Design Intent Research Articles

A parametric and feature-based CAD dataset to support human-computer interaction for advanced 3D shape learning

3D shape learning is an important research topic in computer vision, in which the datasets play a critical role. However, most of the existing 3D datasets use voxels, point clouds, mesh, and B-rep, which are not parametric and feature-based. Thus they can not support the generation of real-world engineering computer-aided design (CAD) models with complicated shape features. Furthermore, they are based on 3D geometry results without human-computer interaction (HCI) history. This work is the first to provide a full parametric and feature-based CAD dataset with a selection mechanism to support HCI in 3D learning. First, unlike existing datasets, mainly composed of simple features (typical sketch and extrude), we devise complicated engineering features, such as fillet, chamfer, mirror, pocket, groove, and revolve. Second, different from the monotonous combination of features, we invent a select mechanism to mimic how human focuses on and selects a particular topological entity. The proposed mechanism establishes the relationships among complicated engineering features, which fully express the design intention and design knowledge of human CAD engineers. Therefore, it can process advanced 3D features for real-world engineering shapes. The experiments show that the proposed dataset outperforms existing CAD datasets in both reconstruction and generation tasks. In quantitative experiment, the proposed dataset demonstrates better prediction accuracy than other parametric datasets. Furthermore, CAD models generated from the proposed dataset comply with semantics of the human CAD engineers and can be edited and redesigned via mainstream industrial CAD software.

A collaborative adaptation game for promoting climate action: Minions of Disruptions™

Abstract. With the onset of climate change, adaptive action must occur at all scales, including locally, placing increasing responsibility on the public. Effective communication strategies are essential, and adaptation games have shown potential in fostering social learning and bridging the knowledge–action gap. However, few research efforts so far give voice to participants that engage with collaborative games in organisational and community settings. This paper presents a novel approach to studying designer–participant interactions in adaptation games, diverging from traditional learning-focused frameworks. Specifically, it examines Minions of Disruptions™ (MoD), a collaborative tabletop board game, through the lens of how participant perception aligns with the game's design intentions as described by the game designers and facilitators. Through focus group interviews with designers and facilitators, 10 core design intentions were identified and compared with responses from post-game surveys of participants from 2019–2022. Key insights reveal that collaboration and team building are highly effective frames for climate adaptation. However, some design elements, such as time pressure, can hinder discussion, suggesting a need to balance objectives. The method adopted manages to avoid traditional expert-to-public analysis structures and places emphasis on the importance of iterative design based on participant insights. This approach provides valuable guidance for future adaptation game designs, demonstrating that games can effectively engage diverse groups and support local adaptation efforts by creating a sense of belonging and collective purpose.

Microstructural Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Carbon-Binder Domain across Processing Conditions

Improvement of lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy density and rate capability is necessary to increase adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and curb transportation emissions. The cathode structure must support facile ion and electron transport, enabling rapid charging while maintaining near-theoretical capacity. Much investigation focuses on active material design for fast-charging cathodes, [1] but less is understood about the effect of electrode processing on carbon-binder domain (CBD) structure and its impact on rate capability. As conductive carbon facilitates electron transfer, slow Li+ diffusion through cathode micropores is rate-limiting and prevents full active material utilization at high charge rates. [2,3] However, efforts to improve Li+ diffusion, such as increasing porosity, introduce charge-transfer limitations. [4] Thus, cathode processing conditions and resulting microstructure must be carefully designed to optimize for both electronic and ionic conductivity. For example, an increase in coating shear rate and decrease in slurry solid content improves long-range electronic pathways [5,6] and calendaring strengthens active material-carbon contacts to reduce charge-transfer resistance. [2] However, the impact of processing variations on ionic transport pathways, which can be described by CBD porosity and tortuosity, is not well understood. Further, because the CBD is traditionally characterized as a single phase, the distinct influences of insulating binder and conductive carbon distributions on structure and performance are poorly defined.In this talk, I will discuss how electrode coating conditions impact pathways available to Li+ and electrons within the CBD with the goal of identifying optimal microstructures for efficient transport. We fabricate cathodes with varying solid content, coating shear rate, and degree of calendaring to explore disparate CBD microstructures. We use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a symmetric cell & blocking electrolyte to determine cathode resistivity and tortuosity and plasma focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (PFIB-SEM) to examine CBD morphology over a representative cathode volume (~80 x 80 x 50 µm3). We then use small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with solvent contrast variation to distinguish between binder and carbon distributions and determine the surface area of each component within the CBD. Relationships between processing conditions, structural variations, and rate capability will be discussed, informing the design of the CBD for facile transport and improved fast charging performance. Further, reducing ionic transport limitations through intentional design of LIB cathodes will enable thicker electrodes to increase cell energy density.

Contextual considerations in TPACK: Collaborative processes in initial teacher education

The importance of educational technologies continues to be revealed in contemporary classrooms and has consequently resulted in calls for those in initial teacher education programs to engage with contexts in which they can develop and demonstrate their technological, pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK). Despite TPACK being one of the world's most frequently used frameworks for understanding teachers’ technology integration (Hew et al., 2019; Niederhauser & Lindström, 2018), conceptualisations of the contexts in which pre-service teachers develop and demonstrate their TPACK are often confined to physical locations (Phillips et al., 2016; Phillips, 2016b; Rosenberg & Koehler, 2015). This research takes a broader consideration of ‘context’ through explorations of empirical data from a study of Australian pre-service teachers (PSTs) collaboratively planning, delivering and reflecting on team-taught, online, high school STEM classes in an attempt to answer the research question driving this research: What contextually situated learning process shape pre-service teachers’ TPACK development? Data from a series of semi-structured interviews revealed changes in the ways in which pre-service teachers conceptualised their TPACK. More importantly, this study found that the situated learning processes of induction, transferability, positive interdependence, synchronicity, and negotiability (Johnson and Johnson, 1994; Dillenbourg, 1999) were particularly important in explaining how participants understood and explained their TPACK acquisition and enactment. This research also highlights the importance of intentional design decisions by teacher educators to consider broader conceptualisations of ‘contexts’ which illustrate the importance of situated and collaborative learning opportunities to shape pre-service teachers TPACK. Importantly, these designs in this setting also empowered pre-service teachers to take risks with their praxis as they reported a feeling of emotional safety when teaching with a liminal peer. Consequently, the power of collaborative processes and interactions were revealed as new contextual considerations in the TPACK framework.

Designer-Generative AI Ideation Process: Generating Images Aligned with Designer Intent in Early-Stage Concept Exploration in Product Design

Designer-Generative AI Ideation Process: Generating Images Aligned with Designer Intent in Early-Stage Concept Exploration in Product Design

RESEARCH ON OPTIMIZATION OF MOTORWAY ROUTE DESIGN SCHEME IN MOUNTAIN AREAS BASED ON ENTROPY WEIGHT-TOPSIS MODEL

During the design process of a new mountainous motorways, multiple route schemes are often proposed for a comprehensive design effort. Each route scheme will have its advantages and disadvantages, so it is often difficult to choose a route scheme. Usually the expert decision method is used to screen the route schemes, but this method mainly relies on the personal experience of experts, and it is difficult to measure the criteria, which can lead to the embarrassing situation that different experts do not agree on the choice of routes.In order to optimize the route scheme for the design process of mountainous motorways and improve the efficiency and scientificity of route scheme selection, evaluation indicators were selected from traffic safety, construction economy, and environmental friendliness. The Entropy Weight Method (EWM) was used to assign the weight of the evaluation indicators. By improving the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), the problem of subjective opinions and excessive reliance on objective data by designers in the multi factor evaluation process was overcome. A EWM-TOPSIS evaluation model was proposed. By analyzing specific examples of mountainous motorway construction, research results were obtained. The results indicate that the model can reflect the designer's intention towards the route scheme and the actual construction project. There is a high degree of consistency with the expert's empirical judgment, which verifies the feasibility and accuracy of the model. This model can provide reliable reference and basis for the decision-making of motorway route schemes in mountainous areas.

Simulation of street landscape design based on machine learning and entertainment design robots: An interactive entertainment design experience

Traditional design methods usually present design ideas through plans and models, but this method can not truly simulate the design effect. Therefore, this research aims to use computer game simulation and virtual robotics technology to provide a more interactive and realistic design experience. The study creates a virtual street environment with elements such as streets, buildings and vegetation through computer game simulation. Participants can move and interact in this environment through virtual robots, experience the process of street landscape design, adjust the street layout, add landscape elements, and observe the design effect in real time according to their own design intentions. Compared with traditional design methods, the experimental results show that the design experience using computer game simulation and virtual robot technology is more vivid, creative and interactive. Participants can better perceive the design effect and adjust the design scheme in real time. This interactive entertainment design experience method can help designers and participants better understand and evaluate the design scheme, and improve the design effect and participation.

Topological Interlocking Assembly: Introduction to Computational Architecture

Topological interlocking assembly (TIA) and computational architecture treat form as an emergent property of a material system, where the final shape results from the interplay of geometries and geometric interdependencies influenced by contextual constraints (material, structure, and fabrication). This paper posits that TIA is an ideal pedagogical tool for introducing students to computational architecture, and its theoretical foundations and design principles. Specifically, defining TIA as a material system provides a robust educational approach for engaging students with computation; fostering design processes through bottom-up, hands-on investigations; expressing design intents as procedural logic; understanding generative geometric rules; and exploring the flexibility of parametric variations. The methodology is detailed and illustrated through a design workshop and study unit from the Bachelor’s and Master’s programs at the Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta. Four case studies of TIA—of tetrahedra, cones, octahedra, and osteomorphic blocks—demonstrate how these exercises introduce students to computational thinking, parametric design, and fabrication techniques. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of this pedagogical methodology, concluding that integrating computational architecture in education shifts students’ design processes to investigation and innovation-based approaches, enabling them to address contemporary design challenges through context-driven solutions.

Developing GA-FuL: A Generic Wide-Purpose Library for Computing with Geometric Algebra

The Geometric Algebra Fulcrum Library (GA-FuL) version 1.0 is introduced in this paper as a comprehensive computational library for geometric algebra (GA) and Clifford algebra (CA), in addition to other classical algebras. As a sophisticated software system, GA-FuL is useful for practical applications requiring numerical or symbolic prototyping, optimized code generation, and geometric visualization. A comprehensive overview of the GA-FuL design is provided, including its core design intentions, data-driven programming characteristics, and extensible layered design. The library is capable of representing and manipulating sparse multivectors of any dimension, scalar kind, or metric signature, including conformal and projective geometric algebras. Several practical and illustrative use cases of the library are provided to highlight its potential for mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications. The metaprogramming code optimization capabilities of GA-FuL are found to be unique among other software systems. This allows for the automated production of highly efficient code, based on powerful geometric modeling formulations provided by geometric algebra.

Algorithmic modeling of functionally graded metamaterials in 3D printed building envelopes

Recent development of powder-bed additive manufacturing promises to enable the production of architectural structures that combine high resolution and articulation with economies of scale. These capabilities can potentially be used for functionally graded metamaterials as part of the building envelope and structure, paving the way for new functionalities and performances. However, designing such multifunctional structures requires new design and modelling strategies to control, understand, and generate complex geometries and their transcalar interdependencies. The work presented here demonstrates a modeling framework that can unite multiple generative and organizational algorithms to create a unified, 3D printable building element that integrates a range of functional requirements. Our methods are based on an understanding of stigmergic principles for self-organization and developed to allow for a wide range of application scenarios and design intents. The framework is structured around a composite modeling environment based on a combination of volumetric modeling and particle-spring systems, and is developed to negotiate the large scalar range necessary for such applications. We present here a prototype demonstrator designed using this framework: Meristem Wall, a functionally integrated building envelope fabricated through a combination of powder bed 3D printing and CNC knitting.

Recycled Cathodes in Rechargeable Aqueous Batteries as Ready-Made Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution Catalysis.

The development of a low-cost and efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrode is of critical importance for water electrolysis technologies. The general approach to achieving a high-efficiency OER electrode is to regulate catalytic material structures by synthetic control. Here we reported an orthogonal approach to obtaining the OER electrode without intentional design and synthesis, namely, recycling MnO2 cathodes from failed rechargeable aqueous batteries and investigating them as ready-made catalytic electrodes. The recycled MnO2 cathode showed very little Zn2+ storage capacity but surprisingly high OER activity with a low overpotential of 307 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a small Tafel slope of 77.9 mV dec-1, comparable to the state-of-the-art RuO2 catalyst (310 mV, 86.9 mV dec-1). In situ electrochemical and theoretical studies jointly revealed that the accelerated OER kinetics of the recycled MnO2 electrode was attributed to the enlarged active surface area of MnO2 and optimized electronic structure of Mn sites. This work suggests failed battery cathodes as successful catalysis electrodes for sustainable energy development.

School maturity and the quest for normalcy: how parental complaints shaped expertise and state policies in socialist Hungary and East Germany, 1960s-1980s

ABSTRACT After World War II, socialist states developed a new schooling system aimed at building an egalitarian society. While there is a solid body of research discussing the relationship between the intent and effect of the egalitarian design of socialist school systems, the importance of school maturity assessments for the socialist project has received only minor attention. This article discusses how the introduction of school maturity assessments developed by experts in medicine, psychology, and pedagogy in 1960s Hungary and East Germany contributed to the visibility of children who were deemed immature. It shows that both socialist states developed institutional solutions beyond the standard school system for tackling the problem of school immaturity in children; these solutions, in turn, evoked different reactions from parents. As the article discusses, parents used various avenues to oppose the official expert assessments with which they disagreed. In both countries, parents increasingly voiced their opinions in complaint letters addressed to the state in a quest to overcome what they perceived as a severe threat to their children’s ‘normal’ development. By tracing parental bottom-up initiatives, the article investigates how parental agency ultimately shaped state policies and expertise despite the asymmetrical power relations that were present in these authoritarian societies. To show the interplay of parental agency, experts, and the state, we employ a combination of two methodological approaches, the sociology of expertise and the concept of Eigensinn, for understanding the spaces of negotiation and the role expertise plays in it. This article thereby sheds light on parental agency and its impact on expertise and state policies concerning school maturity in two socialist states that offered very different institutional answers to the problem; bureaucratic approaches towards complaint letters also varied significantly.

디자이너와 생성형 인공지능의 협업을 통한 디자인 이미지 생성에 관한 연구

This study focuses on the collaborative design between designers and generative artificial intelligence, aiming to create images that align with design intentions. In the theoretical background section, the theoretical foundations of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the development of artificial intelligence are explored. The working principles and functional characteristics of ChatGPT and Midjourney are analyzed in detail, revealing that the reasonable combination of these two tools can significantly enhance the alignment and creativity of image design. From a cognitive perspective, the design thinking process of designers is analyzed, and the design thinking process of this study is summarized, providing experimental guidance for this research. Experimental results indicate that under the guidance of clear design intention prompts, the images generated by ChatGPT and Midjourney align with the designers' expectations. This reveals the advantages and limitations of generative artificial intelligence in image generation, offering references for future optimization. This study suggests that designers should maintain a leading role in the design process, using artificial intelligence as an auxiliary tool to expand creativity rather than replace human creativity. Human-machine collaborative design is feasible and effective, and this study also provides specific recommendations for designers to better utilize generative artificial intelligence.

Sequential Monitoring Using the Second Generation P-Value with Type I Error Controlled by Monitoring Frequency

The Second Generation P-Value (SGPV) measures the overlap between an estimated interval and a composite hypothesis of parameter values. We develop a sequential monitoring scheme of the SGPV (SeqSGPV) to connect study design intentions with end-of-study inference anchored on scientific relevance. We build upon Freedman’s “Region of Equivalence” (ROE) in specifying scientifically meaningful hypotheses called Pre-specified Regions Indicating Scientific Merit (PRISM). We compare PRISM monitoring versus monitoring alternative ROE specifications. Error rates are controlled through the PRISM’s indifference zone around the point null and monitoring frequency strategies. Because the former is fixed due to scientific relevance, the latter is a targettable means for designing studies with desirable operating characters. An affirmation step to stopping rules improves frequency properties including the error rate, the risk of reversing conclusions under delayed outcomes, and bias.

A HAZOP of dust explosion testing and explosibility modelling using artificial neural networks

AbstractThis work presents artificial neural network (ANN) models to determine explosion severity parameters (e.g., maximum explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise) of given dust samples. ANN‐based models for explosibility parameters are presented for carbon black, zinc, urea, and oat grain flour dust samples based on data generated in a 20‐L explosion chamber. The optimal hyper‐parameters of the models have been explored using the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno, stochastic gradient descent, and Adam solvers. A hazard and operability study has also been conducted for each of the following to diagnose issues at different stages in developing the ANN‐based dust explosibility models: dust testing, model selection, parameter learning, and evaluation. Using different guidewords, the deviation of numerous factors from their design intent, causes, consequences, and specific safeguards have been provided for enabling optimal performance. This can be helpful in understanding, evaluating, and analyzing dust explosions for safer operation of industrial activities handling combustible dusts.

Interests of the future: An integrative review and research agenda for an automated world of work

Research on automation and the future of work is a major focus for both academics and practitioners due to technological changes disrupting the labor market and educational pathways. Although recent articles have published projections about the types of tasks and jobs most likely to be automated in the coming years, little attention has been devoted to how different types of vocational interests are susceptible to automation, as well as resulting changes to the match between people's interests and their jobs. In the present article, we provide an integrative review of vocational interests and automation projections within and across jobs. By standardizing and mapping projections to Holland's RIASEC interest model, we found that Investigative (scientific) and Conventional (detail-oriented) interests, including STEM interests, are most susceptible to automation, whereas Social (people-oriented) and Realistic (hands-on) interests are least susceptible. For Artistic and Enterprising interests, some creative work, decision-making, and leadership skills may be affected by automation across a range of jobs. We build on these projections to propose a future research agenda integrating interests, technology, and careers. Specifically, we identify five areas for future research, including using intentional work design to enhance interests, the role of interests in career decisions related to project-based work, changes in people's interests following automation, increased use of basic interests, and the systematic impacts of automation on different groups of people. Overall, this review highlights how vocational interests will remain an important topic with high relevance for career guidance, education, and organizations as the future of work evolves.

Crafting illusions: Human-made composite coating used to simulate amber beads in prehistoric Iberia

The discovery of a set of beads, comprising both Sicilian amber and resin-coated beads in the Middle Bronze Age burial site of Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona, Spain), has sparked inquiries into whether the coating was intended for imitation or counterfeiting of amber. We assert that human-made materials, such as bead coatings, are intentionally conceived, designed, and crafted to fulfill specific functions. Thus, for an object to effectively fulfill its intended purpose, it must meet particular performance criteria influenced by situational factors.This paper aims to construct an empirically grounded narrative elucidating the development and function of resin-coated bead technology. Our methodology includes a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the coating and beads, an exploration of the interplay between technical choices and situational factors, and an investigation into whether the simulation of sensory performance characteristics played a pivotal role in the concept and design of resin-coated beads. Additionally, we synthesize data to unveil broader patterns related to the crafting and utilization of resin-coated and amber beads across time and space.We have documented resin-coated beads in the Iberian Peninsula from the Neolithic period (5th to 3rd millennia BCE) until at least the Middle Bronze Age (first half of the 2nd millennium BCE), where they coexisted with amber beads. Analysis employing ATR-FTIR and μ-CT imaging has revealed a composite coating comprising pine resin, beeswax, and carotene, adhered to shell beads with bone glue. This composite material represents the earliest known development in human history, unique to the Iberian Peninsula and without parallel in Prehistoric Europe.Our examination of the performance characteristics and functional roles of resin-coated beads suggests their potential as substitutes for amber beads, particularly in regions where amber was scarce or inaccessible. Despite being crafted from commonplace materials, these coated beads exhibit intentional design choices likely aimed at simulating the visual performance characteristics of amber. This deliberate effort, alongside their widespread distribution across time and space, indicates that composite-coated beads held symbolic and social significance akin to amber beads.

Формирование профессионально значимых стереотипов и речевого поведения будущего врача в мультикультурном пространстве вуза

This article examines the process of shaping professional attitudes of future medical specialist within the framework of an open cultural space and the medicalization of culture. Among these attitudes are communicative competence, a tolerant attitude towards patients from diverse cultures, their attitudes towards medicine and health, and their manner of communication with healthcare professionals. The authors emphasize that a medical university serves as a model of an open cultural space, which facilitates the development of necessary attitudes and skills for professional activity. It is demonstrated that within the educational context of a medical university, skills in physician-patient communication must be cultivated. The special role of the university in the development of students’ communicative competence and formation of communicative personality of future medical worker is emphasized. Through intentional curriculum design and experiential learning opportunities, students are empowered to become competent and compassionate medical professionals capable of providing high-quality care to patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Keywords: professional

A knowledge graph-based approach to modeling & representation for machining process design intent

Numerical control machining process design, which connects product design and modern manufacturing, is the extension of the design process in the process field. The process design intent, derived from in-depth part analysis, embodies the cognitive and strategic thinking of technologists in response to the specific design requirements during the process design. It encapsulates interpretable experiential knowledge and provides valuable insights for subsequent process design stages. However, the process design intent is the tacit experiential knowledge of technologists that implicitly exists in the process design, lacking a reasonable organizational framework and effective method to effectively represent and capture it. To fill this gap, a process design intent model for representing and capturing useful design intent knowledge for future reuse is developed and evaluated in this study. Firstly, this paper analyzes the existence of process design intent in process design and gives a brief description of the working scheme of the process design intent model. Then, the key modules of the model are introduced in detail and a knowledge graph of process design intent is built based on the model structure. Moreover, the process design intent annotator is developed to effectively capture process design intent. Finally, the example for capturing and representing process design intent is shown and the model is evaluated and discussed by the example.

Dual-comb operation in an all-polarization-maintaining ultrafast holmium-doped fiber laser

We present a dual-comb fiber laser in the wavelength range of 2.1 μm from an all-polarization-maintaining holmium-doped fiber laser based on a reflective nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (Figure- 9) scheme. The dynamics of the laser, where net cavity dispersion is controlled by varying the length of the intra-cavity dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF), has been fully investigated. The laser is found capable of mode-locking with a net cavity dispersion value ranging from net anomalous (−0.19 ps2) to net normal (0.11 ps2). More interestingly, without any intentional design, dual-comb operation with a relatively small offset frequency, down to a few Hertz, is observed in the system. The dual-comb operation is believed to arise from direction multiplexing in the loop cavity and polarization multiplexing in the linear arm, and is likely to be a generic solution for Figure- 9 lasers. Such a dual-comb system with a characteristic small frequency difference can provide sample interval with higher precision in asynchronous optical sampling (ASOP) applications.