Design Of Distributed Systems Research Articles

Design of Influent Distribution System in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Units

The efficient treatment of domestic wastewater is associated with good operational practices in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and the proper design of each treatment unit, which ensures the correct hydraulic performance of each WWTP. For this reason, the objective of this article was to study the design of the multiple influent distribution systems of a high-rate primary sedimentary, a UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor, and an up-flow anaerobic filter (FAFA) in the WWTPs of the municipalities of San Carlos and San Roque, and in the township of Santiago, respectively, located in Antioquia-Colombia. For this purpose, the methodology proposed by Hudson in 1981 was used to evaluate the performance of the current design and, subsequently, a pre-dimensioning was carried out to distribute the flow uniformly, to have velocities within the ranges recommended by the literature, and to obtain the total head loss generated by the distribution manifold in each treatment unit evaluated. It was found that the existing design is not efficient and that the new pre-dimensioning ensures homogeneous flow distribution and provides velocities that contribute positively to the treatment process. The study concludes that the smaller the number of orifices and the larger the pipe diameter, the more uniform the flow distribution, and that the total head loss depends on both the velocity head and the head loss coefficient. The diameter of the orifice was the predominant parameter to control the inlet velocity of the treatment units.

Review of hydraulic modelling approaches for intermittent water supply systems

Abstract Intermittent water supply (IWS) is widely used around the world, and with the increase in population and predicted future water scarcity, IWS applications seem to continue. While most of the existing studies on water supply concentrate on continuous water supply (CWS), the research focused on the IWS is now becoming mainstream. Hydraulic modelling is an effective tool for the process of planning, design, rehabilitation, and operation of water distribution systems. It helps significantly in engineers’ decision-making processes. The necessity of modelling IWS systems arises from the complexity and variety of problems caused by intermittency. This paper offers a review of the state-of-the-art IWS modelling and identifies the key strengths and limitations of the available approaches, and points at potential research directions. Currently, neither computer software nor a practically used approach is available for modelling IWS. For a rigorous simulation of IWS, system characteristics first need to be understood, i.e., the user behaviour under pressure-deficient conditions, water losses, and filling and emptying processes. Each of them requires further attention and improvement. Additionally, the necessity of real data from IWSs is stressed. Accurate modelling will lead to the development of improved measures for the problems caused by intermittency.

REVIEW ON SMART POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH

Smart power grid distribution network is very paramount in building a sustainable Electricity network for smart grid operations. As stipulated and stated in the agenda 2030 sustainable development goals project (agenda goals; 3, 7, 9, 11, and 13), it’s pertinent to create, research and develop an enabling environment within the power grid horoscope with these agendas in view. This helps the design of reliable and quality distribution system to replace the traditional distribution networks which produce carbons and other harmful chemical substances in to the environment. Recently, the distribution system has been burdened with numerous dynamic loads and energy demands due tothe current Covid-19 situation which has brought many to work from home. The Smart distribution network as reviewed in this paper is a critical component and final stage in providing optimum power solutions to customers. Discussed in this paper is the reviews of developmental approaches to smart power distributions, since it networks perform critical functions and bears social responsibility by adopting large and small hydro-dams, solar, wind, and other clean energy sources, for delivering power to its end users safely and effectively.

Hydraulic and Water Quality Reliability of Water Distribution System under Uncertain Conditions

Reliability assessment plays a significant role in the planning, design, and operation of water distribution systems (WDS). Herein, pressure, flow, chlorine concentration, and water age are simulated by continuity, energy, and transport equations; and hydraulic, water quality, and system reliability assessments are proposed based on a comparison between simulated hydraulic and water quality conditions and the desired service level. Because the independent parameters in hydraulic and water quality simulations cannot be estimated accurately, a hydraulic and water quality reliability assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation was applied to a network under three uncertain levels under steady- and unsteady-states. The effects of uncertain parameters on hydraulic and water quality reliability under steady- and unsteady-states were evaluated and compared to obtain the most significant parameters. The results indicated that the mean hydraulic reliability decreases with an increase in the uncertainty level for various nodes under steady- and unsteady-states, while the regulation is not suitable for water quality reliability. Pipe diameters have the most significant effects on hydraulic reliability under steady-state conditions, and mean hydraulic reliability under unsteady-state conditions. Nodal demand, bulk decay coefficient, and wall decay coefficient have effects on water quality reliability under steady-state conditions, while the roughness coefficient and pipe diameter also have effects on mean water quality reliability under unsteady-state condition. The results obtained can give managers more information about network reliability under uncertain conditions.

Bridging the semantic gap between qualitative and quantitative models of distributed systems

Today’s distributed systems must satisfy bothqualitativeandquantitativeproperties. These properties are analyzed using very different formal frameworks: expressive untimed and non-probabilistic frameworks, such as TLA+ and Hoare/separation logics, for qualitative properties; and timed/probabilistic-automaton-based ones, such as Uppaal and Prism, for quantitative ones. This requires developing two quite different models of the same system, without guarantees of semantic consistency between them. Furthermore, it is very hard or impossible torepresentintrinsic features of distributed object systems—such as unbounded data structures, dynamic object creation, and an unbounded number of messages—using finite automata.In this paper we bridge this semantic gap, overcome the problem of manually having to develop two different models of a system, and solve the representation problem by: (i) defining a transformation from a very general class of distributed systems (a generalization of Agha’s actor model) that maps an untimed non-probabilistic distributed system model suitable for qualitative analysis to a probabilistic timed model suitable for quantitative analysis; and (ii) proving the two models semantically consistent. We formalize our models in rewriting logic, and can therefore use the Maude tool to analyze qualitative properties, and statistical model checking with PVeStA to analyze quantitative properties. We have automated this transformation and integrated it, together with the PVeStA statistical model checker, into theActors2PMaudetool. We illustrate the expressiveness of our framework and our tool’s ease of use by automatically transforming untimed, qualitative models of numerous distributed system designs—including an industrial data store and a state-of-the-art transaction system—into quantitative models to analyze and compare the performance of different designs.

Unsupervised anomaly detection in hourly water demand data using an asymmetric encoder–decoder model

Water demand forecasting (WDF) is essential for the design and optimal management of water distribution systems (WDS). Historical water demand data contribute significantly to WDF. Yet the obtained water demand data contain anomalies on occasions due to failures in WDS or monitoring systems. The contaminated water demand data are invalid to describe the actual water demand, thus degrading the performance of WDF models. However, the importance of anomaly detection in water demand data is underestimated, or at least not explicitly described in many published papers. To fill the gap, we propose an unsupervised anomaly detection method based on an asymmetric encoder–decoder (asyED) model. Different from the symmetric structure of a traditional autoencoder where a signal is reproduced from itself, asyED is asymmetric where a signal is reproduced from the upstream and downstream information of the signal, while the signal itself does not participate in the reconstruction. In light of this feature, asyED is powerful in identifying anomalies. The proposed method is employed to detect anomalies in hourly water demand data which exhibit trend and seasonality. The results show the superiority of the proposed method over the other four commonly used anomaly detection methods: Z-score, isolation forest, local outlier factor, and seasonal hybrid ESD (Extreme Studentized Deviate test). • An anomaly detection method based on an asymmetric encoder-decoder model is proposed. • The method applies to hourly water demand data which exhibit trend and seasonality. • A cluster-based metric is proposed for model evaluation. • The metric considers the continuity mechanism of anomalies found in the data. • Measures to quantify the strengths of different components in the data are proposed.

Design of Water Distribution System for Araromi Community, Ondo State Using EPANET

It is crucial to supply an adequate and consistent amount of water through the planned network of pipes in order to satisfy the water needs of the constantly increasing population. This research covered the design process for the water supply system for Araromi in Ondo state, Nigeria. With the aid of the program EPANET, the area's water supply plan was simulated. Due to the unavailability of concise data about Araromi as at the time of this study, this research projected a population of 1400 persons, assumed a water demand of 300 liters/person/day, and supplied an overhead tank of 17,500liters with an 8-hour maximum supply. This study provides other researchers with a foundation to build future research in Araromi Ondo State, Nigeria.

Modelling Water Consumption Efficiency Based on Perlis State Soil Series

Water is a limited resource for Perlis state. Domestically, meeting the water supply in the state requires improving the current supply facility and repairing water leakages in the supply system. However, an even more important aspect of water resources management is the water consumption from agricultural activities such as the over-irrigation in the crop field. This study identifies the soil series of Perlis state, determines its soil textures, estimates the field capacity, permanent wilting point, and plant available water. Additionally, the water infiltration studies were carried out. Results showed there were ten soil series present in the state, and this soil can be categorized by four soil textures that the clay soil texture dominates in seven soil series. Fully saturated soil in the Perlis state potentially losses 27-56% of its soil moisture content drains by gravity, which is unavailable to crop consumption, hence, wastage. An estimated 1.7 x 10-4 to 2.1 x 10-3 m/s water infiltration rate over the soil depths from 0.15-1.5 m. Knowing the soil surface area for the crop field allows the estimate of water volume needed in a unit time needed for storage tank estimation and distribution system designs. The water requirement increases by including the water evaporation rate into the water infiltration rate.

Optimal design and performance evaluation of free-space quantum key distribution systems

Free-space ground-to-ground links will be an integral part of future quantum communication networks. The implementation of free-space and fiber links in daylight inter-modal configurations is however still hard to achieve, due to the impact of atmospheric turbulence, which strongly decreases the coupling efficiency into the fiber. In this work, we present a comprehensive model of the performance of a free-space ground-to-ground quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on the efficient-BB84 protocol with active decoy states. Our model takes into account the atmospheric channel contribution, the transmitter and receiver telescope design constraints, the parameters of the quantum source and detectors, and the finite-key analysis to produce a set of requirements and optimal design choices for a QKD system operating under specific channel conditions. The channel attenuation is calculated considering all effects deriving from the atmospheric propagation (absorption, beam broadening, beam wandering, scintillation, and wavefront distortions), as well as the effect of fiber-coupling in the presence of a partial adaptive optics correction with finite control bandwidth. We find that the channel fluctuation statistics must be considered to correctly estimate the effect of the saturation rate of the single-photon detectors, which may otherwise lead to an overestimation of the secret key rate. We further present strategies to minimize the impact of diffuse atmospheric background in daylight operation by means of spectral and temporal filtering.

Design and Analysis of High-rise Building Power Supply and Distribution System

Design and Analysis of High-rise Building Power Supply and Distribution System

Research on Energy-saving Design of Building Electrical Power Supply and Distribution System

Research on Energy-saving Design of Building Electrical Power Supply and Distribution System

Optimal Routing and Design of Radial Medium Voltage Power Distribution Networks Considering Cables Short Circuit Withstand-Capacity

Cables short circuit withstand-capacity plays a crucial role in medium voltage distribution system design. For a given short circuit level at substation, fault current at any point in a radial distribution system depends on the location with respect to the substation, distributed generation as well as size and length of upstream cable sections. This paper addresses optimal routing, cable sizing, distributed generation allocation and sizing of radial medium voltage power distribution network considering cables short circuit withstand capacity. Both synchronous-based and inverter-based distributed generators are considered. Complete formulation of cables short circuit constraints (SCCs) is introduced in mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) form. A Benders-decomposition-based approach is used to solve the problem by considering short circuit at each system bus in a separate slave feasibility problem. Combinatorial cuts are proposed to exclude infeasible solutions in each iteration by investigating upstream routes, cable sizes and distributed generation. The proposed optimization framework and solution algorithm are applied on 54 bus, 84 bus and 138 bus systems. The results revealed potential saving in investment, maintenance and losses costs compared to upgrading method. Also the proposed solution algorithm showed great saving in the number of added constraints to the original problem.

Design of Water Supply Scheme: A Case Study of Nangargaon Village

Abstract: Design of water supply scheme in around Rural Areas. During classify toward fulfil the water command of the constantly rising population, it is necessary toward supply the plenty with consistent capacity of water through the designed system of pipe. intended for this use the particulars provide via the IPH (Irrigation and Public Health Department) department, the common features of the region similar to in order on the chief water basis, population of the region, insist of water, requirement of the pumps, distribution network and water tanks are essential for efficient design of water distribution system. Water distribution system deals with the supplying of potable water for a village which can be useful for both drinking and wholesome purpose. The main stages of distribution system are collection works, transmission works, purification works and distribution works. It includes estimation of future population (population forecasting) by using various methods, layout of pipes and design of valves and joints, finding out the head losses etc

Application of artificial intelligence algorithm to optimize the design of water distribution system

Various optimization approaches have been proposed in the past three decades to address the design cost optimization problem of water distribution systems. However, recently, evolutionary algorithms have been preferred due to their ability to solve complex, nonlinear, and discrete optimization problems such as water distribution system design. This study proposes a hybrid model, HHG that integrates Grey Wolf Optimizer and Harris Hawk, which is linked with an EPANET hydraulic simulator to optimize the design cost of a water distribution system network. The HHG model’s performance is shown through three typical water distribution systems, namely the Two-loop network, Hanoi network and New York network. The results show that the HHG is a potential approach for solving water distribution system design costs with higher reliability, lower cost, and faster processing time than other conventional approaches.

Design and Optimization of E-Commerce Logistics Distribution System Based on Multiobjective Function

To reduce the complexity and multiple constraints of logistics distribution routing problems, the author proposes an improved genetic algorithm, adaptive immune genetic algorithm (AIGA). The algorithm utilizes a new immune vaccine selection strategy and immune operation method, the optimization process is adaptively changed with the evolutionary algebra, combined with the parallel selection method to optimize the multiobjective logistics distribution path, and the specific steps to solve the multiobjective logistics distribution path problem are given. The experimental results show that the optimal path is calculated as 0—2—8—5—3—1—0; 0—4—7—6—0. AIGA not only efficiently converges to the optimal solution but also stabilizes to a fitness value of 66.5, reflecting better precision than IGA. The computational efficiency and convergence of the algorithm are significantly improved, which verifies the practicability and effectiveness of the algorithm. The adaptive immune genetic algorithm realizes the path optimization of complex logistics distribution, which can better change the global search performance of the original immune genetic algorithm, greatly improve the algorithm convergence speed, and achieve good results in practical applications.

Guest Editorial: Introduction to the Special Section on Communication-Efficient Distributed Machine Learning

The papers in this special section focus on communication-efficient distributed machine learning. Machine learning, especially deep learning, has been successfully applied in a wealth of practical AI applications in the field of computer vision, natural language processing, healthcare, finance, robotics, etc. With the increasing size of machine learning models and training data sets, training deep learning models requires significant amount of computations and may take days to months on a single GPU or TPU. Therefore, it becomes a common practice to exploit distributed machine learning to accelerate the training process with multiple processors. Distributed machine learning typically requires the processors to exchange information repeatedly throughout the training process. With the fast-growing computing power of the AI processors, the data communications among processors gradually become the performance bottleneck and excessively limit the system scalability due to Amdahl’s law. The design of communication-efficient distributed machine learning systems has attracted great attention from both academia and industry.

Analysis and Redesign of 24/7 Water Distribution Network using Watergem Software

Abstract: A continuous water supply system has generated significant interest in India due to its many advantages. Also it is useful for conserving water and its quality. Now-a-days demand for drinking water is increasing day by day with corresponding increase in population. The present study shows the remodelling of existing network and also designing the water distribution network using a programming tool, which performs the extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behaviour within the pressurized network of pipes called watergems. This paper demonstrates the use of watergems for the hydraulic study of the distribution network. The studies present the hydraulic design and analysis of rural water distribution system (WDS) for Nighoj village of the state of Maharashtra, India. Water distribution system is designed for this study for population estimated for future 30 years watergems software have been used and the results are compare to determine the economical size of pipes for distribution system. The economical size of pipes of water display system is designed by considering the constraints; residual pressure at each node velocity of flow in pipe, head loss in pipes, material of pipes, elevated service reservoir level, peak factor and available commercial pipe diameter

Efficiency of Using Geoinformation Systems in the Design of Gas Distribution and Gas Consumption Networks

The scientific article is devoted to determining the effectiveness of the use of geoinformation systems (GIS) in the design of gas distribution and gas consumption networks. An experiment was carried out on a laboratory stand modeling ring, dead-end and mixed gas networks. The electronic model of a gas network identical to the laboratory stand in the ZuluGaz 10.0 software package, a module for expanding the GIS functionality for calculating gas supply networks designed to solve various industry. A comparative analysis of the results of an experiment and the results obtained during simulation in GIS is carried out. Based on the analysis, a conclusion is made about the accuracy of the GIS results and the feasibility of using GIS for the design of gas distribution and gas consumption systems.

Design of Water Supply Scheme for Rural Area

Design of water supply scheme in around Rural Areas. During classify toward fulfil the water command of the constantly rising population, it is necessary toward supply the plenty with consistent capacity of water through the designed system of pipe. Intended for this use the particulars provide via the IPH (Irrigation and Public Health Department) department, the common features of the region similar to in order on the chief water basis, population of the region, insist of water, requirement of the pumps, distribution network and water tanks are essential for efficient design of water distribution system. Water distribution system deals with the supplying of potable water for a village which can be useful for both drinking and wholesome purpose. The main stages of distribution system are collection works, transmission works, purification works and distribution works. It includes estimation of future population (population forecasting) by using various methods, layout of pipes and design of valves and joints, finding out the head losses etc.

Local topological features of robust supply networks

The design of robust supply and distribution systems is one of the fundamental challenges at the interface of network science and logistics. Given the multitude of performance criteria, real-world constraints, and external influences acting upon such a system, even formulating an appropriate research question to address this topic is non-trivial. Here we present an abstraction of a supply and distribution system leading to a minimal model, which only retains stylized facts of the systemic function and, in this way, allows us to investigate the generic properties of robust supply networks. On this level of abstraction, a supply and distribution system is the strategic use of transportation to eliminate mismatches between production patterns (i.e., the amounts of goods produced at each production site of a company) and demand patterns (i.e., the amount of goods consumed at each location). When creating networks based on this paradigm and furthermore requiring the robustness of the system with respect to the loss of transportation routes (edge of the network) we see that robust networks are built from specific sets of subgraphs, while vulnerable networks display a markedly different subgraph composition. Our findings confirm a long-standing hypothesis in the field of network science, namely, that network motifs—statistically over-represented small subgraphs—are informative about the robust functioning of a network. Also, our findings offer a blueprint for enhancing the robustness of real-world supply and distribution systems.