Design Of Air Conditioning System Research Articles

Air-conditioning load characteristics and grey box predicting model in subway stations

With the continuous expansion of metro, energy conservation of air-conditioning system in subway stations draws the attention of the whole world. Most of the researches are focused on improving the energy efficiency of the system, while the load characteristics of subway stations are paid little attention. The inaccurate load prediction in the designing of air-conditioning system results in redundancy and low operating efficiency. Therefore, accurately predicting the air-conditioning load is crucial for energy saving in subway stations. In this paper, an innovative three-stage subway air-conditioning load test method was proposed and implemented in nine subway stations in Qingdao. Based on the test data, the special air-conditioning load characteristics of subway stations as underground buildings were analyzed. The results showed that electrical equipment load accounted for the largest part, reaching 53.7 %, while only 42 % of the equipment power was converted into air-conditioning load. The positive role of the envelope should not be ignored, especially in the case of entrance and exit walls, which bore almost all of the fresh air load. Based on the three-stage test, a grey box model was established and the error was validated to be within 6 %. With this model, the load of air-conditioning system can be calculated by inputting passenger flow, power of electrical equipment and public area. This paper provides a reference for the design and operation of air-conditioning system in subway stations.

Numerical analysis for the design of a central air conditioning system for center of excellence

The temperature of the towing tank floor of the Center of Excellence in Marine and Offshore Engineering, Rivers State University needs regulation due to the high level of humidity during experiments. Since vapor evaporates from the towing-tank liquid column, the need for central air conditioning is timely. With the temperature regulated, it will help enhance the comfort of the students and improve the working condition of the staff and equipment. This is achieved by conducting a cooling load analysis, consistent with ASHRAE Guidelines, on the floor plan of the Laboratory building that provided useful information on the proper selection and sizing of fit-for-purpose air-conditioning equipment. Analysis revealed a total sensible and latent heat load of 59195.74 W with system capacity of 16.91TR (tons). Duct design utilizing the Velocity Reduction method resulted in a main supply duct length of 57m and flow are of 0.72m2 incorporating four branched ducts measuring 6m each in length and flow area of 1.05m2

Design of solar thermal absorption air conditioning system using CO2 with synthetic building load

Traditional air conditioning and refrigeration solutions rely on compressor-driven systems, leading to increased electricity consumption and intensified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These systems primarily utilize synthetic refrigerants such as CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs. Despite their advantages, these refrigerants are either banned or subject to restricted permissions under the Montreal Protocol (1987) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) due to environmental concerns. According to the Paris Accord, ratified by 196 parties as of 2017, there is a global shift towards low global warming refrigerants and eco-friendly alternatives. COP27 reaffirmed global commitments to limit temperature rise to 1.5 °C, emphasizing urgent action and stronger climate plans to combat global warming. CO2 envisaged by ASHRAE is resurrected as a promising natural refrigerant with the advent of high-pressure technologies the design employs a solar evacuated glass tube collector (EGTC) with U-shaped copper tubes and flat plate collector (FPC) to harness solar thermal energy. An immersed heat exchanger's (HX) based thermal storage tank is incorporated to address the intermittency of solar energy. The CO2 refrigerant offers advantages over other natural refrigerants due to its low critical point.This research conducts a TRNSYS® simulation of a 35.2 kW absorption cooling system with synthetic building load driven by energy captured through FPC and EGTC using R-744, additionally supported by a supplementary boiler for traditional office timing. The system design comprises two solar collectors, the EGTC and FPC, integrated with two different cooling loop configurations (C1 and C2). In C1, the hot water that exits the generator of the absorption chiller is forwarded toward the immersed HX-based hot storage tank, which is connected to the solar and absorption cooling loop. In C2, the working fluid leaving the absorption chiller is diverted directly toward the auxiliary boiler/furnace, if the temperature in the storage tank falls below the necessary level (108.89 °C) and if the tank temperature is greater than this set point temperature, then the flow passes through the storage tank. Both system designs have been developed using TRNSYS, with dynamic simulations conducted throughout the summer.The solar fraction and collector efficiency are considered as key performance indicators to evaluate and compare the system's effectiveness. Then the optimization of system parameters is performed for all four cases (EGTC C1 & C2 and FPC C1 & C2) based on these key performance indicators, all configurations integrated with a fixed synthetic building cooling load. The optimum parameters are found for all four cases, and the optimum parameters for EGTC C1 & C2 are 100 m2, 4 m3, and 11° for collector area, storage tank volume, and collector slope respectively. Similarly, for FPC based configurations, these parameters are 200 m2, 32 m3 for C2 and 4 m3 for C1, and 20° respectively. The results revealed better C2 performance than C1, with EGTC outperforming FPC. The final results were computed for the EGTC based designs due to their high solar fractions, with EGTC C2 emerging as the optimal configuration, achieving a seasonal solar fraction of 0.649.

Energy efficiency of life support systems of buildings in «green construction»

Purpose: develop an integrated air conditioning system with the environment, which will allow to reduce energy consumption due to lowering the temperature of air taken from outside from natural or artificial green areas. Methods: the basis of the solution to the task of developing an integrated system was the use of three well-known methods of greening of home territories: traditional, non-traditional and container. Because green spaces, in the warm period of the year, allow you to naturally reduce the parameters of the outside air, which are used for the needs of the building's ventilation and air conditioning systems. Findings: due to the complex use of all types of landscaping, it is possible to reduce the energy consumption for work of ventilation and air conditioning systems by reducing the temperature of air taken from the outside from natural or artificial green areas. Due to this, when developing integrated air conditioning systems, we can achieve: a decrease in the temperature of the supply air from the landscaping area, which will reduce not only the energy costs for cooling and humidification, but also the reduction of pollution of the supply air; when using trees and shrubs of certain breeds, which emit phytoncides and other beneficial secretions, in the outdoor air intake area, it will improve the quality of incoming air. Practical implication: the developed integrated air conditioning system with the environment will allow to reduce the influence of the outside air temperature on the indoor air temperature due to the integrated use of all types of greening. Originality: a review of literary sources showed that today the possibility of taking outside air from existing or artificially created green areas is not used in the design of ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Ventilation and air conditioning design approach based on ASHRAE psychrometric chart and Mollier diagram

Society needs long-term sustainability and healthy building projects, and indoor air quality assurance engineering systems play a pivotal role in the energy performance of buildings. Therefore, when designing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, it is crucial to make the most technically sound decisions in terms of energy consumption and assess their impact on the building’s energy performance. This article delves into the design of ventilation and air conditioning systems, presenting a method for evaluating their performance. The foundation of project development is an agreement on the design criteria, which are developed based on a preliminary analysis of the building concept. This agreement ensures cohesive collaboration among all stakeholders: the client, the architect, the system designer, the contractor, and ultimately the personnel responsible for commissioning, operating, and maintaining the systems post-construction. We suggest conducting a comprehensive analysis of the processes occurring within the space without initially linking them to room air exchange. From this analysis, we derive the angular coefficient for the direction of the air condition change on both a psychrometric chart and a Mollier diagram. The process line on the psychrometric chart provides insights into how the performance factor of the air distribution system will influence the desired supply air parameters. We can then evaluate how significantly the gap between the supply air and the exhaust air parameters expands if the room’s air exchange volume is reduced for budgetary reasons. The article showcases this design methodology using a simplified case study.

Responses of air-conditioning loads to climate change and its impact on carbon emissions in the hot summer and warm winter climate

Energy consumption of air-conditioning in wet and hot climates is not only for cooling but, to a large extent, for dehumidification. Taking urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta region as a case study, this study analysed the cooling and dehumidification loads during the past 20 years. In addition, the impacts of cooling and dehumidification loads on carbon emissions were determined. The results showed that there was large spatial heterogeneity in the variations of the cooling and dehumidification loads. The cooling design loads in 1991–2020 was increased 1.83% to 5.56% compared to those in 1971–2000, while the loads for dehumidification was decreased 0.92% to 5.5%. Carbon emissions from cooling were increased, exceeding the carbon reduction from dehumidification, which leads to a weak increase in total carbon emissions. This study revealed that air-conditioning design should fully consider climate change impact by separating cooling and dehumidification loads, increasing the cooling load to avoid insufficient air-conditioning output but reducing the dehumidification load to promote energy efficiency of the air-conditioning system and to reduce carbon emissions. More importantly, an assessment of design loads with climate change in city or small scales should be made before determining summer air-conditioning system design capacity.

Identifying noise control strategies for variable air volume (VAV) boxes in acute care hospital design

Variable air volume boxes are frequently used within new acute care hospital design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems in Canada. Spatial and room-use noise limits as defined within the project requirements [PM1] are often necessarily onerous to provide acoustical conditions that promote well-being and patient recovery, with appropriate noise control design crucial to the success of meeting the project requirements. Additionally, the desire for fiber-free linings to ductwork exacerbates the noise control limitations. This paper will review the available noise control strategies, the acoustic performance of fiber-free variable air volume box types with and without an attenuator and identify cost-benefits to the Design-Builder. This study will demonstrate how the implementation of a variety of variable air volume box models, sizes, operating conditions, pressure drops are affecting the noise performance. This study will summarize the appropriate variable air volume box types and design conditions that meet the project noise limits used in Canadian healthcare standards such as CSA Z8000, LEED and other provincial technical guidelines.

Исследование эффективности использования системы кондиционирования воздуха для обеспечения безопасности ведения горноспасательных работ в зоне высоких температур воздуха

Today, the problem of increased air temperatures in excavations of shafts and mines limiting or hampering mine-rescue operations is crucial. The existing technical solutions primarily aim to reduce the effects of heating microclimate on the mine rescuers via the use of individual and collective anti-heat equipment. Meanwhile, a potentially prospective means to ensure safe thermal effects on rescuers is to reduce the air temperature along their route via the use of air conditioning systems. The article is dedicated to developing a methodology for the air-conditioning system calculation to ensure the safety of mine-rescue operations. The developed methodology is conceptual and based on the principle of equity of the duration and intensity of cooling and heating effects of the environment on mine rescuers, considering the differentiation of the mine-rescue operations’ route by the parameters of tracing and microclimate following the requirements of the Instruction on localization and elimination of accident consequences. The calculations based on the proposed methodology enable the determination of the cooling capacity of the conditioning system that normalizes the microclimate along the entire length of the mine-rescue operations’ route as well as the maximum air temperature on the route. It is assumed that the developed methodology can be useful in the design of regular and emergency air-conditioning systems.

Multi-Objective Optimization Research on the Integration of Renewable Energy HVAC Systems Based on TRNSYS

Well-designed passive buildings can drastically reduce building energy consumption, and optimal design of air conditioning systems is the key to achieving low operating energy consumption in near-zero energy buildings. TRNSYS was used to build the simulation model for a near-zero-energy building and its air conditioning system in Beijing. The Taguchi method was used to sort the design parameters that affect system performance according to the degree of influence and find the best combination of design parameters to optimize the system, which increased the solar fraction of the system by 4.6% and reduced the annual operating energy consumption by 7.32%. For the optimized system, a multi-objective optimization function of the life cycle costs and carbon emissions was established. By comparing the energy consumption, life cycle costs, and carbon emissions of the air conditioning system under different system configurations, optimal configuration solutions under different design target weights were obtained. It was found that using a ground source heat pump system + solar collector system had better energy-savings benefits, but the operating costs were slightly higher. The application of absorption refrigeration can reduce the system operating costs but will increase the initial investment. The best economic benefits were achieved using the ground source heat pump system + solar collector system for heating in winter and the ground source heat pump system for cooling in summer, and the best environmental benefits were obtaining using the ground source heat pump system + solar collector system for heating in winter and the ground source heat pump system + solar absorption refrigeration system in summer, which provides a reference for the optimization design and research of air conditioning systems in near-zero energy buildings.

Multi-criteria refrigerant screening and performance optimization comparison of a basic and composition-adjustable dual cooling source system

Climate variability and staff mobility have exacerbated the vulnerability of the indoor environment, which calls for air-conditioning units capable of adapting to the active regulation demand of the changing heat and humidity loads. The identification of the refrigerant constitutes an essential sector of the air-conditioning system design. A composition-adjustable dual cooling source (CADCS) chiller has been proposed utilizing the characteristics of inefficient condensation of the non-azeotropic mixture. Separated flows of the working fluid with flexible mass fraction and flow rate respectively treat the waste heat and moisture. Multi-criteria screening mechanism for the working fluid is established involving: i) application field. The critical temperature is better restricted within 300 K to 400 K for application in air-conditioning. ii) environmental impact. The GWP of the candidate cannot exceed 800. iii) cycle architecture adaptability. The boiling point difference preferably exceeds 20 K. iv) liquid separation potential. The obvious temperature glide and substantial separation range allow for the integration of liquid separation technology. Thermodynamic performance optimization indicates that propane/isobutane outperforms all the candidates at a mass fraction of 0.5:0.5 characterized by obvious temperature glide and close to temperature change of the heat transfer medium. The maximum coefficient of performance (COP) is found to be up to 5.2 for the BDCS cycle and 4.42 during separation at vapor quality 0.436 for the CADCS cycle. The exergy loss of the evaporator is reduced by 17.1 %-73.7 % while the exergy efficiency is improved by 3 %-59.7 % due to temperature match refinement in the CADCS cycle. The refrigerant charge in the CADCS cycle can be saved by 5.54 %-15 %. The accumulating waste heat demands a lower vapor quality during separation, while the moisture load barely exerts an effect. Moreover, the effect of the subcooling degree on the cycle performance is analyzed and suggested at 1 °C. The CADCS cycle constitutes a promising prospect of dynamic treatment for thermal and humidity load in the air-conditioning room due to its flexible function and improved heat transfer match.

Performance analyses of a novel free-cooling assisted air conditioning system applied to electrical vehicles

Air conditioning system of electrical vehicles7 consumes much electricity for cooling. Using natural cooling source could effectively reduce energy consumption and extend mileage. In this paper, cooling load characteristics of electric vehicles were analyzed considering influences of climate conditions, and energy saving potential of using natural cooling sources were investigated to provide guidelines for the design of efficient air conditioning systems. First, a typical electrical vehicle was designed as the studying object, and a numerical model was established to calculate vehicle’s cooling load. Utilization ratio of natural cooling in severe cold regions, cold regions, and mild regions ranged from 36.7 % to 47.8 %, while the value was only 2.5 % in hot summer and warm winter areas. Then, a novel natural cooling assisted air conditioning system was proposed, and parametric studies were carried out to study energy-saving ratio and improvement of traveling hours. Average coefficient of performance of the novel system ranged from 4.47 to 6.08 with the air flow rate being 700 m3/h, and ranged from 5.78 to 7.71 with the air flow rate being 2000 m3/h. The values are 7.3 % to 65.8 % higher than the traditional air conditioning system. The electric consumption during cooling period could be reduced by up to 83.7 % in mild regions and by 24.9 % to 57.4 % in severe cold regions, cold regions, and hot summer and cold winter regions. Increasing setting temperature and enlarging air flow rate of the air conditioning system could effectively improve the energy-saving ratio. Traveling hours could be extended by 2.0 % to 15.8 %.

A generic design optimization framework for semiconductor cleanroom air-conditioning systems integrating heat recovery and free cooling for enhanced energy performance

High-tech industrial buildings, such as semiconductor cleanrooms, generally require strict temperature, humidity, and cleanliness controls, resulting in very high energy consumption of their air-conditioning systems. However, there exist two important problems in these air-conditioning systems, i.e., large cold-heat offset and low cooling efficiency. These two serious issues are generally neglected during the design stage and further cause great energy waste during the operation stage. This study therefore proposes a generic air-conditioning system design optimization framework for semiconductor cleanrooms by integrating heat recovery and free cooling techniques at air-side and water-side, respectively. The proposed design framework can fully eliminate cold-heat offset, simultaneously reduce cooling/heating loads and enhance cooling efficiency under full-range semiconductor applications. By detailed modeling and simulations, the proposed design framework is validated and tested under various indoor cooling loads, ventilation rates, and surrounding weather and climate conditions. Results show that 2.3–33.1 % energy savings are achieved and up to 15.8GJ/m2 annual primary energy is saved, compared with the conventional design. It is also observed that cities in cold and mild climates have higher energy-saving potentials than those in hot climates. It is recommended to utilize the proposed design framework as a benchmarking air-conditioning system design in new semiconductor cleanrooms.

Building information modelling-enabled multi-objective optimization for energy consumption parametric analysis in green buildings design using hybrid machine learning algorithms

Green buildings (GB) have been widely promoted in various nations. However, the post occupancy evaluation suggests many GB cannot well fulfill the expected targets. To overcome the mismatch among GB’s multi-objectives, this paper develops an efficient and intelligent hybrid method using BIM-DesignBuilder (BIM-DB), Grey wolf optimization (GWO), random forest (RF) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to achieve the optimization of design parameters. The BIM model and DB simulation tool were used to obtain data samples of envelope and air conditioning system design parameters, and their life cycle carbon emission (LCCE), economic cost (EC) and predicted mean vote (PMV). The RF model was used to achieve high precision prediction. The GWO was used in the hyper-parameter optimization. The NSGA-II algorithm was applied to multi-objective optimization to obtain optimal design parameters. A building case shows: (1) The RF model had an excellent prediction performance for LCCE, EC and PMV. (2) BIM-DB can be used to obtain low error and high reliability building simulation data sets. (3) The RF-NSGA-II intelligent algorithm can reduce the LCCE of the building in the entire cycle by 16.6%, reduce the EC per square meter by 2.0%, and greatly improve the thermal comfort by 18.3%, representing good application value. This research provides a way of thinking for the multiobjective optimization of green buildings from the perspective of data mining and guidance for the parameter selection of the envelopes and air conditioning systems of new and existing buildings to more scientifically and effectively design green buildings.

Analysis of Cooling Load Characteristics in Chinese Residential Districts for HVAC System Design

Energy consumption in residential buildings accounts for a large portion of global energy use. Understanding residential building load characteristics is important in both the design and technical suitability analysis of residential air conditioning systems in terms of energy efficiency and carbon reduction. However, most current research mainly focuses on the load characteristics of individual buildings and not on the variation in load characteristics of building aggregation. In addition, the load characteristics of building aggregations vary with the building scale; however, most studies have compared those of buildings under a certain scale, and the change with the increase in building scale is still unclear. The main purpose of this study is to explore load characteristic differences among residential buildings of different scales and the impacts of those differences on HVAC system design. Based on the monitoring data collected in a residential district in Zhengzhou, China, we analyzed the load characteristics among different households and combinations of different numbers of households from the variation in peak load, total consumption and load distribution, as well as the daily load volatility. We indicate that the load characteristics of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems of different scales should be considered in the design and operation stage.

Design of solar air conditioning system integrated with photovoltaic panels and thermoelectric coolers: Experimental analysis and machine learning modeling by random vector functional link coupled with white whale optimization

Design of solar air conditioning system integrated with photovoltaic panels and thermoelectric coolers: Experimental analysis and machine learning modeling by random vector functional link coupled with white whale optimization

Novel design of thermo-electric air conditioning system integrated with PV panel for electric vehicles: Performance evaluation

Traditional air conditioning may be inappropriate for electric vehicles due to its moving parts noise besides using chlorofluorocarbons that harm the environment. In addition, it consumes a significant portion of the stored energy in batteries, reducing the vehicle's driving range. So, in this paper, a novel design of thermo-electric cooling (TEC) system coupled with a photovoltaic (PV) panel replacing the vehicle roof is studied. This system consists of a sandwich of PV panel outside the vehicle and TEC inside with a heat sink system integrated between them. The air temperature variation in the cabin during the daytime is predicted by solving a complete mathematical transient thermal model of the whole system before and after mounting the cooling system. The air streams through the vehicle moving are exploited to improve the TEC and PV system performance. The system performance is investigated for different cases during the day with and without including the PV output power and for the vehicle parks inside or outside. The results indicate that, for each scenario, the number of used TEC modules influences the system performance where the best number varies between 128 and 98. Coupling the PV panel with the TEC system reduces the daily required energy from batteries by about 19%. Running the TEC system during parking from 8 to 10 am decreases the cabin air temperature from 47.5 to 34°C while the input power declines by about 45%, which reduces the interior temperature to 25°C in 10 min (transition time). The contribution of the PV panel based on the studied conditions can increase the range of the vehicle by 10.4 km/day and about 160kWh/year energy saving. The reduction in the input power during transition time reaches 27.8% when the vehicle speed increases from 30 to 60 km/h, while this ratio declines to 10.8% as the vehicle speed rises from 60 to 90 km/h. During vehicle moving, powering the TEC system by the PV panel only can prevent the cabin temperature from rising over 40°C, whereas during parking, there is an optimum fan air velocity that gives the maximum reduction of the cabin temperature.

Performance analysis of interactive cascade ventilation combined with solar energy for the epidemic prevention and control

Increasing low-grade and renewable energy sources in the HVAC systems has become necessary to reduce heating energy consumption. Hence, seeking a new air conditioning system that can be combined with renewable energy is significant to maintain a healthy and comfortable indoor environment with a low cost. This paper proposes a novel air source heat pumps assisted solar hot water with interactive cascade ventilation system (shortened as SWAP-ICV). Taking the traditional air source heat pumps with mixing ventilation system (AP-MV) as a reference, the virus control performance and energy efficiency of SWAP-ICV is investigated through CFD and TRNSYS simulations. The results demonstrate that interactive cascade ventilation under full-fresh air operation mode and normal-epidemic linkage mode can make the annual infection risk reduce by 41.16% and 9.33% compared with mixing ventilation under full-fresh air operation mode. Meanwhile, the proposed system can reduce energy consumption by 59.92% and 69.8% during the normal period and epidemic period by introducing solar energy. The average system COP during the heating season indicates that SWAP-ICV can improve the system efficiency by 1.9–2.58 times than AP-MV system. The conclusions obtained from this research can provide new ideas for the design and operation of air conditioning systems in the post-epidemic era.

Building Energy Saving for Indoor Cooling and Heating: Mechanism and Comparison on Temperature Difference

Reducing the heat transfer temperature difference via reasonable indoor temperature determination and air conditioning system design is a confirmed building energy-saving approach for space cooling and heating. However, the energy-saving mechanism cannot be explained scientifically and comprehensively while maintaining the cognitive level of the heat transfer law. In this paper, based on the same climatic conditions and decreasing range of indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the yearly and monthly absolute energy-saving amount (ESA) and relative energy-saving ratio (ESR) are investigated and compared for cooling and heating, respectively, to reveal the energy-saving mechanism for cooling and heating from the microscopic perspective. Two new concepts, including ESA by temperature difference and behavioral ESA by measure itself, are defined. The yearly ESA for cooling or heating caused by the decreasing of temperature difference is composed of those two factors. For cooling, the contribution rate of the behavioral ESA at those moments within the decreasing range of the temperature difference can be up to 78%, while for heating is only 7%. This work can provide theoretical support for building energy system design optimization and method reference for energy-saving analysis of building air conditioning systems with temperature difference considerations for cooling and heating, respectively.

Research on the Development of HVAC Technology and Building Energy Conservation in China

Under the influence of the concept of energy conservation and environmental protection, more and more people begin to pay attention to the energy-saving design of HVAC. In building structure, central air conditioning is an important system to adjust indoor temperature and humidity. Because the system will consume a lot of energy in the actual operation process, the design of central air conditioning system has also become an important link affecting energy consumption. At present, China has also put forward the strategy of carbon neutrality and environmental protection, which also puts forward new requirements for HVAC system design. In order to achieve this goal, this paper analyzes the development of HVAC technology and building energy saving in depth, hoping to provide effective reference for relevant personnel.

Hydro-thermal performance of fabric air duct (FAD): Experimental and CFD simulation assessments

Nowadays, fabric air duct (FAD) systems are the most cost-effective, and aesthetically appealing way to evenly distribute heated or cooled air to large open interior spaces. There is a need to develop a proper procedure to calculate the friction factor and Nusselt number of the air flow inside these types of fabric air ducts because of their great impact on the design of central air conditioning systems. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to carry out laboratory and numerical experiments to establish a certain technique of calculation of the friction factor and Nusselt number inside fabric air ducts and to develop validated CFD air distribution model capable of predicting the air flow pattern and heat transfer parameters inside different configurations of fabric air ducts. By controlling these parameters, FAD systems can be balanced and designed. For this purpose, three fabric air ducts made of porous and non-porous polyester with different outlet ports distribution and have a diameter of 60 cm and a length of 3 m have been experimentally assessed under variation of inlet Reynold numbers ranging from 9.9x103 to 1.47x105. The results showed that the maximum error between laboratory and numerical values for the mean friction factor and mean Nusselt number was 4.9% and 4.8% respectively, which was within an acceptable range according to previous studies. Based on the results analysis empirical correlations were obtained for their importance in achieving a well-balanced FAD system. One of the most significant equations that were obtained in this research was the relationship between the Nusselt number and Reynold number. For porous duct was Nu=127.69Re0.148, non-porous duct 4,8 o'clock air slots was Nu=4.51Re0.49 and non-porous duct 3,9 o'clock air slots was Nu=40.82Re0.139. The relationship between friction factor with Reynold number for porous duct was f=0.251e−0.0000067Re, non-porous duct 4,8 o'clock air slots was f=0.397e−0.000017Re and non-porous duct 3,9 o'clock air slots was f=0.529e−0.000025Re. All correlations are valid only within the range of conditions considered in current experimental study.