Design Of Photonic Crystal Fiber Research Articles

High birefringence low loss nearly zero flat dispersion similar to slotted core photonic crystal fibers

Abstract Studying high-performance photonic crystal fibers (PCF) is of significant scientific importance for terahertz (THz) waveguide systems. This study introduces a novel PCF design with a core composed of the smallest sub-wavelength units resembling a slotted structure, aiming to achieve high birefringence and low loss. The optical properties of the proposed PCF are analyzed through simulations, yielding impressive results. The PCF exhibits an ultra-high birefringence of 0.07848, a minimum limiting loss of 10−17 dB/cm, and an effective material loss as low as 0.04251 cm−1. Moreover, it demonstrates near-zero flat dispersion of −0.012 ± 0.074 ps/THz/cm over a broad frequency range of 1.2–2.2 THz. This fiber stands out by not only providing high birefringence but also by striking an optimal balance among birefringence, transmission loss, and dispersion for THz waveguides. The implications of this work are profound for the development of THz communication systems, THz polarization-maintaining transmission, and sensing applications. Furthermore, it established an important benchmark for the design of THz-PCFs that prioritize high birefringence, low loss, and near-zero flat dispersion, offering an essential reference for future research and development in this field.

Design of photonic crystal fiber supporting 190 orbital angular momentum modes with low nonlinearity coefficient

A new photonic crystal fiber is proposed for the transmission of more orbital angular momentum modes with a rectangular air hole arrangement to increase the cladding air-filling rate. The results reveal that the fiber can support 190 orbital angular momentum modes in the C+L band, with the topological charge ordering up to 48, and the effective refractive index difference between adjacent eigenmodes is above 10−3. The effective mode area of all the eigenmodes is larger than 208.02 μm2, the nonlinearity coefficient is less than 0.43 W−1∙km−1, the confinement loss reaches up to 10−12-10−8 dB/m, the dispersion is flat and the minimum dispersion change is 3.15 ps∙nm−1∙km−1, with mode purity greater than 97.4%. Compared to existing typical orbital angular momentum transmission photonic crystal fibers, this fiber can support more orbital angular momentum modes for most purposes with lower nonlinearity coefficient, higher mode purity, better propagation characteristics but simpler structure. The highest nonlinearity coefficient is reduced by at least 0.3 W−1∙km−1 compared to existing typical orbital angular momentum transmission photonic crystal fibers. The effect of fabrication errors on the transmission quality of orbital angular momentum modes is also discussed, and the results reveal that the effect on mode transmission quality is small at 1–2% variations of air holes. Therefore, this photonic crystal fiber is promising in high-capacity communication systems.

Design of uncomplicated triangular core PCF for enhanced non-linearity applications

An innovative design of Photonic Crystal Fibre (PCF) for enhanced non-linearity applications using simulation with the Finite Element Method (FEM) is presented. The PCF is a kind of fibre optic waveguide that has air-holes along the entire length of the optical fibre, which exploits its exclusive features of being continuously single-moded and having a modifiable spot-size and dispersion properties for various linear and non-linear applications. This proposed triangular core PCF is made of silica material with a refractive index of 1.445 and features three large air-holes placed 120° apart in the core, each with a refractive index of 1.00. The air-holes have a pitch length of 6.03 μm and a radius of 2.86 μm, and the wavelength of operation is 1.55 μm. The proposed PCF design has a large diameter to pitch ratio (d/Λ) of up to 0.95, resulting in a reduced spot-size of just above 1.00 μm2. This indicates that the proposed triangular core PCF design could be used to enhance non-linearity applications. This study introduces a novel structure that simplifies construction by employing three strategically positioned large air-holes in the cladding, thus achieving the necessary properties for guiding light through the core. This streamlined approach overcomes complexities associated with previous designs from the literature, hence, offering a practical solution for effective light guidance while minimising construction difficulties. This inventive proposed PCF design can be fabricated using the Stack and Draw process or the slurry casting method.

Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications

Abstract Photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have demonstrated promising capabilities for liquid sensing applications owing to their distinctive optical properties. This work presents a numerical investigation of a PCF sensor optimized for discriminating water, ethanol, and benzene samples. In the proposed configuration, there are five concentric rings of air holes in the cladding arranged in a hybrid lattice structure, while the core contains only one air hole. The optical properties of the sensor, such as refractive index, power fraction, relative sensitivity, confinement loss, effective area, and nonlinearity, were assessed through a comprehensive analysis utilizing the full vector Finite Element Method within the COMSOL Multiphysics software. All these properties have been meticulously examined through numerical investigation across a broader range of wavelengths spanning from 0.8 to 2.2 µm. The suggested model has high sensitivity, minimal confinement loss, and an exceptional nonlinear coefficient value. At a wavelength of 1.3 µm, the suggested PCF exhibits greater sensitivity of 96.84, 98.12, and 100% for water, ethanol, and benzene, respectively, and nonlinear coefficients of 13.98 W−1 km−1 for water, 13.93 W−1 km−1 for ethanol, and 14.85 W−1 km−1 for benzene, with decreased confinement loss. The created model can be utilized in several research areas, particularly in chemical sensing and bio-sensing, as well as their respective applications.

A grating-modified broadband D-type photonic crystal fiber polarization filter

In this paper, a D-type grating-modified broadband photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasmon resonance is proposed. The asymmetric design of D-type photonic crystal fiber is helpful to achieve single-mode polarization filtering, and grating can increase the coupling between the core mode and the SPP mode and thus increase the constraint loss. From our simulation results, it can be seen that the applicable bandwidth range can easily reach 1 μm. At the communication wavelength of 1750 nm, the calculated constraint losses of x-polarized and y-polarized core modes are 4.2526 dB cm−1 and 1491.8 dB cm−1, respectively, and the crosstalk is up to 1292 dB. The proposed grating-modified of photonic crystal fiber has achieved good filtering effect in the near-infrared band, and even extended to the mid-infrared band.

Design of THz photonic crystal fiber based biosensor for detection of brain tissues and behavior characterization with Machine learning approach

Design of THz photonic crystal fiber based biosensor for detection of brain tissues and behavior characterization with Machine learning approach

Design of porous-core photonic crystal fiber based on machine learning approach

Design of porous-core photonic crystal fiber based on machine learning approach

Design and analysis of spider-web photonic crystal fiber in the terahertz regime

Design and analysis of spider-web photonic crystal fiber in the terahertz regime

Numerical Analysis of a Photonic Crystal Fiber‐Based Biosensor for the Detection of Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli Bacteria in the THz Regime

To ensure good water quality, microbiological contamination in water must be detected. This process is made easier and more distinctive using a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), which offers outstanding optical sensing capabilities. Herein, a PCF sensor model is proposed for detecting two types of waterborne bacteria, namely, Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli bacteria. The core region of the proposed PCF sensor is made up of a single rectangle and the cladding region has 32 rectangular air holes that have the same height and width as the core rectangle. Zeonex is employed as the fiber material. Using Comsol 5.6 which is based on the finite‐element method, the model is numerically analyzed and structured. The simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed PCF to detect the analyte samples. Numerous performance indicators are calculated at an operating 2.8 THz. Simulation results show that the proposed PCF sensor is promising. Extremely high relative sensitivity (97.996%), lower effective area (6.3575 × 104 μm2), higher numerical aperture (0.23319), lower effective material loss (0.0034 cm−1), and lower confinement loss (0.1 × 10−14) are obtained which indicate an efficient PCF sensor. Additionally, the simplicity of the PCF design ensures the fabrication possibilities of the proposed sensor.

Design of a multi-core photonic crystal fiber supporting 518 OAM modes

A multi-ring core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with seven high-index ring regions is designed for the transmission of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. The new structure which has an optimized air hole arrangement shows improved transmission quantity and number of OAM modes. Numerical analysis reveals that the PCF can transmit 518 OAM modes in the range of 1.4–1.75 µm stably while avoiding cross talk from the adjacent ring core resulting in a low cross talk of merely −208.5dB, confinement loss less than 10−9dB/m, as well as mode quality greater than 0.925. The results disclose a new method to increase the communication capacity and suggest that the PCF has great application potential.

THz dual-core liquid photonic crystal fiber with high negative dispersion

A novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design is proposed and analyzed with highly negative dispersion for THz applications. The reported PCF has TOPAS background material due to its low material loss in THz regime. Further, dual porous cores are constructed and selectively infiltrated with liquid crystal (LC) material to control the dispersion characteristics of the reported PCF. The basic operation of the suggested dual core LCPCF (DC-LCPCF) depends on the optical coupling between the supported modes of the two porous core regions in the THz regime to achieve high negative dispersion for the two fundamental polarizations: transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM). The coupling can be switched between the TE and TM modes by applying an external electric field on the LC material via two metallic electrodes. The full vectorial finite element method (FVFEM) is utilized to study the dispersion characteristics of the DC-LCPCF structure. The obtained results reveal that the TE and TM modes have large negative chromatic dispersions of − 44.57 ps/THz/cm and − 30.59 ps/THz/cm at frequencies of 0.386 THz and 0.4027 THz, respectively. So, it will be a solution for further innovation of fiber devices in the THz regime.

Experimental studies on the core-structure dependence of backward Brillouin gain in solid-core photonic crystal fibers.

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in solid-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) differs significantly from that in standard optical fibers due to the tight confinement of both optical and acoustic fields in their µm-sized fiber cores, as resultantly evident in their Brillouin gain spectra. Despite many theoretical studies based on either simplified models or numerical simulations, the structural dependency of Brillouin gain spectra in small-core PCFs has not been characterized comprehensively using PCFs with elaborated parameter controls. In this work we report a comprehensive characterization on the core-structure dependences of backward SBS effects in solid-core PCFs that are drawn with systematically varied core-diameter, revealing several key trends of the fiber Brillouin spectrum in terms of its gain magnitude, Brillouin shift and multi-peak structure, which have not been reported in detail previously. Our work provides some practical guidance on PCF design for potential applications like Brillouin fiber lasers and Brillouin fiber sensing.

Design of hexagonal photonic crystal fiber with Ge10As22Se68 chalcogenide core and As2S3 cladding for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

Design of hexagonal photonic crystal fiber with Ge10As22Se68 chalcogenide core and As2S3 cladding for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

Design of high sensitive hybrid honeycomb photonic crystal fiber for sensing C8H8O3/AsCl3/C8H10 analyte

Design of high sensitive hybrid honeycomb photonic crystal fiber for sensing C8H8O3/AsCl3/C8H10 analyte

Performance comparison and analysis of D-type single and dual-core PCF-SPR sensors

Surface plasmon resonance sensors, based on photonic crystal fibers, have demonstrated immense potential in various application fields, owing to their structural design flexibility, operability, and superior sensing capabilities. Despite the potential, the design of photonic crystal fibers with various structures has been a challenging task, due to manufacturing constraints. Thus, this paper aims to explore the design rules of photonic crystal fibers based on surface plasmon resonance, by proposing and designing four photonic crystal fiber sensors with distinct structures. The study investigates the influence of single-core, double-core, and large and small air holes on the sensor’s performance, through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, data acquisition, and analysis. Through our research, we have discovered that by altering the size of pores surrounding the fiber core, as well as the fiber core’s single-mode and dual-mode configurations, we were able to increase the sensitivity of the sensor from its lowest value of 266 nm RIU−1 to as high as 2066 nm RIU−1, an improvement of nearly eightfold. The findings suggest that the sensor with double-core air hole structure exhibits relatively better performance. This analysis is expected to aid in the design of high-performance photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensors.

Design and Simulation of Air-Core Polymeric Photonic Crystal Fiber by Investigating the Reduction of Confinement Losses in the Terahertz (THz) Range

Design and Simulation of Air-Core Polymeric Photonic Crystal Fiber by Investigating the Reduction of Confinement Losses in the Terahertz (THz) Range

Design and Study of a Novel Regular Decagon Multilayer Photonic Crystal Fiber

This study introduces a unique regular decagon multilayer photonic crystal fiber and investigates its design and properties. Through extensive utilization of COMSOL Multiphysics optical module, the fiber's optical characteristics were thoroughly examined. The simulation outcomes indicate that, within the wavelength range of 1000-1500 nm, the photonic crystal fiber exhibits an effective mode field area ranging from 2.33*10-11 to 2.55*10-11 m2, a nonlinear coefficient between 4.96*10-3 and 8.08*10-3 s³/(kg·m³), a dispersion spanning from 1.46 to 1.54, and a loss varying from 3.76*10-3 to 1.29*10-2. This research presents novel approaches and concepts for the calculation, optimization, and design of photonic crystal fibers, ultimately fostering advancements in optical communication, optical sensing, and related domains. Furthermore, it bears significant implications for the practical implementation of innovative photonic crystal fibers in optical sensing and detection applications.

Design and numerical analysis of a novel photonic crystal fiber based chemicals sensor in the THz regime

We presented a decagonal cladding and hexahedron core-based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) to sense chemicals in the terahertz frequency (THz). Circular air holes (CAHs) in the cladding region make up the proposed sensor. A wide variety of frequencies were evaluated to analyze the sensor's performance in terms of sensitivity, confinement loss, and effective material loss respectively. We designed and quantitatively analyzed the optical properties of our proposed hexahedron-based PCF sensor using the finite element method (FEM). Square-shaped air hole length, strut, and core size have also been researched to improve the performance of the proposed sensor's sensing components and fabrication tolerance. At ideal conditions, the suggested PCF sensor has a maximum relative sensitivity of 94.65%, confinement loss of 6.01 × 10−8 cm−1, effective material loss (EML) of 9.16 × 10−4 cm−1, and effective mode area (EMA) of 1.35 × 10−7 m2. We are confident that the suggested sensor's optimized geometrical structure will be manufacturing-friendly, as well as the sensor's contribution to practical uses. Furthermore, our proposed PCF fiber will be ideal in the terahertz (THz) regions for various optical communication applications and medicinal signals.

Design of dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber with 800 nm wide low-dispersion band

We propose a new design for a dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber with 800 nm wide low-dispersion band by employing the imaginary-distance beam propagation method and the transparent boundary condition using BeamPROP simulation software. The chromatic dispersion of the fiber is −1.4 to 4.8 ps/nm·km in an 800 nm wavelength range of 1.1–1.9 μm. The effective mode area at a wavelength of 1.55 μm is 12.2 μm2 and the fiber can be easily joined to conventional nonlinear optical fiber with a small core. The calculated effective index is extremely linear via the wavelength, and the decision coefficient with an approximately straight function is 0.999996, this means the waveguide dispersion of the proposed PCF completely compensates for the material dispersion curves.

Nearly Zero Ultra-Flattened Dispersion in Octagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber

The low confinement losses, relatively high nonlinearity, and wideband ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion are the crucial properties of the PCFs. Thus, in this research, a comprehensive study has been conducted to design a novel Octagonal PCF (Photonic Crystal Fiber) microstructure with an ultra-flattened dispersion profile through a vast range of optical communication band wavelengths with a large negative dispersion of nearly 0.6635 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm. This PCF design and simulative study have been made by using COMSOL multi-physics. The guiding features of the fiber have been analyzed numerically to solve the Maxwell equation of electromagnetic field by using the full vector finite element method with cylindrically perfect to match layer for strongly absorb the outgoing waves from the computational region. Moreover, Octagonal rings in the cladding region provide better confinement and flattened dispersion in O-band (1260 nm-1360 nm) and C-band (1530 nm-1565 nm) in comparison to honeycomb or hexagonal lattice structures. Our proposed model has a nearly zero ultra-flattened dispersion of ± 0.3028 ps/nm/km in a 1290 nm to 1620 nm with wavelength range (320 nm flat band) and low confinement loss is less than 10-7 dB/km in the entire band of interest. Furthermore, this research has been presented a 7.2 μm2 effective area which is smaller than other reported fibers at 1550 nm wavelength.