Design Of Extraction System Research Articles

Optimal Design of Secondary Fume Extraction Systems in Ferroalloys Production: from Principles to Operation

In ERAMET Norway AS (ENO) as one of the world’s largest producers of different grades of high manganese alloys, sustainable operation has always been a priority. There are therefore continuous activities in different plants of ENO in order to reduce environmental footprints of our operations. One of the main areas of focus in such activities has been reducing diffuse emissions through design and implementation of efficient fume extraction systems based on a systematic approach. Optimal design of secondary fume extraction systems in ferroalloys industry has always been challenging. The main reason for this, is the diffuse nature of emissions which are generated from different metallurgical processes. Although design of fume capturing systems based on principles of diffuse emissions extraction is the key for high performance capturing of generated fumes from molten slag and metal but there are several operational details, practical aspects and external parameters which should be taken care of them while making an industrial design. These aspects may cause deviation of a design from its ideal conditions because of the need for necessary modifications of the design. In order to make optimal design for secondary fume extraction systems with, having full overview on practical and operational aspects, applying industrial competences, using process information and operational data and applying proper modelling methods to evaluate performance of the system at each st ep, from initial idea to final design, are of great importance. In this work, principles for design of efficient secondary fume extraction systems, main reasons of deviation from best design in the industry and ENO’s practice based on the systematic approach for making an optimal design considering all operational restrictions, is presented.

Design of e-commerce cluster information classification and extraction system based on relevant vector machine

Aiming at the problems of low accuracy and long time-consuming in traditional classification and extraction system, this paper studies and designs an e-commerce clustering information classificatio...

Design of e-commerce cluster information classification and extraction system based on relevant vector machine

Design of e-commerce cluster information classification and extraction system based on relevant vector machine

Design of magnetic circuit and extraction system of ECR ion source for intense neutron tube

The magnetic circuit and extraction system were optimized to improve the utilization of neutral gas and neutron yield of a sealed intense neutron tube. An experimental system was established to study the relationship between microwave absorption efficiency and the magnetic field strength. The microwave absorption efficiency can reach 100% when the magnetic field intensity at the microwave window is 0.095 T. To further improve the distribution of ECR region, CST was used to simulate the internal magnetic field distribution of the ion source. The radial and axial magnetization results with the single and double magnetic rings were obtained by changing the position and spacing of the magnetic rings. There are three ECR regions and the location of ECR zones is suitable, when the distance between the center of the magnetic ring and the origin of the resonator is 12.5 mm and the distance between the centers of the two magnetic rings is 60 mm. A two-electrode slit extraction system was designed for uniform beam distribution on target. Compared with the original extraction system, the maximum current density is reduced by 82.5% and the target utilization area is increased by 38.54%, which will effectively reduce the thermal load of the target.

A simplified mathematical model for estimating gas temperature and velocity under natural smoke exhaust in sloping city tunnel fires

In the previous study, the prediction of gas temperature and velocity in the naturally-ventilated inclined tunnels under traffic blockage has been well concerned (Y. Zhou et al., Sustain. Cities Soc. 45, 2019, 258–270). In this paper, we continue to pay attention to the estimation of internal gas temperature and velocity under natural smoke extraction in both single-slope and gable-slope tunnel fires, a more hazardous scenario. A series of simplified mathematical models based on the equations of continuity, energy and pressure balance was proposed to estimate the gas temperature and velocity in sloping tunnel fires, in which the influences of fire source location, tunnel slope and tunnel geometry were taken into account. In addition, corresponding numerical simulations based on full-size tilted urban tunnel fires were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. The results show that the variation trends between CFD and analytical results are basically the same, and the iterative values of gas temperature and velocity coincide well with the simulations. A fast and convenient method for the estimation of gas temperature and velocity in sloping tunnel fires has been proposed, and the results of this work can provide a reference for the optimal design and management of natural smoke extraction systems, and help to ensure the fire safety of single-slope and gable-slope city tunnels.

Design and thermal fluid structure interaction analysis of liquid nitrogen cryostat of cryogenic molecular sieve bed adsorber for hydrogen isotopes removal system

Efficient design of Tritium Extraction System (TES) for the fuel cycle of any fusion reactor is very important to maintain the tritium breeding ratio and hence sustain the fusion reaction. Hydrogen Isotopes Removal System (HIRS) for Indian Tritium Breeder Blanket removes Q2 (Q = H, D or T) and impurities using Cryogenic Molecular Sieve Bed (CMSB) adsorber at 77 K. The CMSB is maintained at liquid nitrogen temperature using a double walled cryostat made up of SS304. The paper describes the design and thermal Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) analysis of cryostat assembly for CMSB of HIRS. The coupled analysis performed in this work involves solving for the fluid domain and transferring the results to ANSYS Thermal-Static structural set up to determine the stresses and displacement due to combined effects in the system. The mechanical design of the cryostat components is analytically performed using ASME codes. The velocity, pressure drop and time taken to cool the CMSB are determined by solving the fluid and energy equations in ANSYS Fluent analysis system. The solutions are imported into ANSYS Thermal-Static structural analysis system and the thermal-structural stresses and deformations are determined considering the temperature, pressure and acceleration loads. The space between inner and outer vessel is maintained at vacuum, which might lead to buckling. So, the critical buckling load multiplier factor is determined. These results are used in fabricating the complete cryostat system for CMSB of HIRS.

3D tritium transport analysis for WCCB blanket based on COMSOL

As one of the CFETR candidate blanket schemes, Water-Cooled Ceramic Breeder (WCCB) blanket is being designed and developed by Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Considering the safe operation of blanket, especially the radioactivity of tritium, it is crucial to study the tritium performance in the blanket, such as inventory, permeation, tritium taken by purge gas and release, which can likewise provide information for study and design of Tritium Extraction System (TES) and Coolant Purification System (CPS). Based on Finite Element Method (FEM), a more accurate three-dimensional model is set up using COMSOL Multi-physics. The influence of temperature distribution and velocity field of breeder zones on tritium transport is considered in the modelling. Finally, the tritium inventory, tritium permeation, tritium taken by purge gas and tritium release out of the blanket are calculated as well as the sensitivity analysis is conducted.

Optimizing Heat Extraction from Compost

The need for renewable sources of energy has fueled interest in harvesting the heat produced by composting. Pilot-scale compost reactors were built with in-vessel heat exchangers to test the effect of heat extraction on the composting process. Water was passed through copper tubes embedded in the compost-filled barrels and the temperatures of the compost and the inlet and outlet water were monitored. More heat could be extracted with higher water flow rates. Compost temperatures were especially sensitive to the water flow rate during the thermophilic stage. The data from this experiment was then used to update a computational model of the composting process. COMSOL Multiphysics™ (v. 5.2, COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden) was used to create a three-dimensional, finite-element simulation of mass and energy balances in the compost barrels. The model was validated against empirical data from the experiment. Simulated and empirical data were in general agreement from the start of composting until peak thermophilic temperatures, at which point they diverged, likely due to inappropriate heat transfer boundary conditions in the model. This work is a step in the development of empirically validated computational tools for the optimal design of compost heat extraction systems.

차량 정보의 실시간 모니터링을 위한 필터링 기반 자동 추출 시스템의 설계 및 구현

차량 기술이 발전함에 따라 차량 내부의 센서들이 늘어나고 있다. 또한 차량 내부 센서 간 통신에 활용되는 CAN 통신에 대한 관심도 함께 높아지고 있다. 하지만, 일부 CAN 메시지들이 표준으로 정의되어 있지 않아 차량제조사나 차종 별로 달라서 활용이 어려운 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서는 차량의 비표준 정보를 자동으로 추출할 수 있는 시스템을 제안하고 구현하였다. 이 시스템은 스마트폰의 센서 정보를 활용하여 추정한 상황 정보와 CAN 데이터를 분석하여 5종의 CAN 정보를 자동 추출한다. 시스템의 구현을 위하여 CAN 데이터 수집 장치와 스마트폰을 활용한 자동 추출 기법을 개발하였고, 차량 실험을 통해 성능을 검증하였다. 스마트폰 센서를 활용한 상황 추정 기법이 계산한 차량의 이동거리는 오도미터 정보와 94% 유사함을 확인하였고, 가속/감속, 후진, 회전에 대한 정보는 각각 96.8%, 98.3%, 100%, 100%의 높은 추정 정밀도를 나타내었다. 또한 5종의 차량으로 실험한 결과 과반수의 차량에서 자동 추출이 가능함을 확인하였다.

Design analysis and performance evaluation of heat pipe embedded oil cooler with enhanced staggered fins

Hydraulic coolers are most commonly preferred cooling source in industry. The progress in past few years have offered high efficiency and reliable hydraulic component, yet hydraulic cooling circuit design is often neglected part of development. One aspect of the hydraulic cooling circuit design is prevention of overheating hydraulic oil. Allowing oil temperature rise beyond particular limit can increase the power consumption and reduce the life of a system due to poor lubrication, higher internal leakage, higher risk of cavitation’s and damage component. Now-a-days shell and tube type oil coolers with water as the cooling medium are used as hydraulic oil cooler, these are extremely bulky and running cost is high hence it is needed to be replaced by another system that will be air cooled to make provision for lower space consumption and cost reduction. This paper discusses the design and development of innovative oil cooler heat extraction system using heat pipe. Designs of fins preferred are namely the straight fin system with fins projected outward in eight channels. The equipment developed is first model using Unigrafix Nx-8 and steady state thermal analysis of fins is done in Ansys workbench 16.0. A simple, compact, high efficiency, low cost device is developed, also a new technology of heat pipe embedded oil cooler is learnt in this present work. This paper discusses the performance of heat pipe embedded oil cooler in terms of LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness. Further it discusses the performance evaluation of the straight fin setup.

Deep Mining: A Rock Engineering Challenge

Increasing demand for metals caused by global economic growth and exploitation of shallow mineral deposits forces mineral extraction to go deeper. A direct consequence of this development is an increase in rock pressure-related mining problems. The role of rock engineering in the design and operation of deep mines is discussed in detail. Critical issues are the rock fracturing around mining excavations, the support and control of the fractured rock, and the rock mechanics design of mine infrastructure and extraction (stoping) systems. Progress of the science of rock mechanics in the areas related to these issues is highlighted and critically examined. Specific areas are the prediction and assessment of the mechanical properties of rock mass, the mechanics of controlling fractured rock around deep mining excavations and the resulting demands on support systems. Rock engineering aspects of stoping systems and the regional stress changes resulting from the extraction of large mineral bodies are discussed in detail. The progress in design concepts for open stopes and stopes with caving of the roof strata is illustrated. It is shown that the stress environment in deep mines does not favour the highly productive caving systems of stoping. The value of energy-based design concepts for very deep mines exploiting tabular mineral deposits is shown. Despite the considerable progress that has been made in the science of rock mechanics since the 1950s, progress in applying this knowledge to solve rock pressure problems in deep mines has been rather slow. The tools are available. What is needed is the development of robust design criteria for mine infrastructure, excavations and support systems for dynamic and changing stress environments. The second critical issue is the lack of highly qualified rock engineering personnel on the mines. This has been recognized by the European mining industry through supporting a continued education programme in rock engineering for deep mines.

Tritium transport analysis for WCCB blanket of CFETR based on COMSOL

As for the fusion reactor, tritium has received widely attention due to its self-sufficiency and its influence on the safe operation of the fusion reactor. As a result, quantitative analysis of tritium diffusion, inventory, permeation in the blanket is crucial to the design of tritium fuel circulating system and safety issue. In this study, a two-dimensional model for tritium transport in water cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) blanket is created, and finite element software COMSOL is used to simulate the tritium transport process. The amount of tritium inventory, the tritium permeation into the coolant, the tritium taken by purge gas and the tritium release are calculated. Besides, the concentration profile of tritium and temperature profile in the blanket are given as well as the sensitivity analysis about the velocity of purge gas is conducted which can offer a reference for the design of tritium extraction system.

Fault slippage and its permeability evolution during supercritical CO2 fracturing in layered formation

Understanding the hydromechanical responses of faults during supercritical CO2 fracturing is important for reservoir management and the design of energy extraction systems. As small faults are widespread in Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China, supercritical CO2 fracturing operation has the potential to reactive these undetected small faults and leads to unfavorable fracking fluid migrate. In this work, we examined the role of fault slippage and permeability evolution along a small fault connecting the pay zone and the confining formation during the whole process of fracturing and production. A coupled hydromechanical model conceptualized from actual engineering results was introduced to address the main concerns of this work, including, (1) whether the existence of a undetected small fault would effectively constrain the hydraulic fracture height evolution, (2) what the magnitude of the induced microseismic events would be and (3) whether the permeability change along the fault plane would affect the vertical conductivity of the confining formation and thus increase the risk for the fracturing fluid to leak. Our results have shown that the initial hydrofracture formed at the perforation and propagated upward, once it merged with the fault surface, the existence of an undetected small fault would effectively constrain the hydraulic fracture height evolution. As fracturing continued, further slippage spread from the permeability increase zone of high permeability to shallower levels, and the extent of this zone was dependent on the magnitude of the fault slippage. At the end of extraction, the slip velocity decreases gradually to zero and the fault slippage finally reaches stabilization. In general, undetected small faults in targeted reservoir may not be the source of large earthquakes. The induced microseismic events could be considered as the sources of acoustic emission events detected while monitoring the fracturing fluid front. Due to the limited fault slippage and lower initial permeability, the CO2 fracturing operation near undetected small faults could not conduct preferential pathway for upward CO2 leakage or contaminate overlying shallower potable aquifers.

Characterization of the Ion Beam Current Density of the RF Ion Source with Flat and Convex Extraction Systems

The characterization of ion beam current density distribution and beam uniformity is crucial for improving broad-beam ion source technologies. The design of the broad ion beam extraction system directly affects these two parameters, therefore, depending on the application, the design and geometry of the source is changed. In this study, the effect of the presence or the absence of a neutralization process on the ion beam density was investigated. Also, the effect of the probe bias on the ion beam current measurement was evaluated. Eventually, using a flat probe, the ion beam profiles obtained from the extraction system of the ion source (Model RFIS 60, ACECR, Iran) were measured at energies from 300 eV to 1000 eV and compared in terms of current and uniformity of the ion beam in the absence of the neutralizer. In these experiments, screen and accelerator grids with different geometries (flat and convex grids) were used for comparison purposes. According to the obtained results, the flat grids generate a higher current density while the convex grids generate a more uniform beam. Therefore, each of these grid geometries can be suitable depending on the desired application.

Design of extraction system in BRing at HIAF

The Booster Ring (BRing), which is the key part of HIAF (High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility) complex at IMP (Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), can provide uranium (A∕q=7) beam with a wide extraction energy range of 200–800 MeV/u. To fulfill a flexible beam extraction for multi-purpose experiments, both fast and slow extraction systems will be accommodated in the BRing. The fast extraction system is used for extracting short bunched beam horizontally in single-turn. The slow extraction system is used to provide quasi-continuous beam by the third order resonance and RF-knockout scheme. To achieve a compact structure, the two extraction systems are designed to share the same extraction channel. The general design of the fast and slow extraction systems and simulation results are discussed in this paper.

Solvent Water Content as a Factor in the Design of Metal Ion Extraction Systems Employing Ionic Liquids

ABSTRACTIn the extraction of strontium nitrate from aqueous nitric acid solutions into a series of hydrophobic N-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-N’-alkylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imides by dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, a correlation has been demonstrated between the conditional extraction constant of strontium (K’ex,Sr) and the concentration of water in the equilibrated ionic liquid (IL) phase. Despite the absence of a hydroxyl group on the IL cation, essentially the same relationship is observed for the analogous N,N’-dialkylimidazolium ILs. In both instances, the correlation is attributed to the coextraction of the hydrated nitrate ion and its solvation by the hydrated diluent. Transitions of water in the attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectra of the ILs are consistent with the existence of multiple states of water. The extraction efficiency for a given water content is greater for the ILs examined than for conventional solvents (i.e., n-alcohols). When coupled with existing knowledge of the factors influencing cation partitioning into ILs, these results provide insight into the IL structural characteristics required to effect efficient metal ion extraction from acidic media.

Understanding the Geometry of Connected Fracture Flow with Multiperiod Oscillatory Hydraulic Tests

An understanding of the spatial and hydraulic properties of fast preferential flow pathways in the subsurface is necessary in applications ranging from contaminant fate and transport modeling to design of energy extraction systems. One method for the characterization of fracture properties over interwellbore scales is Multiperiod Oscillatory Hydraulic (MOH) testing, in which the aquifer response to oscillatory pressure stimulations is observed. MOH tests were conducted on isolated intervals of wells in siliciclastic and carbonate aquifers in southern Wisconsin. The goal was to characterize the spatial properties of discrete fractures over interwellbore scales. MOH tests were conducted on two discrete fractured intervals intersecting two boreholes at one field site, and a nest of three piezometers at another field site. Fracture diffusivity estimates were obtained using analytical solutions that relate diffusivity to observed phase lag and amplitude decay. In addition, MOH tests were used to investigate the spatial extent of flow using different conceptual models of fracture geometry. Results indicated that fracture geometry at both field sites can be approximated by permeable two-dimensional fracture planes, oriented near-horizontally at one site, and near-vertically at the other. The technique used on MOH field data to characterize fracture geometry shows promise in revealing fracture network characteristics important to groundwater flow and transport.

Extraction of timber and non-timber products from the Swamp Forest of Lokoli (Benin): use patterns, harvesting impacts and management options Extraction de bois et de produits non ligneux de la Forêt Marécageuse de Lokoli (Bénin): utilisations, impacts d'exploitation et options d'aménagement Extracción de productos maderables y no maderables en el bosque de pantano, Lokoli (Benín): patrones de uso, impactos de

SUMMARY The study of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forests is vital in the design and development of sustainable extraction systems for both timber and non-timber products. However, distinguishing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) harvesting impacts from timber extraction consequences on the vegetation could be difficult, since tropical forest species often have a multipurpose status. This study explores the purposes and characteristics of timber and non-timber products usage in the Swamp Forest of Lokoli (in the south of Benin Republic) and assesses extraction impacts on the forest dynamics. We used structural parameters analysis and ecological indices to explain the vegetation structure and the species responses to anthropogenic pressures. The results suggest that the forest is being devastated by extraction activities of the local people including both timber collection and non-timber harvesting. Finally, this paper suggests that management policies balancing socio-economic and conservation priori...

Micelle formation as a factor influencing the mode(s) of metal ion partitioning into N-alkylpyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs): implications for the design of IL-based extraction systems

In the extraction of alkali and alkaline earth cations by a crown ether into certain N-alkylpyridinium-based ILs, the balance between neutral complex/ion-pair partitioning and ion exchange is significantly altered by the formation of micelles in the aqueous phase involving the IL cation.

Fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for extraction of coal seam gas with slotted boreholes

China has abundant coal seams with high gas content and low matrix permeability, which is unfavorable for efficient gas extraction. Popular extraction technology that uses high-pressure water jet slotting can overcome this difficulty, increase the contact area of coal and air, and expand the influence radius of boreholes. Thus, this technology improves gas extraction rates and ensures mine safety. Although the high-pressure water jet slotting technology has been comprehensively investigated and tested, fewer studies have been conducted on coal seam gas extraction with slotted boreholes using a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model. Neglecting this coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical interaction may result in misleading estimates of the gas extraction effect, which could be detrimental to the production prediction, drainage optimization design and gas control.In this study, we first create a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model using a fully coupled finite element approach and a history data matching to ensure the reliability and validity of this model. Second, we perform simulation experiments to investigate the sensitivities of gas extraction with single slotted borehole to changes in the intrinsic and extrinsic factors (for example, permeability, gas pressure, temperature and radius of the slots). Finally, we examine the effect of the interaction of multi-boreholes on the optimization design of multi-boreholes in practical engineering applications. The results demonstrate that: (1) higher permeability, initial gas pressure, temperature and slot radius has an effect on the radius of a single slotted borehole. (2) For both conventional and slotted arrangements, the estimated completion time increases exponentially with an increase in the hole spacing. For the same hole spacing, the drainage time of the conventional arrangement is longer than that of the slotted arrangement. Thus, our fully coupled THM model can improve the current understanding of the gas drainage process with slotted boreholes and provide scientific guidelines to evaluate gas extraction and optimize the design of gas extraction systems.