach for novel plasticizer design. The replacement of petroleum-based plasticizers with bio-based environmental friendly green plasticizers is the future direction in plastic industrial. This review analyzes the relationship between the characteristic molecular motifs and properties and performances of plasticizer. The approach and perspectives of designing next generation of plasticizers are proposed and future trend and outlook are predicted.

Development, seismic performance and collapse evaluation of steel moment-resisting knee braced frame

This paper introduces and assesses the seismic and collapse behavior of a new lateral load-resisting system referred to as steel Moment-Resisting Knee Braced Frame (MKF). A design method following the Performance Based Plastic Design (PBPD) procedure is proposed to analyze the structure and size the structural members. A prototype frame part of an office building located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada is then selected to demonstrate the design method and evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The prototype MKF is also designed using the conventional elastic approach in accordance with the National Building Code (NBC) of Canada. The seismic performance and collapse response of the proposed system are examined using the nonlinear static analysis, nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) performed on the prototype five-story MKF under potential sources of seismicity in the west coast of Canada including shallow crustal, subduction interface and subduction intraslab events. Fragility curves are finally developed using results of the IDA to obtain the collapse probability of the system. The results of the analyses are compared to those obtained from a steel Moment-Resisting Frame (MRF) counterpart designed in accordance with the PBPD and elastic approaches. Findings of the study show that the proposed steel MKF can efficiently satisfy the code-specified story drift limit and manifest the yielding mechanism assumed in design. The MKF designed according to the PBPD approach offers the lightest structure among all frames studied and yields a collapse probability lower than that of the MKF designed as per the elastic design method. The proposed system can be used in seismic design of steel multi-story buildings as an alternative to conventional steel MRFs.

Discussion on the Teaching of "Plastic Molding Process and Mold Design" Course

Discussion on the Teaching of "Plastic Molding Process and Mold Design" Course

Biocomposites from Thermoplastic Postindustrial Waste Starches Filled with Mineral Fillers for Single‐Use Flexible Packaging

AbstractPlasticized starch (PS) materials hold a fundamental role in the design of novel biodegradable and compostable plastics aimed to reduce global single‐use plastic wastes. This work exemplifies the plasticization of postindustrial waste wheat starch (pWWS) and postindustrial corn starch (pWCS) with a comparison to food‐grade corn starch (pCS) by introducing technical waste glycerol (25%) along with urea (5%) and water. The PS (30%) is blended with 70% poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) to design a matrix with optimized mechanical properties. As a result, the inclusion of pWCS and pCS shows similar impact strength and melt flow index (MFI) values. Further, the mineral fillers, i.e., talc and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (25%), are introduced into the PBAT/PS (70%/30%) matrix to explore the effect on MFI, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. Scanning electron microscopy analysis reveals good dispersion of PS particles and mineral fillers into the PBAT. Adding talc into the PBAT/pWWS and PBAT/pCS blends shows significantly higher modulus (≈134% and ≈105%, respectively) and heat deflection temperature (HDT) (7.8% and 9.3%, respectively). The addition of 25% CaCO3 results in the impact strength of PBAT/pWWS being improved by ≈20%. Due to talc's lamellar platelet structure and better dispersion, the inclusion of talc into the PBAT/PS blends shows improved rheological properties compared to that of CaCO3.

Seismic fragility analysis of CFT frames with buckling-restrained braces and steel braces under long- and short-duration ground motions

This study presents the seismic behaviour and the effect of ground motion duration on the probabilistic seismic fragility for the concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) frames with buckling-restrained braces (BRB-CFTF) and conventional steel braces (SB-CFTF). The nine-storey BRB-CFTF and SB-CFTF prototype structures were designed based on the performance-based plastic design method. One scaled single-storey single-bay BRB-CFTF and one buckling-restrained brace (BRB) extracted from the prototype structure were cyclically tested and analyzed. Finite element (FE) models of the two braced frame structures were developed and validated by available test results. The results obtained from nonlinear dynamic analyses showed that the designed two structures achieved expected performance objectives in terms of the inter-storey drift and member energy-dissipating demand. The selection of engineering demand parameter (EDP) quantifying structural response and intensity measure (IM) representing ground motion hazard level was performed to determine optimal indicators for identifying duration effect prior to establishment of fragility curves. The results indicated that the overall damage index (ODI) as the EDP can clearly distinguish the influence of duration effect on structural cumulative damage. The optimal IM relative to ODI was believed to be the combined duration- and spectrum-related INP-D, because of desirable balance among the efficiency, sufficiency and scaling robustness. The BRB-CFTF and SB-CFTF structures were more vulnerable to all limit states under long-duration ground motions than those under short-duration ones at the same seismic hazard level, and the probability of exceedance for a given INP-D of the SB-CFTF was generally larger than that of the BRB-CFTF. The influence of ground motion duration on the cumulative damage for the BRB-CFTF and SB-CFTF structures is suggested to be considered in structural seismic design and analysis.

PORTALS IN DECORATION OF BUILDINGS OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN IN LVIV

In artistic and stylistic terms, the architecture of Lviv's sacred buildings during the 16th-18th centuries was marked by a variety of appearances. The builders paid great attention to the plastic expressiveness of the building. The facades of sacred buildings were richly decorated, had a clear system of horizontal divisions of cornices and belts, carved in stone with ornamental carvings window frames, and portals of entrances. The role of portals in the decoration of the church ensemble of the Assumption of the Virgin in Lviv is shown. The peculiarities of the use of decorative stone carvings in the plastic design of the facades of sacred buildings during the Renaissance in Lviv are considered on the example of the portals of the Assumption Cathedral, the Chapel of the Three Saints, and the bell tower. The compositional and stylistic features of the Renaissance portals of the temple ensemble are analyzed. In order to physically preserve unique portals, outstanding works of art, and architecture, comprehensive measures for their restoration are outlined.

Performance-based-plastic-design of damage-control steel MRFs equipped with self-centring energy dissipation bays

Driven by the demand of producing novel seismic resilient structures, this study focused on steel moment resisting frames equipped with superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) connections in the self-centring energy dissipation bays, and the emphasis was given to a direct-iterative design method for performance-based-plastic-design of the system under earthquake motions. Utilising the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) oscillator which may reasonably quantify the dynamic responses of a multi-storey structure, an inelastic structural seismic demand model motivated by nonlinear spectral analyses was developed, and the statistic features were accounted. As the theoretical basis of the design philosophy, the seismic energy equilibrium equation of the structure was correlated with structural arrangement and earthquake motion characteristics. Then, a stepwise plastic design methodology enabling practising engineers to search for a feasible design strategy was proposed. Three prototype structures were developed following the proposed method, and finite element models of the systems were developed. The adequacy of the modelling techniques was verified by the test database, and the sufficiency of the hysteretic model of the structure was also justified. The seismic responses of the prototype structures were estimated by nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. The analysis data pool confirmed that the prototype structures were able to achieve the damage-control objective by limiting the maximum interstorey drifts below the prescribed deformation threshold, and inelastic actions were concentrated in the self-centring energy dissipation bays.

Benchmark tests on high strength steel frames

Physical experiments are widely used in structural engineering for the validation of finite element models and the establishment and assessment of design provisions. However, while there exists an abundance of member-level test data, there is a clear need for further benchmark frame-level test data, particularly given the growing trend for advanced system-level simulation and design. Towards meeting this need, and exploiting state-of-the-art measurement techniques, tests on eight high strength steel frames are presented herein. The tested frames were fixed-base, single storey, unbraced in-plane and made up of welded S690 steel I-section members. Two section sizes, of different local slenderness, were employed to assess the influence of local buckling on cross-section strength and the potential for plastic redistribution of forces within the frames. All the frames were laterally restrained out-of-plane using a bespoke lateral bracing system, but free to deform in-plane. The frames were subjected to different combinations of horizontal and vertical loading, in order for beam, sway and combined mode mechanisms to form. Extensive use was made of digital image correlation in order to obtain detailed information on the deformation of the frames and their components. The test setup, instrumentation, loading procedures and frame structural response, including load-deformation characteristics, failure modes and connection rotational stiffnesses are fully reported. The experimental data indicated that, despite the lower ductility and strain hardening of HSS relative to normal strength steel (NSS), HSS frames with stocky cross-sections have the ability to form plastic hinges with sufficient rotation capacity to achieve a considerable amount of inelastic moment redistribution; the potential for extending plastic design to HSS structures has therefore been demonstrated. The test results also provide a firm basis for the validation of advanced numerical models and system-level design approaches.

Ultimate response and plastic design of aluminium alloy continuous beams

Over the last twenty years 6,000 series aluminium alloys are gaining increasing attention as a structural material in the construction sector, particularly in applications where lightness and corrosion resistance are crucial for material selection. Aiming to sustainable construction practices, significant material savings could be achieved through more economical design solutions such as plastic design. Currently, plastic design of aluminium alloy structures is not permitted in most design codes, except European provisions which provide recommendations for inelastic analysis. Indeed, there is a clear lack of experimental data to prove this possibility, particularly for relatively new materials in the construction industry, such as the 6082-Τ6 heat-treated aluminium alloy. To address this knowledge gap, a total of 15 rectangular hollow sections fabricated from 6082-T6 aluminium alloy were tested as simply-supported and two-span continuous beams. Numerical models were developed to replicate the experimental results considering geometric and material nonlinearities. A subsequent parametric study was carried out to generate numerical data for indeterminate structures. One normal and two high strength aluminium alloys as well as two load configurations were examined within this parametric study over a wide range of cross-sectional aspect ratios and slendernesses. The experimental results in combination with the numerical results were utilised to assess the accuracy and applicability of (i) the traditional plastic design method, (ii) the European design provisions (EC9), (iii) the plastic hinge method included in Annex H of EC9, and (iv) the Continuous Strength Method (CSM). Relative comparisons demonstrated the potential of applying plastic design in aluminium alloy indeterminate structures. Notably, the plastic hinge method and the CSM which accounts for strain hardening at the cross-sectional level and for moment redistribution at the system level were found to provide the most accurate design strength predictions, resulting in more economical cross-sections and utilising the full potential of aluminium alloys’ plastic deformability.

Recycling of Load-Bearing 3D Printable Double Network Granular Hydrogels.

Sustainable materials, such as recyclable polymers, become increasingly important as they are often environmentally friendlier than their one-time-use counterparts. In parallel, the trend toward more customized products demands for fast prototyping methods which allow processing materials into 3D objects that are often only used for a limited amount of time yet, that must be mechanically sufficiently robust to bear significant loads. Soft materials that satisfy the two rather contradictory needs remain to be shown. Here, the authors introduce a material that simultaneously fulfills both requirements, a 3D printable, recyclable double network granular hydrogel (rDNGH). This hydrogel is composed of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) microparticles that are covalently crosslinked through a disulfide-based percolating network. The possibility to independently degrade the percolating network, with no harm to the primary network contained within the microgels, renders the recovery of the microgels efficient. As a result, the recycled material pertains a stiffness and toughness that are similar to those of the pristine material. Importantly, this process can be extended to the fabrication of recyclable hard plastics made of, for example, dried rDNGHs. The authors envision this approach to serve as foundation for a paradigm shift in the design of new sustainable soft materials and plastics.

Improved performance-based plastic design method for post-tensioned connection systems

Performance-based plastic design (PBPD) was initially proposed as a method for retrofitting existing structures. The PBPD method gradually became a general approach for designing new structures. This method is a direct method to obtain design base shear and leads to design structures being more economical compared to traditional methods. PT connections were developed after the Northridge earthquake. The self-centering could restore the connection to its original position without damage to the beams and columns. High-strength post-tensioned cables are used to restore the structure to its initial position in PT connections. Also, energy dissipaters (for example, top and bottom angles) are used to increase ductility. In this study, a proposed relationship between the ductility (µ), period (T), and response reduction factor (R) is presented for structures with pinching or flag-shaped behavior, and the effect of the parameters on R has been investigated. Also, a new design approach for structures with PT-steel connections with top-and-bottom angles is presented. The results show that R primarily depends on the post-yield stiffness ratio (α), the yield stress ratio (or energy dissipation) (β), ductility (µ), soil type, etc. Nonlinear time-history analysis indicates that designed models based on the proposed approach satisfy drift limits. The results show that the proposed relationship can be quite suitable for designing PT connections using the PBPD approach.

Coenzyme B12 -dependent and independent photoregulation of carotenogenesis across Myxococcales.

SummaryLight‐induced carotenogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus is controlled by the B12‐based CarH repressor and photoreceptor, and by a separate intricate pathway involving singlet oxygen, the B12‐independent CarH paralogue CarA and various other proteins, some eukaryotic‐like. Whether other myxobacteria conserve these pathways and undergo photoregulated carotenogenesis is unknown. Here, comparative analyses across 27 Myxococcales genomes identified carotenogenic genes, albeit arranged differently, with carH often in their genomic vicinity, in all three Myxococcales suborders. However, CarA and its associated factors were found exclusively in suborder Cystobacterineae, with carA‐carH invariably in tandem in a syntenic carotenogenic operon, except for Cystobacter/Melittangium, which lack CarA but retain all other factors. We experimentally show B12‐mediated photoregulated carotenogenesis in representative myxobacteria, and a remarkably plastic CarH operator design and DNA binding across Myxococcales. Unlike the two characterized CarH from other phyla, which are tetrameric, Cystobacter CarH (the first myxobacterial homologue amenable to analysis in vitro) is a dimer that combines direct CarH‐like B12‐based photoregulation with CarA‐like DNA binding and inhibition by an antirepressor. This study provides new molecular insights into B12‐dependent photoreceptors. It further establishes the B12‐dependent pathway for photoregulated carotenogenesis as broadly prevalent across myxobacteria and its evolution, exclusively in one suborder, into a parallel complex B12‐independent circuit.

Ensemble Tree‐Based Approach to Predict the Rotation Capacity of Wide‐Flange Beams

The rotation capacity of wide‐flange beams is a mechanical and physical parameter that shows a structural member’s ductility. It is a crucial factor in the plastic design phase of wide‐flange beams, especially useful in extreme circumstances such as earthquakes. This study proposes an approach that facilitates the calculation of the rotation capacity (R) based on a soft computing technique developed using an experimental database accumulated from prior studies. The ensemble decision tree (EDT) model was studied to construct a soft computing model that accurately predicts R based on training and testing datasets. The model’s performance metrics used were well‐known criteria, namely the coefficient of determination (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), as well as mean absolute error (MAE). With CC = 0.925, RMSE of 3.20, and MAE of 2.60, the study’s findings indicate that the EDT model accurately estimates the rotation capacity of wide‐flange steel beams. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis and 2D partial dependence analyses were proposed to determine the effect of the factors that affect R. This work could be a significant step toward determining the R of wide‐flange steel beams and aiding in improving structural member design.

Ukrainian Ritual Bread: Ethnocultural Specifics of the Visual Image

Ritual bread baking from dough, in particular, named: «kalach», «korovai», «karachun», «paska» (Easter bread), «zhaivoronky» (literally «larks»), «khresty» (literally «crosses»), has been studied. They have specific plastic design and, compared to other types of bread dishes of Ukrainians, the most vivid signs of aesthetic thinking. The visual image of the Ukrainian ritual bread is presented in a subject embodiment in the process of working with raw materials in a three-dimensional form with its inherent size, structure and decor, justified by both the ritual context and the dependence on the environment. The «kalach», «korovai», «karachun», «paska» (Easter bread) have a round shape of different sizes («korovai», «paska» are sometimes quite sizable) with a heterogeneous structure. The «korovai» is usually three-layered: the lower layer is named «pidoshva» (literally «sole»), the middle and the upper ones (dough plastic elements, live or manufactured flowers, leaves, fruits, plant branches), and objects (mostly ribbons). The «karachun» and the «paska» (Easter bread) are two-layered: the base (there is no lower layer) and the upper layer – the «karachun» made of stems with cereal grains (mainly oats), fruits of vegetable crops (garlic, beans, etc.) and of fruits (dried prunes, cherries) and the «paska» made of plastic elements from dough. The shapes and decor of ritual cookies usually convey the simplified contours and features of objects or creatures. The principles of modelling, the decorative elements and compositions of Ukrainian ritual bread are inherited, preserving the foundations of folk ethics and aesthetics and, together with the manifestation of original creative ideas, play an important role in continuing its traditions today.

Development of a Multi-Criteria Design Optimization Methodology for Automotive Plastics Parts.

The plastic industry is undergoing drastic changes, due to the customer sustainability perception of plastics, and the eruption of new processes (such 3D printing) and materials (such as renewably sourced resins). To enable a fast transition to high-quality, sustainable plastic applications, a specific methodology could be a key competitive advantage. This novel methodology is focused on improving the objectivity and efficiency of plastic production and the design review process. It is applicable to discrete optimization events in any product lifecycle milestone, from concept design to serial production stages. The methodology includes a natural way to capture plastic-related knowledge and trends, oriented towards building a dynamic “interaction matrix”, with a list of potential optimizations and their positive or negative impacts in a comprehensive set of multi-criteria evaluations. With an innovative approach, the matrix allows the possibility to incorporate a business strategy, which could be different at every lifecycle stage. The business strategy is translated from the common “verbal” definition into a quantitative set of “Target and Restrictions”, making it possible to detect and prioritize the best potential design optimization changes according to the strategy. This methodology helps to model and compare design alternatives, verify impacts in every evaluation criteria, and make robust and objective information-based decisions. The application of the methodology in real cases of plastic material design optimization in the automotive industry has provided remarkable results, accelerating the detection of improvement methods aligned with the strategy and maximizing the improvement in product competitiveness and sustainability. In comparison with the simultaneous application of existing mono-criteria optimization methodologies (such as “Design to Cost” or “Eco Design”) and subjective expert-based reviews, the novel methodology has a reduced workload and risks, confirming its potential for future application and further development in other polymer-based products, such as consumer goods or packaging.

Effects of molecular design parameters on plasticizer performance in poly(vinyl chloride): A comprehensive molecular simulation study

Plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), including ortho- and tere-phthalates, trimellitates, citrates, and various aliphatic dicarboxylates, are systematically studied with all-atom molecular simulation. Effects of plasticizer molecular structure on its performance, as measured by performance metrics including its thermodynamic compatibility with PVC, effectiveness of reducing the material’s Young’s modulus, and migration rate in the PVC matrix, are evaluated in the framework of seven molecular design parameters. Previous experimental findings on the plasticizer structure-performance relationship are also reviewed. Comparison with experiments establishes the reliability of our simulation predictions. The study aims to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for the selection and design of high-performance plasticizers at the molecular level. Molecular mechanisms for how each design parameter influences plasticizer performance metrics are also discussed. Moreover, we report a nontrivial dependence of plasticizer migration rate on temperature, which reconciles seemingly conflicting experimental reports on the migration tendency of different plasticizers.

Front Cover: Structure‐Performance Guided Design of Sustainable Plasticizers from Biorenewable Feedstocks (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 45/2021)

The Front Cover illustrates a concept to switch the raw material basis for plasticizer production from fossil to bio-based feedstocks. The bicyclic plasticizers, which were synthesized as target molecules, are accessible from bio-based 2-methylfuran, maleic anhydride and 2-ethylhexanol. Evaluating the performance of this new bio-based plasticizer generation revealed promising plasticizing properties. More information can be found in the Full Paper by R. Otter, A. Liese, H. Gröger et al.

Structure‐Performance Guided Design of Sustainable Plasticizers from Biorenewable Feedstocks

AbstractThe search for more sustainable solutions for plastics production, moving away from petrochemical feedstocks as today's major raw material basis, is a research area of increasing interest. This task goes far beyond the issue of designing greener polymers and their related monomers as tailor‐made plastics require, besides the polymer itself, further components. These additives also need to be switched from typically fossil‐based to bio‐renewable raw materials. One of such necessary components for many applications are plasticizers, and a major application of them is related to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as one of the leading polymers with a wide range of applications. Typically today‘s plasticizers are based on fossil feedstocks, and some of them such as specific ortho‐phthalates as the most important product class of plasticizers are now subject to restrictions and authorization by the EU's REACH legislation due to their toxicological profile. In this contribution, we report the synthesis and technical evaluation of alternative, novel bicyclic plasticizer candidates, which are fully accessible from renewable feedstocks. In detail, these new plasticizer target molecules are based on the use of the furan‐derivative 2‐methylfuran, maleic anhydride and 2‐ethylhexanol as bio‐based starting materials. The synthetic concept consists of an initial Diels‐Alder reaction with 2‐methylfuran and a subsequent hydrogenation and optional esterification step. The applied reactions are well‐known as economic and sustainable technologies. Thus, not only the starting materials (being of bio‐based origin) but also the selected reaction technologies for the syntheses of the target molecules are sustainable. Furthermore, a range of performance tests enabled an insight into structure‐performance relationships and revealed promising plasticizing properties of this new bio‐based plasticizer generation with, e. g., an attractive solution temperature fulfilling the criterium for a “fast fuser” as well as good compatibility with PVC.

On the plastic design of high‐strength steel beams

AbstractParticularly efficient steel components can be designed by performing a plastic global analysis of a structure made of high‐strength steel (HSS) as well. However, plastic design of HSS structures is not embodied in current standards, which is why a broad research study was carried out to address different aspects of the use of HSS for plastic design. This paper deals with verified numerical investigations of the rotation capacity of HSS I‐girders considering realistic true stress‐strain curves, local plastic instability and damage mechanics approaches to predict ductile crack initiation. Various influences on the rotation capacity of HSS beams were assessed by varying flange and web slenderness ratios, material characteristics, system dimensions, stiffness of lateral supports and loading conditions so that recommendations for the plastic design of HSS girders can be given. It is apparent that, apart from the slenderness of the flange and the material properties, the slenderness of the web is one of the main influencing characteristics. The results show that the plastic design of HSS structures is possible when limits for cross‐section class 1 are more severe for HSS grades over S460 up to S690 compared with the current limits in EN 1993‐1‐1.

Seismic Response of Performance Base Designed Building : A Review

A review on Performance Based Plastic Design method (PBPD) for RCC building has been presented in this paper with detailed manner. The first is the study of Performance Based Plastic Design method relating with IS code method. And then secondly review includes the research gap that is to apply this method on Irregular Buildings and to observe the efficiency of Design and Cost analysis comparing to IS code recommendations. When a Structure is designed by IS Code (IS 456: 2000) recommendations, it satisfies the strength as well as serviceability standards. But when an earthquake hits the structure, it leads to collapse which leads to loss of life as well as property. A Recently developed PBPD method can be a promising & efficient seismic design approach as it counteract total collapse of structure. This method is becoming popular due to its total collapse prevention. The paper addressed the relevant examination of provisions as specified in the appropriate design standard and software-based finite element analysis conducted by various authors, as well as a review of the problem, in order to reach a meaningful conclusion for the study. Also, a suggestion for the scope of future development is to study the Design as well as Cost efficiency of Performance Based Plastic Design of Various Irregular RCC buildings which will be a new or important aspect of the study. Despite the fact that fewer papers have been published in this area than in others, this report covers a broad range of research efforts and progress into the New Performance based Plastic Design method & seismic behavior of irregular buildings, demonstrating the field’s growing interest.