Abstract As one of the effective means to monitor the environment, the number of particles in the air is gradually developing towards smaller nanoparticles. To improve the acquisition speed of nanoparticle signals and the count of the number of particle signals, this paper adopts the FPGA of Altera as the main control chip, combined with the high-speed ADC AD9280. The sampling of the particle pulse signal is realized, and the collected data is transmitted to the host computer through serial communication. Through the designed peak detection algorithm, the algorithm is hardware accelerated to realize real-time continuous processing of particle signal, calculate the number of peaks, and then get the number of particles. In this paper, the hardware circuit and FPGA logic design of the system are described, and the acquisition system is tested. The results show that the system can meet the requirements.