Design Of Automotive Systems Research Articles

Formal Methods and Validation Techniques for Ensuring Automotive Systems Security

The increasing complexity and connectivity of automotive systems have raised concerns about their vulnerability to security breaches. As a result, the integration of formal methods and validation techniques has become crucial in ensuring the security of automotive systems. This survey research paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art formal methods and validation techniques employed in the automotive industry for system security. The paper begins by discussing the challenges associated with automotive system security and the potential consequences of security breaches. Then, it explores various formal methods, such as model checking, theorem proving, and abstract interpretation, which have been widely used to analyze and verify the security properties of automotive systems. Additionally, the survey highlights the validation techniques employed to ensure the effectiveness of security measures, including penetration testing, fault injection, and fuzz testing. Furthermore, the paper examines the integration of formal methods and validation techniques within the automotive development lifecycle, including requirements engineering, design, implementation, and testing phases. It discusses the benefits and limitations of these approaches, considering factors such as scalability, efficiency, and applicability to real-world automotive systems. Through an extensive review of relevant literature and case studies, this survey provides insights into the current research trends, challenges, and open research questions in the field of formal methods and validation techniques for automotive system security. The findings of this survey can serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers involved in the design, development, and evaluation of secure automotive systems.

Design of Next-Generation Automotive Systems: Challenges and Research Opportunities

Abstract The automotive industry is undergoing a massive transformation, driven by the mega-trends of “CASE”: connected, autonomous, shared, and electric. These trends are affecting the nature of automobiles, both internally and externally. Internally, the transition from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric drive-trains has resulted in a shift from hardware-centric vehicles to software-defined vehicles (SDVs), where software is increasingly becoming the dominant asset in the automotive value chain. These trends are leading to new design challenges such as how to manage different configurations of design, how to decouple the design of software and services from hardware, and how to design hardware to allow for upgrades. Externally, automobiles are no longer isolated products. Instead, they are part of the larger digital ecosystem with cloud connectivity. Vehicle usage data are increasingly connected with smart factories, which create new opportunities for agile product development and mass customization of features. The role of the human driver is also changing with increasing levels of autonomy features. In this paper, the authors discuss the ongoing transformation in the automotive industry and its implications for engineering design. The paper presents a road map for engineering design research for next-generation automotive applications.

An Automotive LiDAR Performance Test Method in Dynamic Driving Conditions.

The Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor has become essential to achieving a high level of autonomous driving functions, as well as a standard Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS). LiDAR capabilities and signal repeatabilities under extreme weather conditions are of utmost concern in terms of the redundancy design of automotive sensor systems. In this paper, we demonstrate a performance test method for automotive LiDAR sensors that can be utilized in dynamic test scenarios. In order to measure the performance of a LiDAR sensor in a dynamic test scenario, we propose a spatio-temporal point segmentation algorithm that can separate a LiDAR signal of moving reference targets (car, square target, etc.), using an unsupervised clustering method. An automotive-graded LiDAR sensor is evaluated in four harsh environmental simulations, based on time-series environmental data of real road fleets in the USA, and four vehicle-level tests with dynamic test cases are conducted. Our test results showed that the performance of LiDAR sensors may be degraded, due to several environmental factors, such as sunlight, reflectivity of an object, cover contamination, and so on.

Design of automotive mechanical automatic transmission system based on torsional vibration reduction

Automatic transmission system is the core part of vehicle transmission processing, which can improve driving safety. In order to improve the shift effect of automotive automatic mechanical transmission and narrow the gap between the vehicle speed and the expected speed, an automotive automatic mechanical transmission system based on torsional damping was designed in the experiment. On the basis of hardware composed of different modules and fuzzy control algorithm, the system realizes the software design of vehicle automatic mechanical transmission system. The experimental results show that when the system is applied in practice, the gear selection time of the vehicle is between 0.2 s-0.3 s, and the gear shift time is between 0.3 s-0.4 s. The gap between the vehicle speed and the expected speed, and between the vehicle speed and the expected speed is small. The practical application effect is good.

MCRB on DOA Estimation for Automotive MIMO Radar in the Presence of Multipath

Autonomous driving and advanced active safety features require accurate high-resolution sensing capabilities. Automotive radars are the key component of the vehicle sensing suit. However, when these radars operate in proximity to flat surfaces, such as roads and guardrails, they experience a multipath phenomenon that can degrade the accuracy of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Presence of multipath leads to misspecification in the radar data model, resulting in estimation performance degradation, which cannot be reliably predicted by conventional performance bounds. In this paper, the misspecified Cramér-Rao bound (MCRB), which accounts for model misspecification, is derived for the problem of DOA estimation in the presence of multipath which is ignored by the estimator. Analytical relations between the MCRB and the Cramér-Rao bound are established, and the DOA estimation performance degradation due to multipath is investigated. The results show that the MCRB reliably predicts the asymptotic performance of the misspecified maximum-likelihood estimator and therefore, can serve as an efficient tool for automotive radar performance evaluation and system design.

Research on the Design of a Training Room Management System for Automotive Professionals in a 5G Wireless Network Environment

Education informatization is getting more popular, smart learning spaces are gaining popularity, and students' demands for personalized, convenient, and diverse learning content are becoming more apparent. This study focuses on exploring the design of automotive professional training room management system with 5G technology. On the basis of sorting out the main features of education informatization, it analyzes the technical challenges faced by the design of automotive professional training room management system, starts from three aspects of teaching, teaching and research, and education management, argues and proposes the corresponding 5G automotive professional training room management application scenarios, and forms a general view of 5G education informatization. It will continue to enhance the connotation of educational scenarios, stimulate educational scenario change, and become the primary driving force of innovation in automotive professional education informatization.

The Sound Field Characteristics in Automobile under Different Speaker Height based on Numerical Simulation

The automotive acoustic environment has become an indispensable listening space in people’s daily lives. However, due to the complexity of the acoustic environment inside automobiles, the sound reproduction in automobile is particularly problematic compared with that in ordinary domestic environments. From the perspective of sound reproduction, it is an effective approach to improve the reproduction performance by raising the speaker height such that nearer to the height of listener’s ear. However, this issue has been less studied quantitatively. In current work, we aim to explore how the speaker height affects the sound field characteristics at target listening region by using the finite element method. The speakers at front door inner panels were mounted to three different heights, respectively, and the sound field characteristics at target listening region in driver seat were analysed. Result showed that for higher speaker layout resulted in larger sound pressure levels at the target listening point, and the sound field distribution tends to be more homogeneous. Also, raising the speaker height is conducive to giving a constant frequency response at the target listening point. This works can provide the reference for the design of automotive audio system.

Enabling automated integration of architectural languages: An experience report from the automotive domain

Modern automotive software systems consist of hundreds of heterogeneous software applications, belonging to separated function domains and often developed within distributed automotive ecosystems consisting of original equipment manufactures, tier-1 and tier-2 companies. Hence, the development of modern automotive software systems is a formidable challenge. A well-known instrument for coping with the tremendous heterogeneity and complexity of modern automotive software systems is the use of architectural languages as a way of enabling different and specific views over these systems. However, the use of different architectural languages might come with the cost of reduced interoperability and automation as different languages might have weak to no integration. In this article, we tackle the challenge of integrating two architectural languages heavily used in the automotive domain for the design and timing analysis of automotive software systems: AMALTHEA and Rubus Component Model. The main contributions of this paper are (i) a mapping scheme for the translation of an AMALTHEA architecture into a Rubus Component Model architecture where high-precision timing analysis can be run, and the back annotation of the analysis results on the starting AMALTHEA architecture; (ii) the implementation of the proposed scheme, which uses the concept of model transformations for enabling a full-fledged automated integration; (iii) the application of such automation on three industrial automotive systems being the brake-by-wire, the full blown engine management system and the engine management system. We discuss and evaluate the proposed contributions using an online, experts survey and the above-mentioned use cases. Based on the evaluation results, we conclude that the proposed automation mechanism is correct and applicable in industrial contexts. Besides, we observe that the performance of the automation mechanism does not degrade when translating large models with several thousands of elements. Eventually, we conclude that experts in this field find the proposed contribution industrially relevant.

Design of a reflective LED automotive headlamp lighting system based on a free-form surface.

In this paper, a design scheme of an automobile low-beam light illumination system with a reflector free-form surface is presented. Per the energy grid mapping theory and edge ray theory, an oblique triangular energy mapping scheme was proposed, and the free-form reflector was obtained by geometric iterative calculation. The Monte Carlo ray tracing method was used to simulate the system. The simulation results met the regulatory requirements of ECE R112, and the light efficiency could reach 81%. The length, width, and height of the reflector were 55.61mm×22.02mm×23.70mm. The reflector achieves a special light type through precise light distribution, does not need other shielding objects, and has the advantage of small size.

Using Personas with Visual Impairments to Explore the Design of an Accessible Self-Driving Vehicle Human-Machine Interface

Recent reports have suggested that most self-driving vehicle technology being developed is not currently accessible to users with disabilities. We purport that this problem may be at least partially attributable to knowledge gaps in practice-oriented user-centered design research. Missing, we argue, are studies that demonstrate the practical application of user-centered design methodologies in capturing the needs of users with disabilities in the design of automotive systems specifically. We have investigated user-centered design, specifically the use of personas, as a methodological tool to inform the design of a self-driving vehicle human-machine interface for blind and low vision users. We then explore the use of these derived personas in a series of participatory design sessions involving visually impaired co-designers. Our findings suggest that a robust, multi-method UCD process culminating with persona development may be effective in capturing the conceptual model of persons with disabilities and informing the design of automotive system.

Performance optimization of task intensive real‐time applications on multicore ECUs—A hybrid scheduler

In the current approach of automotive electronic system design, the multicore processors have prevailed to achieve high computing performance at low thermal dissipation. Multicore processors offer functional parallelism that helps in meeting the safety critical requirements of vehicles. The number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in high-end cars could be reduced by conglomerating more functions into a multicore ECU. AUTOSAR stack has been designed to support the applications developed for multicore ECUs. The real challenges lie in adapting new design methods while developing sophisticated applications with multicore constraints. It is imperative to utilize the most of multicore computational capability towards enhancing the overall performance of ECUs. In this context, the scheduling of the real-time multitasking software components by the operating system is one of the challenging issues to be addressed. Here, the state-of-the-art scheduling algorithm is reviewed and its merits and limitations are identified. A hybrid scheduler has been proposed, tested and compared with the state-of-the-art algorithm that offers better performance in terms of CPU utilization, average response time and deadline missing rate both in normal and high load conditions.

End-to-end design of mechatronic industrial and automotive computer systems

Due to the constant information develop-ment of society and its industrial component, new transport systems and machines have reached a high level of information excellence. Accordingly, there is a new contradiction between the rapid development of tools and methods of informatization of complex objects and systems, the development of transport telematics (internal for cars and other vehicles and external internal transport control systems) and the heterogeneous nature of existing subsystems and components of the transport complex. Of Ukraine. The problem of resolving this contradiction will allow at all levels of transport infrastructure to improve services to residents of cities and regions, improve transport processes, avoid existing negative consequences: traffic disruptions, unsatisfactory condition of roads, irrational use of funds for re-pair, operation and equipment of highways. This will help improve traffic safety, improve the quality of transport services, ensure people's comfort and save cargo. The goal of the study is to create software and hardware for virtual management, its intellectualization based on the use of virtual logis-tics of transportation processes, providing road users, tools of virtual management, a kind of virtual logistics. The purpose of this article is to study the problem of expressing and proving new rules and concepts for providing knowledge and skills to people who want to work in the IT field of transport applications. The sequence of acquiring knowledge and skills of people who have improved their personal professional level in road transport is determined. The idea of computer science as system engineering of successful consecutive creation of computer equip-ment and software of complex systems by combining their computer and software engineering in the field of motor transport is offered. The scope of use of the obtained results is road transport road organizations of Ukraine, residents of cities and regions as individuals or legal entities of users of transport services.

Holistic simulation for integrated vehicle design

A holistic vehicle simulation capability is necessary for front-loading component, subsystem, and controller design, for the early detection of component and subsystem design flaws, as well as for the model-based calibration of powertrain control modules. The current document explores the concept of holistic vehicle simulation by means of reviewing the current trends in automotive system design and available solutions in terms of model interfaces and neutral modelling environments. The review is followed by the presentation of a Simulink-based multi-disciplinary modelling environment (MME) developed by the authors to accommodate simulation work across the vehicle development cycle.

Towards the development of a framework for the design of Automotive Infotainment Systems: First contextual approaches

The objective of this article was to establish the first contextual approaches for the development of a framework focused on the design of automotive infotainment systems. Therefore, a method was developed to identify a group of characteristics of the infotainment system interfaces that ensure a good user experience by the user, according to previous studies. Besides, the establishment of usability is proposed as a basis for the development of the tool.

Cross-Layer Design of Automotive Systems

This article presents multiple cross-layer methods to ensure security as well as functional correctness of automotive systems. These approaches tie together multiple abstraction layers, going all the way from vehicular networks responsible for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, to in-vehicle hardware/software architectures.

Holistic simulation for integrated vehicle design

A holistic vehicle simulation capability is necessary for front-loading component, subsystem, and controller design, for the early detection of component and subsystem design flaws, as well as for the model-based calibration of powertrain control modules. The current document explores the concept of holistic vehicle simulation by means of reviewing the current trends in automotive system design and available solutions in terms of model interfaces and neutral modelling environments. The review is followed by the presentation of a Simulink-based multi-disciplinary modelling environment (MME) developed by the authors to accommodate simulation work across the vehicle development cycle.

Design and Analysis of Secure and Dependable Automotive CPS: A Steer-by-Wire Case Study

The next generation of automobiles (also known as cybercars) will increasingly incorporate electronic control units (ECUs) in novel automotive control applications. Recent work has demonstrated the vulnerability of modern car control systems to security attacks that directly impacts the cybercar's physical safety and dependability. In this paper, we provide an integrated approach for the design of secure and dependable automotive cyber-physical systems (CPS) using a case study: a steer-by-wire (SBW) application over controller area network (CAN). The challenge is to embed both security and dependability over CAN while ensuring that the real-time constraints of the automotive CPS are not violated. Our approach enables early design feasibility analysis of automotive CPS by embedding essential security primitives (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, and authentication) over CAN subject to the real-time constraints imposed by the desired quality of service and behavioral reliability. Our method leverages multicore ECUs for providing fault tolerance by redundant multi-threading (RMT) and also further enhances RMT for quick error detection and correction. We quantify the error resilience of our approach and evaluate the interplay of performance, fault tolerance, security, and scalability for our SBW case study.

Design and Intensive Experimental Evaluation of an Enhanced Visible Light Communication System for Automotive Applications.

As the interest toward communication-based vehicle safety applications is increasing, the development of secure wireless communication techniques has become an important research area. In this context, the article addresses issues that are related to the use of the visible light communication (VLC) technology in vehicular applications. Thus, it provides an extensive presentation concerning the main challenges and issues that are associated to vehicular VLC applications and of some of the existing VLC solutions. Moreover, the article presents the aspects related to the design and intensive experimental evaluation of a new automotive VLC system. The experimental evaluation performed in indoor and outdoor conditions shows that the proposed system can achieve communication distances up to 50 m and bit error ratio (BER) lower than 10−6, while being exposed to optical and weather perturbations. This article provides important evidence concerning the snowfall effect on middle to long range outdoor VLC, as the proposed VLC system was also evaluated in snowfall conditions. Accordingly, the experimental evaluation showed that snowfall and heavy gust could increase bit error rate by up to 10,000 times. Even so, this article provides encouraging evidence that VLC systems will soon be able to reliably support V2X communications.

Basic principles of automotive modular battery management system design

Nowadays, manufacturing of electric vehicles remains one of the most dynamically developing industries all over the globe. The issues of battery efficiency improvement by a suitable battery cell structure selection and battery control system enhancement are of the highest priority in the process of the battery design. Battery management systems (BMS) with modular structure have become the most popular as control systems in electric vehicle battery applications. The paper describes design principles of such type of BMS and necessary hardware.

Mechanical Designing of Acoustic Chamber Based Muffler for Sound Reduction

Sound of exhaust system makes a substantial contribution to the interior as well as exterior noise of automobiles. Accurate prediction and control of noise from automobiles is of significant importance in automotive exhaust system design. When it comes into the term of acoustic performance there are several parameters that describe the performance of a muffler, the Transmission Loss (TL) being the most popular one for validating an analytical model. Acoustic characteristics of silencers filled with fibrous material are also studied.