Design Of Experiment Software Research Articles

Acceleration of ferromagnetic resonance measurements by Bayesian experimental design.

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is a broadly used dynamical measurement used to characterize a wide range of magnetic materials. Applied research and development on magnetic thin film materials is growing rapidly alongside a growing commercial appetite for magnetic memory and computing technologies. The ability to execute high-quality, fast FMR surveys of magnetic thin films is needed to meet the demanding throughput associated with rapid materials exploration and quality control. Here, we implement optimal Bayesian experimental design software developed by [McMichael etal. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 126, 126002 (2021)] in a vector network analyzer-FMR setup to demonstrate an unexplored opportunity to accelerate FMR measurements. A systematic comparison is made between the optimal Bayesian measurement and the conventional measurement. Reduced uncertainties in the linewidth and resonance frequency ranging from 40% to 60% are achieved with the Bayesian implementation for the same measurement duration. In practical terms, this approach reaches a target uncertainty of ±5MHz for the linewidth and ±1MHz for the resonance frequency in 2.5× less time than the conventional approach. As the optimal Bayesian approach only decreases random errors, we evaluate how large systematic errors may limit the full advantage of the optimal Bayesian approach. This approach can be used to deliver gains in measurement speed by a factor of 3 or more and as a software add-on has the flexibility to be added on to any FMR measurement system to accelerate materials discovery and quality control measurements, alike.

Corrosion Rate Optimization and Prediction for Enhanced Strength and Structural Integrity of Pipeline Weldments Using RSM and ANN

This study investigates the optimization and prediction of non-elastic performance factors required to augment the pipeline weldments' structural integrity and strength. The study's main focus is on the components of the operation, like the welding current, voltage, and gas flow rate to optimize and predict the corrosion rate of the pipeline weldment. Utilizing Design Expert software for experimental design and data analysis, the study employs the Central Composite Design (CCD) methodology to generate a quadratic model that predicts the responses effectively. The research also integrates Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to further enhance the prediction accuracy. Experimental results indicate that the optimal welding parameters 160 amps current, 21.28 volts voltage, and 14.67 liters/min gas flow rate—yield a corrosion rate of 0.018 mm/yr. The study concludes that both RSM and ANN can be effectively used for optimization and prediction in welding processes, with RSM showing slightly better predictive capabilities.

Design, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of a lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle-loaded dual-responsive in situ gel of nebivolol for effective treatment of glaucoma

In this research work, optimized nebivolol-loaded lecithin-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles (NEB-LCNPs) were prepared using sequential screening and optimization designs. The design of experiments software (DoE) was used to obtain a robust formulation that can improve ocular delivery of the NEB in the treatment of glaucoma. The optimized NEB-LCNPs had a mean particle size of 170.5 ± 5.3 nm and drug loading of 10.5 ± 1.2%. These were further loaded in a dual-responsive in situ gel, designed and reported previously by our group. The NEB-LCNPs loaded in situ gel (NEB-LCNPs-ISG) was characterized for physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, stability, in vitro dissolution, and ocular in vivo studies. The ocular pharmacokinetics showed that NEB-LCNPs-ISG had two-fold higher aqueous humor exposure with AUC0–tlast of 375.4 ng × h/mL and sustained drug concentrations for longer durations (1.7-folds higher duration with a mean residence time of 10.6 h) in comparison to a conventional aqueous suspension of NEB (NEB-Susp). Similarly, the pharmacodynamic study showed that NEB-LCNPs-ISG resulted in a higher percentage reduction in intraocular pressure (% ΔIOP) of 28.1 ± 1.8% × h, which was 2.2-times higher reduction compared to NEB-Susp (74.2 ± 3.2% × h). In addition, the pharmacodynamic effect was more sustained with a mean response time of 11.3 ± 0.2 h, a 2.8-times higher response time compared to NEB-Susp (4.06 ± 0.3 h). These results suggest that NEB-LCNPs-ISG was more effective than the conventional aqueous suspension of NEB in the treatment of glaucoma.

Computational modeling and statistical analysis of buckling characteristics of polysilicon reinforced fiber

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of volume fraction of continuous carbon fiber and sample length on buckling characteristics of polysilicon. A statistical design of 12 samples were formulated with constant cross-section area of 2500 mm2 using Design of Experiment software (DOE). The samples were sketched using ABAQUS 2019 software, and the total buckling force each sample was estimated. The estimated buckling forces were statically evaluated as a response using DOE. The estimated forces of 3.48776e07, 4.00652e07 and 5.78142e07 newton for the simulated samples of 100 mm in length and 0,15, and 25% volume fraction respectively, is an indication of positive effect of fiber volume fraction on the necessary force for buckling. In addition, similar tendency was found in other samples (the higher fiber volume fractions the higher buckling force). However, the estimated buckling force for each sample was negatively affected with length of the sample. The result indicated a value of 4.00652E+07, 5.00447E+06 and 1.80390E+06 newton at a constant fiber volume fraction and different length of 100, 300 and 500 mm respectively. The statistical analysis of the simulated buckling force showed a signification design, and the date of one factor effect is highly supported by the simulated buckling forces. The equation of a significant design can be used to estimate the buckling force at any fiber volume fraction and sample length.

Effects of Light on Visual Function, Alertness, and Cognitive Performance: A Computerized Test Assessment

Background: Three computerized tests were designed to evaluate visual function, alertness, and visuocognitive integration under three different lighting conditions (white, red, and blue lighting). Methods: Three computerized tests were designed and programmed using the experimental design software PsychoPy version 2023.2.2. Test 1 evaluated visual acuity (VA), Test 2 assessed contrast sensitivity, and Test 3 measured alertness. This study was conducted on 53 young subjects who performed three computerized tests after adapting to each of the three different lighting conditions. A baseline aberrometric measurement was taken before and after the tests for each lighting condition. Measurements of accuracy and reaction time were taken for each test, along with total, high-, and low-order aberration values for each situation. Results: Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the different lighting conditions across the three tests, with white lighting yielding better performance in Test 1 and Test 3. Additionally, the aberrometric analysis revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), with the baseline measurement being more myopic. Conclusions: White lighting produced the best VA results and faster reaction times, whereas red lighting had poorer VA effects. These findings suggest that different lighting conditions induce changes in vision and alertness, although further research is needed to understand the underlying causes.

Optimizing methane plasma pyrolysis for instant hydrogen and high-quality carbon production

The European Green Deal has set a target for Europe to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, necessitating a transition to more sustainable energy sources. Hydrogen gas (H2) has emerged as a promising solution, with methane pyrolysis presenting a viable method for its production. This study explores the optimization of methane plasma pyrolysis for hydrogen and high-quality carbon production. Employing a statistical approach by a design of experiment software, critical process parameters are systematically analyzed to predict their impact within a defined range. Additionally, the paper conducts comprehensive characterization of the solid carbon produced during pyrolysis using imaging, spectroscopic and elemental analysis, and gas sorption analysis methods. The experimental investigation was conducted using a thermal plasma reactor with several settings of influential parameters including methane gas (CH4) content in the plasma gas, electric current, and arc length. The DC-transferred plasma arc is formed using a variable gas mixture of argon gas (Ar) and CH4, with a constant flow rate of 5 Nl/min. Thirteen tests were designed, evaluating responses such as power input, process stability, and H2 yield. The H2 yield indicates the hydrogen produced from CH4, with 100% representing total conversion. While the process exhibited inconstancy, attributed to reactor design constraints, a high H2 yield of 67%–100% was achieved. The results indicate that a higher CH4 content in the plasma gas and extended arc lengths disturb the plasma arc, hence reducing the H2 yield. Increased power input, achieved through higher amperage levels, and a wider reaction zone eased by extending the arc length both led to an improved H2 yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed microstructural differences, with carbon samples from the filter exhibiting finer textures and carbon samples from the reactor larger sizes and dendritic particles. Raman spectroscopy confirmed crystalline graphitic-like structures with low defect concentrations, a finding supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis confirmed high-purity carbon with slight impurities from initial filter contamination. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area calculations based on gas sorption analysis showed significant variations, with filter-collected samples exhibiting 40–170 m2/g and reactor-collected ones showing 7–30 m2/g.

Optimizing performance efficiency of algal-bacterial-based wastewater treatment system using response surface methodology

Developing wastewater treatment technologies is crucial for enhancing treatment efficiency and promoting the reuse of treated water. In this article, the Algal-Bacterial integrated system (ABIS) is employed to treat municipal wastewater collected from the Zenin wastewater treatment plant in Giza governorate, Egypt. This system relies on the synergy between heterotrophic bacteria and microalgae to form a biofilm capable of absorbing contaminants from the wastewater. The main objective of this study is to optimize the factors influencing the treatment efficiency using response surface methodology derived from the experimental design software of Design Expert 6.0.8. The optimal results revealed that using an absorber amount of 0.18 g/L for a hydraulic retention time of 1.4 d provides removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TSS, and turbidity are 88.57%, 82.7 %, 94.90%, and 95.91%, respectively. These findings were experimentally and statistically verified with an accuracy exceeding a 95% confidence interval and 95% prediction interval. The physicochemical characteristics, algal community structure, as well as the density of total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were determined for the treated wastewater and compared to the Egyptian code of practice for the use of treated municipal wastewater for agricultural purposes to assess its suitability for unrestricted irrigation.

Characterization and Fabrication of Ankle Foot Orthoses using Composite with Titanium Nanoparticles

Orthoses and prostheses were Chosen and laminated based on their high Yield, ultimate stresses, bending stresses, and fatigue limit. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to find the best values for two parameters reinforcement perlon fiber and percent of Titanium Nanoparticle coupled with the matrix resin during optimization. The response surface methodology combined the expertise of mathematicians and statisticians to construct and analyze experimental models. Using this method, we identified 13 different lamination samples comprising a wide range of perlon number and Ti nano Wt% in their Perlon layer composition. All lamination materials defined by RSM methods and produced by a vacuum system were subjected to a battery of tests, with fatigue tests performed on the ideal laminating material in contrast to laminations created in the first study (Tensile test, Bending test, and Fatigue tests according to the ASTM D638 and D790 respectively). In comparison to the other 12 laminations tested using Design Expert version 10.0.2, the lamination with ten perlon layers and 0.75 percent Ti nano proved to be the strongest overall in terms of Yield, ultimate, and bending loads. This study used composite materials and titanium nanoparticles to characterize and fabricate ankle foot orthoses. Strength in bending should amount to about 70 MPa, around 85 MPa in tensile tension. Two empirical quadratic equations for the models of peak bending strength and maximum tensile stress with 95% confidence were created using the response surface approach and analysis of variance within the design of experiments software.

Optimization of Laser Micro/Nano Processing of Silicon and Quartz

This research paper explores the application of three laser systems, namely the Nd:YAG laser, fiber laser, and CO2 laser, for the micro/nano machining of silicon and quartz materials. The experimental results demonstrate the successful formation of stable silicon nanoparticles with reduced dimensions. Additionally, a quartz sheet was utilized to create a microlens array. The laser microprocessing technique was enhanced through the implementation of design of experiments (DOE) analysis. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) software was employed to conduct 17 tests, investigating the influence of laser parameters on the microprocessing outcomes. The COMSOL software was utilized for theoretical calculations to determine the distribution of surface temperatures and subsurface temperatures of silicon and quartz. The maximum temperatures achieved were approximately 5700 K for silicon and 2630 K for quartz. Numerical optimization using DOE software improved the production of silicon nanoparticles and quartz microlens, producing silicon nanoparticles wavelength peak and absorption peak values of 318.2 nm and 0.39, respectively. Additionally, quartz microlens numerical aperture and surface roughness improved to 0.494 and 4.64 nm, respectively. Due to the precise control offered by the laser micro/nano machining process, the findings of this study hold potential for diverse applications in optoelectronics and biological imaging that can leverage the unique characteristics of silicon nanoparticles and microlens arrays.

Quality by design approach for fabrication of extended-release buccal films for xerostomia employing hot-melt extrusion technology

The study endeavors the fabrication of extended-release adipic acid (APA) buccal films employing a quality by design (QbD) approach. The films intended for the treatment of xerostomia were developed utilizing hot-melt extrusion technology. The patient-centered quality target product profile was created, and the critical quality attributes were identified accordingly. Three early-stage formulation development trials, complemented by risk assessment aligned the formulation and process parameters with the product quality standards. Employing a D-optimal mixture design, the formulations were systematically optimized by evaluating three formulation variables: amount of the release-controlling polymer Eudragit® (E RSPO), bioadhesive agent Carbopol® (CBP 971P), and pore forming agent polyethylene glycol (PEG 1500) as independent variables, and % APA release in 1, 4 and 8 h as responses. Using design of experiment software (Design-Expert®), a total of 16 experimental runs were computed and extruded using a Thermofisher ScientificTM twin screw extruder. All films exhibited acceptable content uniformity and extended-release profiles with the potential for releasing APA for at least 8 h. Films containing 30% E RSPO, 10% CBP 971P, and 20% PEG 1500 released 88.6% APA in 8 h. Increasing the CBP concentration enhanced adhesiveness and swelling capacities while decreasing E RSPO concentration yielded films with higher mechanical strength. The release kinetics fitted well into Higuchi and Krosmeyer-Peppas models indicating a Fickian diffusion release mechanism.

Fluconazole Microemulsions: Preparation, Statistical Optimization by Two-Level Factorial Design, and Physicochemical Evaluation

Background:: Candida albicans is the yeast that causes the fungal infection known as candidiasis. One of the standard methods for treating candida is the application of fluconazole. The low solubility of fluconazole in aqueous media is a big problem in the use of this agent. Novel drug delivery systems, such as microemulsions, could be applied to solve this problem. The main aim of this study was to perform statistical optimization of the formulation and physicochemical characterization of fluconazole microemulsion. Methods:: Optimization of the microemulsion formulation was done by using experimental design software, and then fluconazole was loaded onto the best formulation at a concentration of 1 % w/w. The physiochemistry of the microemulsion formulation was assessed by pH measurement, rheology measurement, simultaneous thermal analysis, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results:: The two-level fractional factorial design application demonstrated the optimum formulation to consist of surfactant, co-surfactant, oil content, and water, comprising 58%, 27%, 10%, and 5% of the formulation, respectively. Desirable thermal mass was observed up to 150°C. The formulation was a non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquid in terms of viscosity, with a reported pH between 6.5-7. Conclusion:: Considerably stable, high-quality microemulsion formulations containing fluconazole are presented, which are applicable for antifungal skin candidiasis treatment in clinical trials.

Box-Behnken guided development of an ecofriendly RP-HPLC analytical method for simultaneous quantification of pantoprazole sodium and piperine co-loaded mucoadhesive GRDDS formulation for H. pylori eradication

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the leading cause of chronic peptic ulcer disease worldwide. Many treatment options are available to treat H. pylori infection. However, the eradication is still a challenge due to the poor bioavailability of the currently available formulations. To improve the efficacy of therapy, novel formulations are necessary. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are already a part of the treatment regimen with antibiotics. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor was reported to have increased the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in H. pylori infections. To make available the P-gp inhibitor and PPI on the intestinal mucosal surface we have formulated a gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) as an adjuvant therapy with antibiotics. The objective of this study is to simultaneously estimate pantoprazole (PAN) and piperine (PIP) by reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method from the chitosan-based sodium alginate mucoadhesive beads utilizing the design of experiments (DOEs) methodology. The HPLC settings were optimized using DOEs software. The final optimized HPLC method used a hyperclone Octadecylsilane C18 column as the stationary phase and methanol: ammonium acetate at pH 4.5 (70:30 v/v) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/minute. The validation of the developed RP-HPLC method was done as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2(R1) guideline. The method was linear from 0.5 to 20 μg/ml for both PAN and PIP with an R2 value of 0.999 and 0.999, respectively. The validated RP-HPLC method showed specificity for both drugs despite interference from degradation products and other GRDDS excipients. The entrapment efficiency of the final formulation was determined to be 80%–85% for PAN and 60%–67% for PIP. The novelty and merit of the DOE-based method development are that it reduces the number of trials, thereby reducing reagent wastage, and is environmentally friendly suggested by the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tool scoring six green, six yellow, and three red.

Optimization of a Bacterial Cultivation Medium via a Design-of-Experiment Approach in a Sartorius Ambr® 15 Fermentation Microbioreactor System

In the evolving landscape of sustainable biopharmaceutical process development, the utilization of bacteria in the production of various compounds via fermentation has attracted extensive attention from scientists. A successful fermentation process and the release of its associated products hinge on the synergy between an efficient bacterial strain and the formulation of a suitable growth medium. Balancing all nutrient levels of a growth medium to maximize microbial growth and the product quality is quite an intricate task. In this context, significant advancements have been achieved via the strategic implementation of design-of-experiment (DOE) methodologies and the utilization of parallel microbioreactor systems. This work presents a case study of the fermentation growth medium optimization of a Gram-negative bacterium of the Neisseriaceae family that releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which represent a potential vaccine platform. To achieve this, the ability of Sartorius MODDE®13 DOE software to explore multiple variables and their interactions was combined with the functionality of a Sartorius Ambr® 15F parallel microbioreactor system. The findings reported in this study have led to the design of a well-suited fermentation medium for a Gram-negative bacterium and an improvement in the quality of the OMVs produced from it.

Experimental and numerical study of effecting core configurations on the static and dynamic behavior of honeycomb plate with aluminum material

The sandwich panel incorporated a honeycomb core, a widely utilized composite structure recognized as a fundamental classification of composite materials. Comprised a core resembling a honeycomb, possessing thickness and softness, and is flank by rigid face sheets that sandwich various shapes and materials. This paper presents an examination of the static and dynamic analysis of lightweight plates made of aluminum honeycomb sandwich composites. Honeycomb sandwich plate samples are 300 mm long, and 300 mm wide, the heights of the core have been varied at four values ranging from 10 to 25 mm. The honeycomb core is manufactured from Aluminum material by using a novel technique namely resistance spot welding (RSW) instead of using adhesive material, which is often used when an industrial flaw is detected. Numerical optimization based on response surface methodology (RSM) and design of experiment software (DOE) was used to verify the current work. A theoretical examination of the crashworthiness behavior (maximum bending load, maximum deflection) and vibration attributes (natural frequency, damping ratio, transient temporal response) of honeycomb sandwich panels with different design parameters was also carried out. In addition, the finite element method-based ANSYS software was used to confirm the theoretical conclusions. The findings of the present work showed that the relationship between the natural frequency, core height, and cell size is direct. In contrast, the relationship between the natural frequency and the thickness of the cell wall is inverse. Conversely, the damping ratio is inversely proportional to the core height and cell size but directly proportional to the thickness of the cell wall. The study indicates that altering the core height within 10–25 mm leads to a significant increase of 82 % in the natural frequency and a notable decrease of 49 % in the damping ratio. These findings are based on a specific cell size value of 0.01 m and a cell wall thickness of 0.001 m. Also, the results indicate that for a given set of cell wall thickness and size values, an increase in core height from (0.01–0.025) m, leads to a reduction of the percentage of maximum response approximately 76 %. Conversely, the increasing thickness of the wall of cell wall, ranging 0.3–0.7 mm with a constant core height equal to 0.015 m, resulted in a de crease of maximum transient response by 7.8 %.

An experimental study on the adsorption behavior of gold glycinate complex on graphene oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) has recently gained plenty of attention as an effective adsorbent for gold recovery from leaching solutions, primarily due to its larger surface area compared to activated carbon (AC). In this study, the adsorption behavior of gold glycinate complex (Augly2−) on GO surface was investigated using equilibrium isotherm and kinetic studies for the first time. The optimal conditions for adsorption were determined using an experimental design software (DX-13) based on the response surface method (RSM). These conditions were found to be a pH of 10.5, GO dosage of 0.6 g L−1, gold concentration of 6 mg L−1, and contact time of 10 h, resulting in the adsorption percentage of 74.2% and adsorption capacity of 7.4 mg g−1. The equilibrium isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption process adhered to the Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, the results of the kinetic study revealed that the pseudo-second-order model exhibited a stronger correlation with the experimental data compared to other kinetic models. Surface analysis studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy demonstrated that the remarkable recovery of Augly2− was mainly attributed to the presence of oxygen containing functional groups on the GO surface.

Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Extracts Obtained from Young Shoots of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.), European Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), and Mountain Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)

This study explores the bioactive potential of young shoots from blackcurrant, European blueberry, and mountain cranberry, widely employed in gemmotherapy and phytotherapy, as rich sources of antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and anti-inflammatory components. The primary aims of this study were to enhance the extraction conditions for bioactive compounds from blackcurrant young shoots using Modde software for experimental design, to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical analysis of blackcurrant, European blueberry, and mountain cranberry young shoot extracts through LC–MS analysis, and to evaluate the in vitro biological activities of these optimized extracts. The experimental design comprised multiple variables: extraction techniques, solvent type, extraction time, apparent pH, and the solvent-to-vegetal product ratio. The responses included total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, condensed tannin content, and total antioxidant activity determined through the DPPH assay. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of the extracts was validated through in vitro cell culture experiments, in addition to the cytotoxicity assessments conducted on both normal and cancer cell lines. Extracts obtained through Ultra-Turrax extraction using 70% acetone displayed high levels of polyphenolic compounds and enhanced antioxidant potential, regardless of young shoots origin. LC–MS analysis revealed the predominant occurrence of chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin in all examined samples. The optimized extracts also displayed significant biological potential when evaluated in vitro on cell lines. These results provide valuable insights into the potent bioactive components present in these young shoot extracts, paving the way for further exploration in therapeutic applications.

Engine vibration and noise characteristics of common rail direct injection engine fuelled with orange peel oil by response surface methodology based multi-objective optimization

The present study aims to find out the noise and vibration & compatibility of OPO (orange peel oil) in the common rail direct injection engine. Various injection strategies like FIP (fuel injection pressure), pilot mass, pilot injection timing, and engine speed are examined at idling mode using the design of experiments software. The obtained results are post-processed and computed in the form of perturbation and surface plots based on RSM (response surface methodology) and analysis of variance. Considering the trade-off with combustion parameters, the engine speed is found to be more responsible for crank level vibrations while FIP created more influence in head level vibrations. OPO B20 (20% OPO + 80% diesel by volume) injected 28° CA bTDC (before top dead centre) is predicted to be optimum by using RSM. In the case of diesel fuel, vibrations at the head level show a noticeable increase in all three directions as the FIP is raised. However, when using a OPO B20, the vibrations primarily in the z-direction are significantly affected by the FIP changes. Additionally, for OPO B20 fuel at idling operation, the pilot mass of 20%, engine speed at 979 rpm, and a fuel injection pressure of 300 bar are the optimal setting condition to achieve favourable characteristics of combustion, vibration and noise.

Permen Sambal Pecel: A New Variant of Traditional Cuisine from Madiun City

Sambal pecel is a typical food of the City of Madiun. In an effort to maintain the existence and product development, product development needs to be done through variation of sambal pecel products. This study aims to provide an alternative variation of a new product in the form of sambal pecel candy. This new variant of the sambal pecel product is intended to introduce sambal pecel to children. Determination of the formulation for making sambal pecel candy, namely sambal pecel, sucrose, glucose, and water was carried out using an experimental method. In processing the data, researchers used the Design Expert 13 application with the Simplex Lattice Design method. This study gave the result that the form of sambal pecel candy that children like is the lollipop form. Based on the experiment as a whole, the sambal pecel candy formula has a significant effect on organoleptic testing on the hedonic scale value p <0.05. The composition of the pecel sauce chosen by consumers was 25 gr, 80 gr sucrose, 40 gr glucose, and 95 ml water with an average score of 3.89. Highlights:
 
 
 Product Diversification: The study focuses on diversifying traditional sambal pecel into a new product, sambal pecel candy, to attract a wider audience.
 
 
 Child-friendly Introduction: The new candy variant aims to introduce the flavors of sambal pecel to children, promoting the traditional cuisine in a form suitable for young palates.
 
 
 Formulation Experimentation: Through experimental methods and design software, the optimal formulation for sambal pecel candy was determined, considering factors like taste and texture.
 
 
 Keywords: Sambal Pecel Candy, Product Variation, Children, Formulation, Organoleptic Testing

Valorization of lignin for the production of vanillin by Bacillus aryabhattai NCIM 5503

Coconut coir waste is a rich lignocellulosic biomass. The coconut coir waste generated from temples is resistant to natural degradation, and its accumulation causes environmental pollution. Ferulic acid, a vanillin precursor, was extracted from the coconut coir waste by hydro-distillation extraction. The extracted ferulic acid was used for vanillin synthesis by Bacillus aryabhattai NCIM 5503 under submerged fermentation. In the present study, the Taguchi DOE (design of experiment) software was used to optimize the fermentation process, which resulted in a 1.3 fold increase in vanillin yield (640.96 ± 0.02 mg/L), as compared to the unoptimized yield of 495.96 ± 0.01 mg/L. The optimized media for enhanced vanillin production comprised; fructose 0.75 % (w/v), beef extract 1 % (w/v), pH 9, temperature 30℃, agitation speed 100 rpm, trace metal solution 1 % (v/v), and ferulic acid 2 % (v/v). The results show that the commercial production of vanillin can be envisioned using coconut coir waste.

Determination of Valbenazine related substances by liquid chromatography method complying with the current regulatory guidelines. Method robustness evaluation by Design of Experiments software

AbstractA simple, specific, rapid, sensitive reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of Valbenazine, impurities, and its degradation products. The proposed high‐performance liquid chromatography method showed optimum separation in 60 min using potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and ACN in the ratio of 90:10 (V/V) as mobile phase‐A whereas ACN and methanol in the ratio of 60:40 (V/V) as mobile phase‐B. YMC‐Pack ODS‐AQ (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.0 μm), column used along with security guard cartridge C18, (4.0 × 3.0 mm) at 1.1 ml/min flow. The injection volume was 10 μl and detection was carried out at 285 nm. The drug was degraded under different stress conditions and the method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines on the basis of accuracy, precision, linearity, and robustness. A degradation study indicates that Valbenazine is prone to oxidative degradation. The method was linear over the concentration range of limit of quantitation to 200% for impurities and drug substances. The method was found robust and was studied by the design of experiments. The proposed method is applicable for the determination of the stability of Valibenazine and was successfully used in the quality control of bulk drug manufacturing and pharmaceuticals.