Design Intent Research Articles

VQ-CAD: Computer-Aided Design model generation with vector quantized diffusion

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software remains a pivotal tool in modern engineering and manufacturing, driving the design of a diverse range of products. In this work, we introduce VQ-CAD, the first CAD generation model based on Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models. This model utilizes a vector quantized diffusion model, employing multiple hierarchical codebooks generated through VQ-VAE. This integration not only offers a novel perspective on CAD model generation but also achieves state-of-the-art performance in 3D CAD model creation in a fully automatic fashion. Our model is able to recognize and incorporate implicit design constraints by simply forgoing traditional data augmentation. Furthermore, by melding our approach with CLIP, we significantly simplify the existing design process, directly generate CAD command sequences from initial design concepts represented by text or sketches, capture design intentions, and ensure designs adhere to implicit constraints.

The Flag as a Symbol and Vision of Peace, Democracy, and Nation-Building

The design of the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) illustrates both the objectives and limitations of intentional design’s role in national healing and state building following violent conflict. The architecture and design of public buildings, spaces, and symbols can facilitate sociability or reinforce segregation and hostility. This analysis contends that design, especially of public symbols intended to evoke emotions and unity, can facilitate healing. Yet in this case, the flag's design ignores the conflict, assumes a utopia, thus failing to move society to reconciliation.

MODELLING AND 3D PRINTING OF 2-WHEELER CARBURETOR

Carburetor is a most important component in fuel feed system of spark ignition engines. A carburetor is a device used by a gasoline internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The main structure and largest component of the carburetor is the molded body made from a lightweight alloy or aluminum. This carburetor model is made in a modelling software i.e., SolidWorks and this review examines the use of SolidWorks software for modelling two-wheeler carburetors, exploring its benefits for creating accurate 3D models, simulations, and design communication. It analyzes existing research on modelling various carburetor components and functionalities in SolidWorks, considering factors like detail, design intent, and manufacturability. This study is made for the best 3D model of the carburetor. Keywords: Carburetor, spark ignition engines, SolidWorks, 3D models, modelling.

CIBSE TM54 energy projections III: A case study using dynamic simulation with detailed system modelling

CIBSE TM54 was recently revised and covers best practice methods to evaluate the operational energy use of buildings. TM54 is a guidance document on performance evaluation at every stage of the design and construction process, and during the occupied stage, to ensure that long-term operational performance is in line with the design intent. The main performance evaluation principles in TM54 are a step-by-step modelling approach and scenario testing, to improve the robustness of the design proposal calculations. The latest version brings an updated perspective to the modelling approaches, including dynamic simulation with Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. It also incorporates more detailed guidance around risks, target setting, scenario testing and sensitivity analysis. A case study approach is used to explore some of the important aspects described in TM54. TM54 recommends three modelling approaches (aka implementation routes) that a project can follow depending on its scale and complexity: using quasi-steady state tools; using dynamic simulation with a template HVAC system; and using dynamic simulation with detailed HVAC system modelling. As part of a series of three, this case study provides an application of the third implementation route: dynamic simulation using detailed HVAC modelling.

From Awareness to Action: Exploring End-User Empowerment Interventions for Dark Patterns in UX

The study of UX dark patterns, i.e., UI designs that seek to manipulate user behaviors, often for the benefit of online services, has drawn significant attention in the CHI and CSCW communities in recent years. To complement previous studies in addressing dark patterns from (1) the designer's perspective on education and advocacy for ethical designs; and (2) the policymaker's perspective on new regulations, we propose an end-user-empowerment intervention approach that helps users (1) raise the awareness of dark patterns and understand their underlying design intents; (2) take actions to counter the effects of dark patterns using a web augmentation approach. Through a two-phase co-design study, including 5 co-design workshops (N=12) and a 2-week technology probe study (N=15), we reported findings on the understanding of users' needs, preferences, and challenges in handling dark patterns and investigated the feedback and reactions to users' awareness of and action on dark patterns being empowered in a realistic in-situ setting.

Navigating the Gray: Design Practitioners' Perceptions Toward the Implementation of Privacy Dark Patterns

Designers are sometimes accused of using deceptive methods to manipulate users' information privacy decisions through "privacy dark patterns." Through semi-structured interviews, we explore the perceptions of 23 design practitioners towards the implementation of "privacy dark patterns" created by other designers. This paper explores designers' perceived responsibilities toward users' privacy and their interpretations of the reasons behind the design implementation. We found a range of empathetic rationales among our participants toward other designers' intentions. An example theme is Designer Followed the Status Quo, where common and widely used privacy interfaces are normalized a practice that is typically viewed as reasonable. Our participants' interpretations of the design intent influenced their self-reported practices for navigating similar design requests. We propose a set of factors that influence privacy design practices, including following conventions and norms, ensuring legal compliance, reliance on established usability standards, perceived benefits to businesses and consumers, and degrees of privacy harm.

Design Optimization of LCV CAB for Frontal Pendulum Test: Enhancing Survival Space Improvement Through Frugal Load Path Transfer Techniques

In the fiercely competitive landscape of the automotive industry, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) encounter substantial challenges in the realm of Research and Development (R&D), particularly in the pursuit of lightweight design without compromising safety. As a result, the automotive sector continuously seeks innovative tools and methodologies to substantially optimize the structural composition of Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segments. The design of lightweight cabins, while simultaneously ensuring crashworthiness, not only plays a pivotal role in determining the market success of a new LCV but also holds significant legal implications. One well-established and indispensable evaluation tool to ascertain compliance with critical homologation requirements is the frontal pendulum test. This test serves as a litmus test for the appropriate design of Body in White (BIW) architecture, crucial for safeguarding occupant safety in unforeseen emergency scenarios.Within the context of adhering to styling themes and the design intent governing the three-dimensional (3D) geometry, a notable deviation emerged in the form of a 33 mm extension of the front panel in the newly stylized cabin. This deviation presented CAB engineers with a formidable challenge, as it disrupted the conventional load path of the frontal pendulum, rerouting it to the CAB itself instead of the intended transfer to the frame via the bull bar. The primary objective of this work is to restore the load path to the frame, all the while adhering to the original styling intent and refraining from introducing any additional modifications to major adjacent components such as the bumper and bumper reinforcement. Furthermore, this undertaking extends to encompass an exploration of cost reduction opportunities within the ambit of the newly styled CAB.
 Keywords: LCV CAB, Frontal Pendulum, Frugal Load, Occupant safety regulation, Styling impact, Pendulum impact, CAE simulation

CIBSE TM54 energy projections II: A case study using dynamic simulation with template systems modelling

CIBSE TM54 was recently revised and covers best practice methods to evaluate the operational energy use of buildings. TM54 is a guidance document on performance evaluation at every stage of the design and construction process, and during the occupied stage, to ensure that long-term operational performance is in line with the design intent. The main performance evaluation principles in TM54 are a step-by-step modelling approach and scenario testing, to improve the robustness of the design proposal calculations. The latest version brings an updated perspective to the modelling approaches, including dynamic simulation with Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. It also incorporates more detailed guidance around risks, target setting, scenario testing and sensitivity analysis. A case study approach is used to explore some of the important aspects described in TM54. TM54 recommends three modelling approaches (aka implementation routes) that a project can follow depending on its scale and complexity: using quasi-steady state tools; using dynamic simulation with template HVAC system; and using dynamic simulation with detailed HVAC system modelling. As part of a series of three, this case study provides an application of the second implementation route: using dynamic simulation with template HVAC. This case study provides detailed guidance on undertaking CIBSE TM54 modelling and projecting design stage building performance. The study covers the interpretation and clarifications of how TM54 can be applied, through the dynamic modelling tools using template HVAC systems.

CIBSE TM54 energy projections I: A case study using quasi-steady state modelling

CIBSE TM54 was recently revised and covers best practice methods to evaluate the operational energy use of buildings. TM54 is a guidance document that can be used for performance evaluation at every stage of the design and construction process, and during the occupied stage, to ensure that long-term operational performance aligns with the design intent. The main performance evaluation principles in TM54 are a step-by-step modelling approach and scenario testing, to improve the robustness of the design proposal calculations. The latest edition of this technical memorandum brings an updated perspective to the modelling approaches, including detailed Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) modelling and simulation. It also incorporates more detailed guidance around risks, target setting, scenario testing and sensitivity analysis. A case study approach is used to explore and demonstrate some important aspects described in TM54. TM54 recommends three modelling approaches (aka implementation routes) that a project can follow depending on its scale and complexity: using quasi-steady state tools; dynamic simulation with a template HVAC system; and dynamic simulation with detailed HVAC system modelling. As part of a series of three, this case study provides an application of the first implementation route: modelling using quasi-steady state tools. Practical Application This case study provides detailed guidance on undertaking CIBSE TM54 modelling and projecting design stage building performance. The study covers the interpretation and clarifications of how TM54 can be applied, through the quasi-steady-state modelling tools.

The intentions of the designers of digital educational tools in early childhood education

The popularity of programmable robots in early childhood education is growing. Such robots are discussed in the literature from the points of view of teachers, parents and children. We add the role of robot designers to this list. Focusing on designers and specifically their intentions is beneficial in two settings: in teacher training and whenever using the robots in playing activities in ECE. We present a qualitative study on robot designer intentions, conducted by group interviews with designers of two common but significantly different programmable robots, the Kubo robot and the Rugged robot. Using Activity Theory as the underlying framework for the thematic analysis of the interviews, our data reveal a large overlap of the intentions of both groups. They express the common goal of preparing children for the future although through slightly different competencies: enhancing computational thinking and 21st century skills, respectively. Both groups highlight the relevance of subjects outside computer science, specifically beyond coding. Our data also show a design process difference the Rugged robot was developed with a teacher-oriented approach whereas the Kubo robot with an object-oriented approach.

Exploring adaptive learning, learner-content interaction and student performance in undergraduate economics classes

This study explores the pedagogical use of adaptive learning to foster learner-content interaction, and its subsequent impact on student performance in a large first year Macroeconomics course in an Irish University. To increase student-content interaction, an adaptive learning tool (LearnSmart) is employed to create five weekly adaptive reading assignments, over a six-week period. We include two separate indicators of learner-content interaction (the amount of time spent and number of completed adaptive assignments) in our analysis. Results indicate that student performance is enhanced by the number of completed adaptive assignments, which captures learner-content interaction and adaptive learning. However, the amount of time spent studying was negatively associated with performance. This surprising result comes as a novel contribution, which extends our knowledge of how adaptive learning technology can be potentially used to drive learner-content interaction and student performance. Pedagogically, our findings suggest the need for more intentional design and personalisation of learning activities to enhance student-content interaction and subsequent performance.

Impact of green packaging design on green purchase intention

We explored the relationship between green packaging design and green purchase intention from the perspective of consumers by conducting a bootstrapped mediation effects analysis and a multiple mediation analysis with 513 users of a brand in China that has green packaging. The results revealed that green packaging design had a strong positive impact on green purchase intention, and this relationship was mediated by perceived environmental friendliness, green brand equity, green brand attitudes, and green brand relationships. In addition, green packaging design influenced green purchase intention through the paths from environmental friendliness to green brand equity, and from green brand attitudes to green brand relationships. The findings of this study offer guidelines for green marketing efforts. By adopting green packaging designs and promoting environmental friendliness, companies can enhance their green brand equity, which can, in turn, positively influence consumers' green purchase intention.

Informal settlements and the continuity of Gujarati building traditions in Ahmedabad

Informal settlement is a widespread form of development in rapidly urbanising countries, yet the architectural form of dwellings and the design intention of the residents has received scant attention across the extensive literature on informality. Architectural scholars have drawn parallels between informal and vernacular environments, but the empirical evidence to support this assertion is limited. Comparing accurate and detailed architectural drawings, this article demonstrates how Gujarati building traditions influence the arrangement of dwellings and their plans in two informal settlements in Ahmedabad. Despite insecurity of land tenure and limited services, dwellings are built incrementally but planned with architectural intent informed by traditional rural housing types. The function and arrangement of traditional room types are consistent across dwellings in different contexts, from world heritage-listed havelis, rural Gujarati villages, to the incremental housing in two informal settlements in Ahmedabad. This evidence is at odds with popular and political views that informal settlements are unplanned accretions of ad hoc shelters. Such views, embedded in policy, can be part of the rationale for ‘slum’ clearance and relocation, which frequently disrupts social and economic networks. The findings and methods used in this study can inform architects or planners seeking to upgrade, redevelop, or relocate informal settlement communities.

DeepCraft: imitation learning method in a cointelligent design to production process to deliver architectural scenarios

The recent advancements in digital technologies and artificial intelligence in the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation sector (AECO) have induced high demands on the digital skills of human experts, builders, and workers. At the same time, to satisfy the standards of the production-efficient AECO sector by reducing costs, energy, health risk, material resources, and labor demand through efficient production and construction methods such as design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA), it is necessary to resolve efficiency-related problems in mutual human‒machine collaborations. In this article, a method utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), namely, generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL), is presented then evaluated in two independent experiments related to the processes of DfMA as an efficient human‒machine collaboration. These experiments include a) training the digital twin of a robot to execute a robotic toolpath according to human gestures and b) the generation of a spatial configuration driven by a human's design intent provided in a demonstration. The framework encompasses human intelligence and creativity, which the AI agent in the learning process observes, understands, learns, and imitates. For both experimental cases, the human demonstration, the agent's training, the toolpath execution, and the assembly configuration process are conducted digitally. Following the scenario generated by an AI agent in a digital space, physical assembly is undertaken by human builders as the next step. The implemented workflow successfully delivers the learned toolpath and scalable spatial assemblies, articulating human intelligence, intuition, and creativity in the cocreative design.

People, space use and objects: an UWB-based quantifying approach for post-occupancy evaluation of new architectural spaces

PurposeThis study was conducted to address the methodical shortcomings and high associated cost of understanding the use of new, poorly understood architectural spaces, such as makerspaces. The proposed quantified method of enhancing current post-occupancy evaluation (POE) practices aims to provide architects, engineers and building professionals with accessible and intuitive data that can be used to conduct comparative studies of spatial changes, understand changes over time (such as those resulting from COVID-19) and verify design intentions after construction through a quantified post-occupancy evaluation.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, we demonstrate the use of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology to gather, analyze and visualize quantified data showing interactions between people, spaces and objects. The experiment was conducted in a makerspace over a four-day hackathon event with a team of four actively tracked participants.FindingsThe study shows that by moving beyond simply counting people in a space, a more nuanced pattern of interactions can be discovered, documented and analyzed. The ability to automatically visualize findings intuitively in 3D aids architects and visual thinkers to easily grasp the essence of interactions with minimal effort.Originality/valueBy providing a method for better understanding the spatial and temporal interactions between people, objects and spaces, our approach provides valuable feedback in POE. Specifically, our approach aids practitioners in comparing spaces, verifying design intent and speeding up knowledge building when developing new architectural spaces, such as makerspaces.

Virtual Reality in Historic Urban District Renovation for Enhancing Social and Environmental Sustainability: A Case of Tangzixiang in Anhui

Virtual reality (VR) technology has attracted the attention of architectural practitioners due to its ability to allow people to interact with proposed design elements through unique and immersive experiences. This study aims at providing a bottom-up decision-making approach, using VR technology for inhabitant engagement in the design process of historic urban district renovation to preserve local culture, improve community interaction, and replace printed paper use for review. The study focuses on the Tangzixiang district in the Anhui province, providing Scheme 1 with a traditional architectural style and Scheme 2 with a modern architectural style for the renovation. The schemes are developed in a VR environment in both smooth movement mode and node-based movement mode. A total of 62 inhabitants and 10 architecture practitioners finished the VR experience, and the survey-based results indicate that VR quality can satisfy the requirements of practitioners in a professional review. In the inhabitants’ view, Scheme 1, with a traditional architectural style, is identified as being more effective in preserving local culture. The scheme is improved by the design studio after the survey, based on the questionnaire results and comments. Notably, 56 participants scored five, indicating their agreement with the notion that VR enhances their engagement in the design stage. The effectiveness of the VR technology in the bottom-up decision-making process has proven to offer inhabitants opportunities to participate. This study demonstrates how this level of immersive experience in VR environments has the potential to be applied in more projects, aiding clients in better understanding design intent and helping them make more informed decisions early in the design process.

Abstract 1002: The historically black colleges and universities cancer trial consortium: A way forward to diversifying cancer clinical trials

Abstract The National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network cancer guidelines state that the best management for a cancer patient is on a clinical trial. However, the demographics of 74 registration trials for oral cancer therapies from 2009 - 2019 show only 2.5% of participating patients were Black. Similarly, of the 3,593 patients enrolled in all registration trials for new cancer drugs approved by the FDA in 2019, only 4% were Black patients. A third analysis showed that between 2008 and 2018, only 3.1% of cancer trial patients were Black. The underrepresentation of Black patients in cancer clinical trials is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted solution. Complicated, interdependent causes include, but are not limited to system, provider, and patient bias. Increasing globalization of clinical trials also contributes to a widening gap in Black patient enrollment. Achieving diversity among clinical trial participants requires intention in study design regarding accrual sites and outreach, and involvement of a diverse trial workforce. The ideal clinical trial system would minimize system, provider, and patient biases. Such a system already exists in the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) system. HBCUs represent 3% of institutions of higher education in the USA, yet they enroll 16% of Black students and confer 24% of all baccalaureate degrees earned by Black students. 40% of Black engineers, 50% of Black lawyers, 70% of Black physicians, and a staggering 80% of Black judges attended an HBCU. HBCUs are exceptional at impacting communities of Color and have been doing so for centuries. The HBCU Cancer Trials Consortium (HBCU CTC) is a network of HBCUs and Ally institutions that aims to bring innovative cancer clinical trials to historically underserved communities and honor the legacy of HBCUs, which have consistently and successfully served underserved communities for over a century. The HBCU CTC will oversee and conduct cancer clinical trials at member institutions. We envision founding flagship members to include HBCUs that provide graduate medical education and training, such as Howard, Meharry, Charles Drew, and Morehouse. Non-HBCUs committed to the mission are invited to join the consortium as Ally institutions (eg. MSIs). Membership is not exclusive of membership in other cancer consortia. The HBCU CTC will provide shared resource services for member institutions that lack expertise or funding to conduct services locally (eg. data management, DSMB, biostatistics, a cancer focused IRB, central radiology, and central pathology). The Consortium will also work to develop local infrastructure support for the conduct of cancer clinical trials at member institutions. Citation Format: Sheldon L. Holder, Robert A. Winn, Wafik S. El-Deiry. The historically black colleges and universities cancer trial consortium: A way forward to diversifying cancer clinical trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1002.

Adaptive location method for film cooling holes based on the design intent of the turbine blade

Adaptive location method for film cooling holes based on the design intent of the turbine blade

Aplicaciones de la tecnología de realidad aumentada en el proceso de diseño

Introduction: design is a complex process that goes beyond creativity and sketch; it includes the integration of opinions, research on current technologies, evaluation of resources, and collaboration of people. Current three-dimensional effect maps do not fully express the designer's intentions; instead, virtual representation with augmented reality (AR) ensures significant improvements in the process. The objective was to characterize the application of AR technology in design process.Methods: a total of 20 articles in Spanish and English were extracted from Scopus, Science and Springer; using as keywords: augmented reality, industrial design, product design, architectural design, being more than 50% of the last five years.Results: AR is a visualization tool that combines digitally created data with the real environment. AR environments within the design have three main characteristics, intuitive observation, informative visualization and immersive interaction. They focus on product visualization, usage simulation and ergonomic analysis, hybrid/augmented prototyping, industrial design assembly. The designer can view and interact with the prototype in a way that is realistic and also able to connect the virtual prototype with materialized designs.Conclusions: augmented reality technology guarantees improvements in production time, use of resources, effectiveness and acceptance of the design; It allows you to view the model on a real scale, modify and adjust the virtual space at will, as well as great adaptability and the possibility of positive feedback

Distanciation as a technology of control in the UK hostile environment.

This article considers how distanciation, understood as the active production of different forms of distance as a method of control, is used to manage people racialised and criminalised as migrants within the UK's hostile environment. Analysing different policies introduced under the hostile environment agenda, as well as the more recent New Plan for Immigration, we argue distanciation is a key tactic that shapes these policies and their implementation as well as offers us insight into changing forms of governing migration. Drawing on the analysis of a wide range of policy documents, the paper attends to different forms of distanciation used as a method of control within the UK's wider hostile environment and then presents the results of a case-study of how distanciation is mobilised within the English National Health Service, under the Migrant and Visitor Cost Recovery Programme in particular, which was introduced in 2014 to ensure the NHS receives 'a fair contribution' from people racialised as migrants. Addressing different forms of distanciation such as - spatial, legal and emotional - we argue that the lens of distance can offer insights into how detachment - increasing distance between different agents in immigration law and border enforcement is an intentional design to control empathy, solidarity and resistance. Tracing ways these forms of distanciation are designed into legislative and administrative measures helps us better understand how hostile environment policies work as well as locating agencies and possibilities of resistance within different spaces, agents and subjects of bordering.