Design Of Experiments Approach Research Articles

Development of therapeutic peptide producers based on Escherichia coli BL21 and their cultivation technology

Introduction. Peptides with a molecular weight of less than 5 kDa have been used in medicine and biotechnology over the past decade for the treatment of various diseases. However, chemical synthesis peptide has several disadvantages, including low yield, reduced efficiency, and high costs. An alternative approach to peptide production is the use of the Escherichia coli expression system. The development of effective peptide synthesis technology remains a critical task because of the low productivity of recombinant strains.Aim. Developing highly efficient strains of Escherichia coli BL21 expressing therapeutic peptides with a molecular weight of less than 5 kDa in E. coli and their cultivation technology.Materials and methods. Genetic constructs were obtained using the restriction-ligase method, and their authenticity was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Cultivation technology was developed using the Design of Experiments approach. The cultivation condition was validated in the Biostat B bioreactor. Hybrid proteins were purified by metal-chelate chromatography, followed by hydrolysis ULP proteas to obtain the target peptides. The quantitative content of the target protein was determined by capillary electrophoresis, and the authenticity of the protein was confirmed by HPLC-MS and ELISA.Results and discussion. Highly efficient peptide-producing strains were developed. Cultivation conditions were optimized: рН 7.5 ± 0.5, cultivation temperature 37 °C, induction optical density 28 ± 2, IPTG concentration 0.05 мМ. The productivity of the producer strains was up to 4.82 ± 0.05 g/L. Furthermore, samples of the target peptides were isolated and purified.Conclusion. The productivity of peptides in this study were significantly higher than in previous research. The presented strategy for strain development, cultivation and purification technology can be used production of therapeutic peptides with diverse physical chemicals characteristics in the future.

Effect of reflectivity and porosity analysis of plasma sprayed lanthanum zirconate/yttria stabilized zirconia based thermal barrier coating: design of experimental approach

Effect of reflectivity and porosity analysis of plasma sprayed lanthanum zirconate/yttria stabilized zirconia based thermal barrier coating: design of experimental approach

Tensile performance of inclined adhesive anchors in steel fiber‐reinforced concrete

AbstractIn almost all studies on post‐installed anchors in concrete, the anchor direction is perpendicular to the concrete surface. However, the anchor direction may not be perpendicular to the concrete surface due to application errors or requirements. In the study, the effect of inclination angle is examined experimentally for non‐perpendicular anchorage to steel fiber‐reinforced concrete. Anchor inclination angle (0°, 15°, and 30°), fiber volume fraction (0%, 1.5%, and 3%), and embedment depth (40, 60, and 80 mm) are considered variables. Trial points are decided using the “Box–Behnken” experimental design approach. An 8 mm diameter deformed steel bar and two‐component epoxy acrylate‐based chemical adhesive are used for anchorage. Load–displacement curves, ultimate loads, and failure modes are determined through tensile tests. It is concluded that as the fiber fraction increases, failure modes modify and the negative effect of the inclination angle decreases, particularly in cases of small embedment depth.

The Production of an Economical Culture Medium from Apple Pomace for the Propagation of Non-Conventional Cidermaking Yeast Starters

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of different chemical treatments of apple pomace in order to produce an economical culture medium for the propagation of two non-conventional yeast strains. An experimental design approach was used for the optimization of the hydrolysis conditions of apple pomace. Both acid and alkaline treatment conditions were tested. The optimal hydrolysis conditions to disrupt the pomace lignocellulosic structure were 1% w/v of H3PO4, 121 °C, and 40 min for acid treatment, while 6% w/v of NH4OH, 20 °C, and 2 h were optimal for the alkaline condition. Saccharomyces uvarum NPCC 1420 and Saccharomyces eubayanus NPCC 1292 yeasts were able to grow in the liquid fraction obtained from both acid and alkaline treatments. However, the medium with the acid treatment was found to be more suitable for yeast growth, showing, for both strains, higher µmax and biomass production and lower td and λ than that observed for the medium with the alkaline treatment. According to the growth parameter analysis for both strains, the acid treatment was selected for further studies. By taking advantage of this agroindustrial by-product, a circular economy approach is promoted, reducing environmental impact and fostering sustainable development.

Optimizing Disordered Rock Salt Cathodes by Solid‐State Synthesis and Design of Experiments for Enhanced Battery Performance

AbstractAiming at discovering new positive electrode materials with superior electrochemical performance for application in lithium‐ion batteries, this work focuses on the design of fluorine‐free, manganese‐rich disordered rock salt (DRX) cathodes. Samples with a starting composition of Li1.1Mn0.8Ti0.1O2 are successfully prepared by facile solid‐state synthesis and further optimized through a design of experiments approach. Several key factors are examined, including carbon type and content as well as lithium (precursor) excess. The tailored DRX/carbon composites, using either graphite or multiwalled nanotubes, are capable of delivering specific capacities of up to 190 mAh g−1 and exhibit high cycling stability, with the capacity retention being greater than 90% after 100 cycles. This study emphasizes the importance of screening key factors in developing next‐generation battery materials.

Optimizing the Construction and Activation of 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors: An Experimental Design Approach for Simultaneous Electroanalysis of Paracetamol and Caffeine.

This work presents an optimization of the construction, treatment, and activation of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors (E-3D). For this, was used a 23-full factorial design examining three key variables at two levels: electrode height, electrode diameter, and printing speed. Moreover, it evaluates various physical, chemical, and electrochemical methods to treat and activate the E-3D surface. The techniques of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that the sequential physical, chemical, and electrochemical treatments lead to the highest treatment efficiency and activation. Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy characterize untreated and treated E-3D sensor surfaces. The optimal treatment and activation methodology was applied to the electroanalysis of paracetamol (PAR) and caffeine (CAF) simultaneously using CV and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). DPASV measurements reveal limits of detection of 0.44 and 0.58 μmol L-1 in a 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 medium for PAR and CAF, respectively, with the treated and activated E-3D sensor. The principal achievement of this work was emphasizing the critical role of surface treatment and activation in enhancing the performance of the developed electrodes, thereby advancing technological applications of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors.

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous estimation of tadalafil and macitentan in rat plasma: Greenness assessment and design of experiment approach

Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous estimation of tadalafil and macitentan in rat plasma: Greenness assessment and design of experiment approach

Enhancing boron removal efficiency through a design of experiments approach with a customized hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent

Enhancing boron removal efficiency through a design of experiments approach with a customized hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent

A study on micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of multivariate forced degradation of chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan using an experimental design approach: Response surface methodology

A study on micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of multivariate forced degradation of chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan using an experimental design approach: Response surface methodology

Optimization of an analytical method based on the use of zwitterionic- phosphorylcholine -HILIC column for the determination of multiple polar emerging contaminants in reclaimed water.

The aim of this study was to optimize a Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) method using a zwitterionic phosphorylcholine HILIC column for the determination of several Persistent and Mobile Organic Contaminants (PMOC) in wastewater samples. An experimental design approach was implemented to both better understand the retention mechanisms of several polar compounds and to find the optimal operating conditions for their detection and quantification. Eleven PMOCs, with logDpH=7 ranging from -5.27 to 0.24, were considered, including pesticides, artificial sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, and central nervous system stimulants. Key chromatographic variables-such as the initial percentage of the organic mobile phase, temperature, flow rate, gradient time, acid percentage, and the type and concentration of two different salts- were studied to assess their influence on peak areas, retention times and separation efficiency. The results indicated buffer type, flow rate, and initial percentage of organic mobile phase as the most influential factors affecting retention, though the effects were closely related to the chemical and physicochemical properties of the analytes. The optimized instrumental method demonstrated acceptable figures of merit, with recoveries ranging from 49 % to 100 % for all analytes (except taurine, which may require a different experimental preprocessing step). The method also showed satisfactory precision (repeatability of the entire experimental procedure), in terms of Relative Standard Deviation (RSD %), which was <10 % for all analytes. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of reclaimed water samples collected in six wastewater treatment plants in two regions of northern Italy. All target ECs were detected and quantified, except for clenbuterol, terbutaline, acesulfame K and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which were below the detection limit.

Potensi Asap Cair Kulit Kopi Robusta Dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Curvularia sp. di Pre-Nursery Kelapa Sawit

Oil palms are susceptible to the pre-nursery stage of plant mortality caused by the Curvularia sp. pathogen, affecting various crops. Attacks by Curvularia sp. not only make oil palm production less efficient, but they are also notoriously difficult to manage. As a botanical fungicide, liquid smoke from strong coffee husks is an alternate control strategy. This research seeks to assess the efficacy of liquid smoke from robusta coffee husks in preventing the development of Curvularia sp. in oil palm seedlings. From January through April 2024, the laboratory work at UIN Agriculture Research Development Science Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and AnimalHHusbadry, State Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, focused on pathology, entomology, microbiology, soil and land science, and other related topics. This research used a fully randomized design (CRD) experimental approach with six treatments: a control group that did not get any liquid smoke and did not have a fungal infection, and five groups that received varying concentrations of liquid smoke with pathogen infection:0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Research has shown that at a concentration of 4%, robust coffee husk liquid smoke—which contains 4.24% total phenol and a pH of 4.61—could effectively or partially suppress the development of Curvularia sp. on oil palm seedlings. When comparing treatments, there were statistically significant changes in the number of infected leaves, the number of spots on the leaves, and the area of the spots, but no changes in the total number of leaves.

Analysis of Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welding for Aluminum Alloys AA6061 with AA5083 Using Design of Experiment Approach

Analysis of Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welding for Aluminum Alloys AA6061 with AA5083 Using Design of Experiment Approach

Tales from the Green Line

Beirut, Lebanon, is a city marked by a complex and often turbulent history, reflected in the resilience and endurance of its built environment. The intertwining narratives of destruction and recovery are vividly embodied in the city’s architecture. This essay examines the adaptive reuse of Beirut’s iconic Egg Building, located on the Green Line that divided the city during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). As both a war ruin and cultural landmark, the Egg Building symbolises Beirut’s past turmoil and its aspirations for renewal. It encapsulates the multifaceted processes of post-war recovery and transformation. Drawing from the visionary ideas of Lebbeus Woods and the critical theories of Paul Virilio, this essay presents the Egg Building as a catalyst for narrative reconstruction in Beirut. Virilio’s analysis of war relics provides a framework for understanding the historical layers ingrained in the building, while Woods’s focus on unbuilt architecture offers a theoretical basis for redesigning its interior spaces to facilitate healing and revitalisation. Through the work of Lebanese architects and a third-year interior architecture design studio at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, this essay explores how the Egg Building’s scars and stories can be woven into the collective memory of a city recovering from conflict. These unbuilt proposals illustrate how speculative interiors can inspire new narratives and contribute to Beirut’s ongoing regeneration by reframing the building as a domain of active engagement, where past traumas are negotiated rather than erased, and future aspirations are envisioned. Through experimental design approaches, these proposals empower communities to reimagine their urban landscape, turning a symbol of conflict into a living archive of resilience and possibility.

Effect of Cooling Parameters on In-Mold Flow Behavior in the Microinjection Molding of Piezoelectric Pumps

In this study, the analysis of piezoelectric pumps produced by microinjection was conducted in a computational setting. Using the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) design of experiments approach, this analysis examined in detail how cooling water temperature and Reynolds number impact product quality and production performance. With cooling water inlet temperatures between 20°C and 30°C and Reynolds numbers from 8000 to 12000, several critical quality parameters were analyzed, including fill time, injection pressure, wall shear stress, sink mark depth, volumetric shrinkage and residual deformation. The results showed that maintaining injection pressure between 113.8 and 116.1 MPa supported effective mold filling, while wall shear stress values between 0.2566 and 0.2617 MPa preserved mold longevity and enhanced surface quality. Volumetric shrinkage held at 2.775% improved dimensional accuracy and product stability, and controlling sink mark depth between 0.2995 and 0.2999 mm minimized surface deformation. Additionally, an optimized fill time of 0.3327 seconds ensured consistent temperature distribution during filling, enhancing overall fill quality. These findings illustrate that by optimizing cooling parameters and flow control, high-quality, dimensionally accurate piezoelectric pumps can be manufactured via microinjection. This study provides a comprehensive methodology to improve both production efficiency and product quality. Furthermore, the presented data will serve as a valuable guide for researchers in the production of piezoelectric pumps using the microinjection molding method.

Effect of suspended particles on erosion characteristics of impeller steels utilizing combined CFD and DOE approach

PurposeThe process of conveyance of solid–liquid mixtures poses a significant challenge due to the considerable wear and tear experienced by critical components. This issue not only affects the lifespan of the system but also jeopardizes its safe operation. The purpose of this study is to numerically and experimentally investigate the erosion wear behavior of impeller steels (SS-410 and S-317) using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques, aiming to address the significant challenges posed by wear in slurry transportation systems.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a robust two-phase solid-liquid model combining CFD with Discrete Phase Modeling (DPM) was applied to simulate the effects of coal-ash slurries on impeller steel. Additionally, an experimental evaluation was conducted using the DOE approach to analyze the impact of various parameters on impeller steel. This integrated methodology enabled a comprehensive analysis of erosion wear behavior and the influence of multiple factors on impeller durability by leveraging CFD for fluid flow dynamics and DPM to model particle interactions with the steel surface.FindingsSimulation results highlight a strong link between particle size and the wear life of impeller steel. Through simulations and experiments on SS-410 and SS-317 under varied conditions, it’s evident that SS-410 outperforms SS-317 due to its higher hardness and density. This is supported by Taguchi’s method, with SS-410 showing a higher Signal-to-Noise ratio. Notably, particle size emerges as the most influential parameter compared to others.Originality/valueCurrent research primarily focuses on either CFD or experimentation to predict pump impeller steel erosion wear, lacking relevant erosion mechanism insights and experimental data. This study bridges this gap by employing both CFD and DPM methods to comprehensively investigate particle effects on pump impeller steel and elucidate erosion mechanisms.

Experimental design approach by using rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of telmisartan Assay in immediate release telmisartan tablets 80mg

Experimental design approach by using rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of telmisartan Assay in immediate release telmisartan tablets 80mg

Experimental design approach by using rhplc for the determination of rufinamide assay in dose proportional tablet Rufinamide tablets 200 mg

Experimental design approach by using rhplc for the determination of rufinamide assay in dose proportional tablet Rufinamide tablets 200 mg

How Does Acknowledging Users’ Preferences Impact AI’s Ability to Make Conflicting Recommendations?

Artificial intelligence (AI) decision support systems are crucial in modern decision-making processes. Their increasing human-like adaptability introduces challenges, especially when their recommendations, for whatever reason, need to conflict with user preferences. This study examines the communication strategies AI systems should employ when their recommendations conflict with user preferences. We explored this research question through a hypothetical future interface where ChatGPT offers travel recommendations populated on a map. An online survey-based experiment was conducted, presenting 160 participants with ChatGPT-generated travel recommendations displayed alongside Bing map visuals. We employed a mixed-method experimental design, combining both between-subjects and within-subjects approaches, to investigate the impact of conflicting recommendations and the acknowledgment of user preferences on the acceptance of these recommendations. This effect is especially pronounced when the AI system acknowledges users’ preferences yet still offers conflicting recommendations to them. Contrary to the expectation that acknowledging users’ preferences could buffer the impact of such conflicts, our observations indicate the contrary. The presence of conflict following acknowledgment of users’ preferences, significantly causes a backfire effect, leading users to reject the recommendations. These findings underscore the need for consideration of recommendation delivery strategies in AI decision support systems and offer insights for designing future user interfaces and user experience research in the realm of recommendations provided by AI decision-support systems.

Optimizing quantitative photoacoustic imaging systems: the Bayesian Cramér–Rao bound approach

Quantitative photoacoustic computed tomography (qPACT) is an emerging medical imaging modality that carries the promise of high-contrast, fine-resolution imaging of clinically relevant quantities like hemoglobin concentration and blood-oxygen saturation. However, qPACT image reconstruction is governed by a multiphysics, partial differential equation (PDE) based inverse problem that is highly non-linear and severely ill-posed. Compounding the difficulty of the problem is the lack of established design standards for qPACT imaging systems, as there is currently a proliferation of qPACT system designs for various applications and it is unknown which ones are optimal or how to best modify the systems under various design constraints. This work introduces a novel computational approach for the optimal experimental design of qPACT imaging systems based on the Bayesian Cramér-Rao bound (CRB). Our approach incorporates several techniques to address challenges associated with forming the bound in the infinite-dimensional function space setting of qPACT, including priors with trace-class covariance operators and the use of the variational adjoint method to compute derivatives of the log-likelihood function needed in the bound computation. The resulting Bayesian CRB based design metric is computationally efficient and independent of the choice of estimator used to solve the inverse problem. The efficacy of the bound in guiding experimental design was demonstrated in a numerical study of qPACT design schemes under a stylized two-dimensional imaging geometry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to propose Bayesian CRB based design for systems governed by PDEs.

Application box Behnken design for the optimum cream formula of M. calabura fruit extract: In vitro and In vivo studies as an antiaging product

Muntingia calabura fruit, with its local name (Indonesia), is Kersen, a plant with phenolic compounds that have the potential to be formulated as antiaging with antioxidant mechanisms and inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase activity. The purpose of this study was to formulate extracts of Kersen fruit into a stable cream preparation based on an experimental box Behnken design approach to determine the concentration of phytocream as an emulsifier and isopropyl myristate as an enhancer and further evaluate for in vitro and in vivo performance. Kersen fruit was extracted and then formulated into an o/w cream at a concentration of 5%. The obtained cream was evaluated for stability in a thermodynamics study based on the standard parameters, followed by the effectiveness based on the penetration profiles, the ability as antioxidants using the β-carotene bleaching method, and antiaging effectivity by tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory. The effective formula was then subjected to in vivo safety testing (anti-irritation) using rabbits and volunteers. The results showed no specific change in the cream, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and type of cream parameters. The cream also delivered phenolic compounds through the side circum membrane with the highest cumulative amount calculated as gallic acid at 90 and 120 minutes with flux in the range of 0.594 - 1.688 g/cm2hour. The effectiveness of the preparation as an antiaging candidate with antioxidant activity and inhibition of the tyrosinase and elastase showed that the Kersen fruit cream had antioxidant activity &gt;70% and classified as high category and proved to be more effective at inhibiting the tyrosinase and elastase enzyme. Irritation studies showed negligible category in rabbits and non-irritant in humans. The cream formula with the active raw ingredient kersen fruit extract has good characteristics and effectiveness to develop it as a natural skin care product.