Machine Design Research Articles

Design and Analysis of Axial-Flux Modular Spoke-Type Permanent Magnet Machines With Segmented Stators for Traction Applications

Design and Analysis of Axial-Flux Modular Spoke-Type Permanent Magnet Machines With Segmented Stators for Traction Applications

Design and Analysis of Permanent Magnet Machines With Multiple Arc Pole Ratios in Stator Teeth

Design and Analysis of Permanent Magnet Machines With Multiple Arc Pole Ratios in Stator Teeth

Structural design and finite element analysis of a milling machine sliding saddle

Abstract With the rapid development of modern manufacturing, the requirements for milling machine products are becoming higher and higher, leading to higher requirements for the working accuracy of milling machines. It is necessary to use the finite element method for static analysis of key components. This article uses 3D software to establish a geometric model of the milling machine saddle and establishes a finite element model. Finite element analysis is performed on the stiffness and strength of the sliding saddle in the middle of the crossbeam and the spindle sleeve at the lowest end of the sliding saddle under the load condition. Through analysis, it is known that the milling machine slide saddle is located in the middle of the crossbeam, and the spindle sleeve is located at the lowest end of the sliding saddle, which is the worst working condition. According to the strength theory, it is verified that its strength meets the requirements. This static analysis can provide reliable data for the design optimization of the milling machine saddle.

State-of-Art Review of Renewable Energy-Based Systems for Electrical Machine Applications: Prospects and Challenges

Abstract Renewable energy sources (RES) are a game-changer since they produce no greenhouse gases (GHG). There is an increasing amount of interest in it across the world. The intermittent nature of RES makes it difficult to incorporate them into the existing power grid infrastructure and for use in electrical machines for industrial and domestic applications. As the number of RES grows along with different machine variants, innovative methods of interconnecting them are being explored. This study gives a thorough analysis of net zero RES (wind, solar and hydro) for electric machine applications considering their efficiency, feasibility, and reliability coupled with the trend of connection topologies. The Paradigm shift in material technology for RES application is also examined from the 1950s till the present paving the way for innovative design of novel electrical machines with optimal output performances and cost minimization. Modelling and optimization approaches were captured with the benefits and drawbacks highlighted. For electric machines to function at peak efficiency over time, energy harvesting from these sources becomes significant and must be controlled and maintained risk-free. In addition, the challenges, and prospects, associated with the operation of an Electric Machine technology in a clean environment have all been highlighted.

Analysis of Machine Learning Methods for Intrusion Detection Systems in Wireless Networks

Wireless networks have become integral to modern communication systems, making them vulnerable to various security threats. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are essential for detecting and mitigating these threats and can also powerfully screen network traffic for pernicious activities that are planned to abuse the classification, honesty, realness, and accessibility of the network. Machine learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) techniques are effective in identifying and classifying network attacks. This study proposes a novel intrusion detection system that employs ML and DL models to classify and distinguish network attacks in wireless networks. The proposed system enhanced detection accuracy and efficiency in IDS, the scalability of IDS systems, and estimated the performance of IDS in wireless networks. It also investigates IDS techniques using machine learning, designs and implements IDS in wireless networks using machine learning, and trains several IDS models regarding wireless networks that are fitted. It contrasts the exhibition of proposed models and existing procedures. The suggested system can therefore be utilized as an effective IDS for wireless networks, providing real-time detection and classification of network attacks.

P‐85: The Methods to Improve Low‐gray Lens Mura

With the development of OLED display technology and the intensified competition in the OLED mobile phone product market, consumers are increasingly demanding the display quality of OLED mobile phones. The higher image quality requirements have prompted panel makers to minimize the impact of mura through process improvement, product design optimization, etc. Low‐gray lens mura is an important one which affect display quality. This paper provides an effective direction for optimizing the process parameters of exposure machine and product design to weakening the influence of lens mura.

Jib crane lightweighting through composite material and prestressing technique

This research reports the results of both the implementation of innovative materials, such as composite material, and the application of the prestressing technique through appropriate tie-rods, for crane construction. The novelty lies in the introduction of both factors in order to reduce and limit the vertical deflection, while also reducing the cross section, which is the main constraint at the machine design phase. In this way, to limit the load-induced deflection of the crane, a constant external action is applied that induces a deflection opposite to that induced by the load. In particular, the object of this research is a jib crane with dimensions 4000x5000 (height and length in mm) with a load capacity of 4905 N. The research involves analytical dimensioning followed by verification of the results obtained using finite elements software (Ansys®). The parameters adopted for sizing, both the boom and the column, are the maximum displacements and safety coefficients concerning both maximum stresses and buckling phenomena. The main result is that the composite crane has the lowest weight: approximately 29 % and 21 % of the weight of the corresponding non-prestressed steel crane, for non-prestressed and prestressed composite configurations, respectively. The last part of the research concerns the construction methods for building cranes, in particular the implementation of the composite solution.

Design and Production of a Paper Shredding Machine

There are countless cases of cooperate and government espionage, identity theft, sensitive information leaks. This all led to the need for government agencies, private and public institutions and even private individuals to protect their sensitive information and prevent it from falling into the wrong hands. The act of discarding whole, readable documents containing sensitive information poses huge risks to an individual or organization, as these documents can be retrieved from a trash bin and the information they contain easily accessed. This has led to a number of identity theft cases, where a crime is committed using the information of an unsuspecting individual. Although advancements in information technology have resulted in electronic transmission and storage of information, a good number is still communicated via paper. This newly designed paper shredding machine utilized chain and sprocket in the power transmission which offers a high transmission efficiency unlike some paper shredding machines that used belt and pulley which cause slip and transmission losses. The machine architecture is very compact with ergonomically suitable features, and the performance is high. The shredding efficiency was 94%.Improvement on further work to improve the shredding efficiency is required.

Comprehensive sustainable development of a multifunctional machine: 3D food printer and didactic platform

ABSTRACT The development of machines explores the development of a manufacturing system. This perspective offers challenges adjacent to the materials, the product that wants to be manufactured, the technical considerations that must be covered during implementation and the manner of delivering the products to the user. This article addresses the design and development of machines, on the one hand the redesign of a multifunctional platform, and on the other hand a 3D food printer. The second is emphasised, since its main objective is to help the food problems that exist today. The design phases, aspects considered for its implementation such as food safety, the choice of the substrate, the functionality of the food, transportation and the pre- and post-processes required. In this manner, the selection and innovation of materials constitutes a primary source of innovation and research in the integral development of a 3D food printer. The main source of value of these both cases lie in customisation. The experiences of a multidisciplinary research team in the development processes are compiled and the design and creation process are shown, in order to contribute to deal with design and development to tackle fundamental problems of society.

Roxana ontology: a standard-based knowledge model for the formalisation of adaptive human-based processes in the manufacturing industry

In most European member states, employees stay with a company for over ten years. During this time, people gain valuable experience and build up expertise that is lost to production companies when employees leave. Despite increasing digitalisation, there will still be processes, especially in individual production, that require experts. Ontologies are an established method for formalising knowledge. Standards are needed to ensure interoperability. However, not all reference models are based on the standardised basic formal ontology. To the best of our knowledge, there are also no references for modelling human-bound production steps. We have developed the freely accessible ROXANA ontology based on actual use cases from special-purpose machines. This ontology is based on the basic formal ontology and uses references from the common core ontologies and the industrial ontology foundry. The difficulty with expert-bound process steps in production is individuality and complexity. The design of special-purpose machines is individual, as are the machine-specific documents and the associated workflows. This paper presents the ontology, explains it using practical examples, and shows its implementation in a real software-based expert system.

Influence of Scallops on Windage Loss and Flow Characteristics in Disk-Type Gap

Abstract Windage loss and flow characteristics in a disk-type gap featuring scalloped structures are investigated in this paper. Special attention is paid to the size of the scallops and the associated loss models. The respective losses and scallop effects in the gap are explored with various combinations of depths, quantities, and rotating speeds. The results indicate that scallop structures positively contribute to increased windage losses, accounting for more than 60% of the overall losses. An internal spiral vortex band is formed along the scallop wall, with the scallop depth ratio exerting influences on loss, reaching a maximum of 8.1%. The current scallop loss model overlooks the consideration of the total arc length ratio of scallops to the circumference, presenting a limitation, and the maximum relative deviation from numerical simulation results is observed to be 111.4%. An increase in arc length ratio results in a higher total loss, although the loss per individual scallop is diminished, manifesting in reduced vortices and pressure differences. Furthermore, a modified model is proposed to increase the precision of the current loss model. The maximal relative deviations of 13.8% confirm that the modified model is accepted to predict the windage loss in disk-type gaps with scallops. The conclusions offer valuable insights into the structural design of impellers and high-speed electrical machines with superior efficiency.

Universal Symmetry of Optimal Control at the Microscale

Optimizing the energy efficiency of driving processes provides valuable insights into the underlying physics and is of crucial importance for numerous applications, from biological processes to the design of machines and robots. Knowledge of optimal driving protocols is particularly valuable at the microscale, where energy supply is often limited. Here, we experimentally and theoretically investigate the paradigmatic optimization problem of moving a potential carrying a load through a fluid, in a finite time and over a given distance, in such a way that the required work is minimized. An important step towards more realistic systems is the consideration of memory effects in the surrounding fluid, which are ubiquitous in real-world applications. Therefore, our experiments were performed in viscous and viscoelastic media, which are typical environments for synthetic and biological processes on the microscale. Despite marked differences between the protocols in both fluids, we find that the optimal control protocol and the corresponding average particle trajectory always obey a time-reversal symmetry. We show that this symmetry, which surprisingly applies here to a class of processes far from thermal equilibrium, holds universally for various systems, including active, granular, and long-range correlated media in their linear regimes. The uncovered symmetry provides a rigorous and versatile criterion for optimal control that greatly facilitates the search for energy-efficient transport strategies in a wide range of systems. Using a machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate that the algorithmic exploitation of time-reversal symmetry can significantly enhance the performance of numerical optimization algorithms. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

In-Depth Exploration of Design and Analysis for PM-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines: Implications for Light Electric Vehicles

In electric or hybrid vehicles’ propulsion systems, Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machines represent a viable alternative to Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines. Based on previous research work, the present paper proposes, designs, and optimizes two ferrite PMaSynRM topologies, analyzed against a reference machine (also PMaSynRM) with improved torque ripple content, based on similar specifications and dimensional constraints. Considering the trend of increasing the DC voltage level in electric and hybrid vehicles, the optimal topology is included in an analysis of the DC voltage level impact on the design and performances of PMSynRM.

Gravimetric characteristics and friction parameters of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

When designing appropriate machinery systems, equipment, and infrastructures for interacting with, cultivating, gathering, and agriculture-related processing, it is required to have an understanding of the engineering characteristics of agricultural products. This unpredictability makes it difficult to design or develop machines that can efficiently and effectively manage a wide range of product characteristics. Experimental analysis was used to accomplish the study's objective, which was to investigate the implications of variation on the gravimetric characteristics and frictional parameters of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) concerning the design of the threshing machine. The mean average values of gravimetric parameters were determined by analysing the experimental data: arithmetic mean diameter (7.042 ± 0.473 mm), geometric diameter (6.737 ± 0.463 mm), bulk density (781.20 ± 25.34 kg m-3), true density (1347.03 ± 143.0 kg m-3), porosity (41.385 ± 7.05%), width (6.316 ± 0.502 mm), thickness (4.962 ± 0.50 mm), projected area (49.194 ± 6.715 mm2), and volume of the seed (161.689 ± 3.778 mm3). The average moisture content values were found to be 11.214±1.185% on a dry basis, the static coefficient of friction varied between 0.276 and 0.386 on the surface of iron sheets, 0.294 to 0.435 on stainless steel, 0.317 to 0.434 on galvanized iron, 0.321 to 0.451 on medium density fiberboard, 0.319 to 0.480 on aluminum, 0.310 to 0.470 on painted sheets, 0.320 to 0.440 on glass, 0.333 to 0.447 on plastic, and 0.374 to 0.575 on rubber. Perforated sheet surfaces showed the highest static coefficients of friction, followed by rubber, plastic, plywood, glass, aluminum, galvanized iron, painted sheet, stainless steel, and iron sheet surfaces. These data are not only required for predicting loads in agricultural storage structures but are also needed to establish useful sources for the development of machinery for handling, cleaning, storing, transporting and drying, among other things.

Interactive and educational simulation tool for permanent magnet synchronous machines

PurposeThis paper aims to present an interactive design and simulation tool for permanent magnet synchronous machines based on the finite-element-method. The tool is intended for education and research on electrical machines.Design/methodology/approachA coupling between the software MATLAB and finite element method magnetics is used. Several functionalities are included as modular scripts and represented in the form of a graphical user interface. Included are fully parametrized motor models, automatic winding generations and the evaluation of torque waveforms, core losses and speed-torque-diagrams. A survey was conducted to determine how the motivation of students concerning the covered topics is influenced by using the tool.FindingsDue to its simplicity and the intuitive visualization of the results, the tool provides direct access to the topic of electrical machines without having to deal with separate scripts. The modular structure of the software allows simple extensions with new functions. Because students can directly contribute to the tool with their own work, their motivation for using and extending it increases.Originality/valueThe presented tool offers more functionalities compared to similar free software packages, e.g. the calculation of core losses and speed-torque diagrams. Also, it is designed in such a way that it can be easily understood and extended by students.

Design and shape optimization of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine based on hybrid cores

By designing stator teeth using grain-oriented sheets (GO) and other parts still with non-grain-oriented sheets (NGO), the electromagnetic performance of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (GO-IPMSM) can be improved greatly. As the stator core of the designed GO-IPMSM is a hybrid core that is composed of two different silicon sheets, both the electromagnetic and mechanical performances are affected by the stator joint shape between GO and NGO sheets. Meanwhile, with the adoption of GO, the torque ripple of GO-IPMSM is increased though the average torque is increased as well. For reducing the torque ripple, optimizing the rotor barrier shape is an effective way. In this paper, the piecewise linear interpolation method is employed for establishing the stator joint shape between GO and NGO sheets, and the polynomial method is proposed to establish the rotor barrier shape. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the stator joint shape plays a strong role in affecting the mechanical performance of the GO-IPMSM, while the effect on the electromagnetic performance is weak. The genetic algorithm is used to optimize the rotor barrier shape for achieving high average torque and low torque ripple. Lastly, a quick and accurate efficiency map calculation method based on the Kriging model is proposed for GO-IPMSM with less finite element method (FEM) samples are required.

Determination of Ergonomic Factors of the Backpack Blowers Used in the Windrow of Hazelnuts

Ergonomics plays an important role in the design and use of agricultural machinery to protect the health and safety of workers. Lack of ergonomic design negatively affects worker discomfort and safety. Therefore, ergonomic design should ensure that workers can work comfortably, maintain correct posture, and minimize the risk of injury. Especially workers using backpack machines are exposed to physical fatigue, posture problems, risk of injury, and ergonomic effects due to vibration and noise. Considering all these, this study was conducted to determine the ergonomic factors (ergonomic analysis of the operator's working posture, operator's fatigue values, noise level, and dust concentration) that the operator is exposed to as a result of different body positions and moving the air diverter hose while using the backpack type blowers used to windrow the kernel+husked nuts falling on the orchard ground during the hazelnut harvest period. According to this, in all three ergonomic risk methods, the operator's body posture was found to be risky, and ergonomic adjustments were needed. Again, the operator's fatigue value, noise level, and dust concentration were obtained as 10.43 kcal min-1, 91.70 dB(A)-106.20 dB(A) (average 98.95 dB(A)), 19.241-21.390 mg m-3-air ( average 20.315 mg m-3-air), respectively. The identification of ergonomic factors is also very important to improve the user experience, prevent occupational accidents, and improve machine performance in general. With the identification of these factors, optimized solutions for the safety and comfort of users will be put forward by adopting a human-centered approach in machine design.

Design and Performance Analysis of Single-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Machine with High Efficiency

Design and Performance Analysis of Single-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Machine with High Efficiency

PELLET PRODUCTION MACHINE DESIGN USING THE AXIOMATIC HOUSE OF QUALITY (AHOQ) METHOD AT NABOLAK FISHERY

In fish farming, the most significant operational cost is the cost of feed or pellets. Nabolak Fisheries is one of the fish farms in Toba Regency. Nabolak Fisheries can process fish harvests directly into packaged derivative products such as fish meat processed into nuggets, fish bones processed into crackers, and dregs from processing residues used as catfish feed. Nabolak fisheries have the potential to produce fish pellets to reduce operational costs and increase revenue. With their own pellet production machine, fish farmers in the Nabolak Fishery can produce their feed and add derivative products. The design of pellet production machines that are effective, efficient, and follow the needs of fish farmers in order to increase farmer productivity. The Axiomatic House of Quality (AHOQ) method is an effective method for solving pellet machine design problems. This method determines what machine specifications are needed by involving customer requirements, functional requirements, and other elements. After obtaining the design and specifications, modeling was carried out using Solidwork software. Solidwork will feature a three-dimensional design. The three-dimensional design produced by SolidWorks is then given to the blacksmith to make the pellet production machine.

Selecting the Best Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Design for Use in a Small Wind Turbine

The article describes the selection of a permanent magnet synchronous machine design that could be implemented in a small wind turbine designed by the GUST student organization together with researchers working at the Technical University of Lodz. Based on measurements of the characteristics of available machines, eight initial designs of machines with different rotor designs were proposed. The size of the stator, the number of pairs of poles, and the dimensions of the magnets were used as initial parameters of the designed machines. The analysis was carried out about the K-index, the so-called index of benefits. The idea was to make the selected design as efficient as possible while keeping production costs and manufacturing time low. This paper describes how to select the best design of a permanent magnet synchronous generator intended to work with a small wind turbine. All generator parameters were selected keeping in mind the competition requirements, as the designed generator will be used in the author’s wind turbine. Based on the determined characteristics of the generator variants and the value of the K-index, a generator with a latent magnet rotor was selected as the best solution. The aforementioned K-index is a proprietary concept developed for the selection of the most suitable generator design. This paper did not use optimization methods; the analysis was only supported by the K-index.