Design Expert Research Articles

Optimizing performance efficiency of algal-bacterial-based wastewater treatment system using response surface methodology

Developing wastewater treatment technologies is crucial for enhancing treatment efficiency and promoting the reuse of treated water. In this article, the Algal-Bacterial integrated system (ABIS) is employed to treat municipal wastewater collected from the Zenin wastewater treatment plant in Giza governorate, Egypt. This system relies on the synergy between heterotrophic bacteria and microalgae to form a biofilm capable of absorbing contaminants from the wastewater. The main objective of this study is to optimize the factors influencing the treatment efficiency using response surface methodology derived from the experimental design software of Design Expert 6.0.8. The optimal results revealed that using an absorber amount of 0.18 g/L for a hydraulic retention time of 1.4 d provides removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TSS, and turbidity are 88.57%, 82.7 %, 94.90%, and 95.91%, respectively. These findings were experimentally and statistically verified with an accuracy exceeding a 95% confidence interval and 95% prediction interval. The physicochemical characteristics, algal community structure, as well as the density of total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were determined for the treated wastewater and compared to the Egyptian code of practice for the use of treated municipal wastewater for agricultural purposes to assess its suitability for unrestricted irrigation.

Investigating the efficiency of Photo-Fenton (UV/H2O2/Fe2+) in removing the indomethacin antibiotic from aqueous solutions

Water pollution caused by antibiotics is one of the major challenges in the world today. The current research aims to investigate the effect of the Photo-Fenton process in removing indomethacin antibiotics from aqueous solutions. This experiment-based study was conducted on a laboratory scale and discontinuous manner. The influential variables affecting the removal efficiency of indomethacin include initial antibiotic concentration, pH, time, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and iron ion. The study was conducted base on standard methods (APHA, AWWA, CFWP, 2005). The Design Expert software was used to analyze the effect of independent variables on the removal efficiency of indomethacin antibiotics in the Photo-Fenton process (UV/H2O2/Fe2+) using response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). To ensure the repeatability of the results, each experiment was repeated three times and the reported the average. The results showed that the optimal removal conditions for indomethacin antibiotics were pH = 4, H2O2 oxidant concentration = 50 ppm, Fe2+catalyst concentration = 50 ppm, time = 75 minutes, and initial antibiotic concentration = 20 ppm, with a removal efficiency of 91.03%. The variables of initial antibiotic concentration, H2O2 concentration, and pH had the greatest impact on the removal efficiency of indomethacin. The results of this study indicate that under optimal conditions, more than 90% of indomethacin antibiotics can be removed from aqueous solutions using the Photo-Fenton process, which is a significant result for removing this pharmaceutical pollutant from aquatic environments.

Development of Learning Media for Early Childhood Christian Education Based on Book Creator

This study aims to develop learning media for Christian education for early childhood based on book creator. The results of observations in the field show that the learning media for Christian education in kindergartens throughout North Tapanuli district is still minimal. Development is carried out using the ADDIE model, which consists of 5 (five) stages, namely analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate. The data collection instruments used are validation sheets for Christian Education material content experts, Early Childhood Education (ECE) experts, learning design experts, and learning media experts. Based on the validation test, the results were obtained that the Christian education learning media for early childhood with book creator developed has feasible and valid criteria to be used with a percentage for material experts 80% and ECE experts 85%, learning design experts 80%, learning media experts 83%, and product revisions have been carried out so that they can be tested in the field. The teacher response questionnaire sheet obtained the results that the learning media for Christian education for early childhood based on book creator developed has interesting and practical criteria used for learning with a percentage of teacher response questionnaires of 88%. The data generated from the teacher response questionnaire shows that the book creator developed is feasible, practical, and effective to use.

Co-delivery of oncolytic virus and chemotherapeutic modality: Vincristine against prostate cancer treatment: A potent viro-chemotherapeutic approach.

Prostate cancer is a prevalent carcinoma among males, and conventional treatment options are often limited. Cytotoxic chemotherapy, despite its drawbacks, remains a mainstay. We propose a targeted co-delivery approach using nanoscale delivery units for Oncolytic measles virus (OMV) and vincristine (VC) to enhance treatment efficacy. The HA-coated OMV + VC-loaded TCs nanoformulation is designed for targeted oncolytic activity in prostate cancer. The CD44 expression analysis in prostate cancer cell lines indicates a significantly high expression in PC3 cells. The optimization of nanoformulations using Design of Expert (DOE) is performed, and the preparation and characterization of HA-coated OMV + VC-loaded TCs nanoformulations are detailed showing average particle size 397.2 ± 0.01 nm and polydispersity index 0.122 with zeta potential 19.7 + 0.01 mV. Results demonstrate successful encapsulation efficiency with 2.4 × 106 TCID50/Ml and sustained release of OMV and VC from the nanoformulation for up to 72 h. In vitro, assays reveal potent anticancer activity at 10 ± 0.71% cell viability in PC3 cells compared to 73 ± 0.66% in HPrEC and significant morphological changes at 90 µg/ml in dose and time-dependent manner. The co-formulation showed positive cell death 49.5 ± 0.02% at 50 µg PI/ml in PBS and 54.3% cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, 8.1% G0/G1 and 5.7% at S phase, with significant mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) at 50 µg/ml, as assessed by flow cytometry (FACS). The surface-integrating ligand approach enhances the targeted delivery of the oncolytic virus and chemotherapeutic drug, presenting a potential alternative for prostate cancer treatment and suggested that co-administering VC and OMV in a nanoformulation could improve therapeutic outcomes while reducing chemotherapeutic drug doses.

Optimization-driven modelling of hydrochar derived from fruit waste for adsorption performance evaluation using response surface methodology and machine learning

This study aims to explore the potential of integrating Design of Expert (DOE) with Machine Learning (ML) to optimize and predict the adsorption process of solid adsorbent The prediction and optimization of adsorption performance can be improvised using statistical analysis and advanced predictive tools, resulting in substantial cost and energy savings. Firstly, the Response Surface Methodology-Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD) model was used to design and optimize the experiments on the adsorption of cationic dye using biomass-hydro char. Secondly, Random Forest (RF) was used to train the experimental results of RSM-CCD. It is well-suited for small datasets, withstands noise, and effectively reduces overfitting to predict adsorption performance. RF model demonstrated excellent accuracy, achieving a removal efficacy of 97.4 % with a significant R2 value of 0.9981 compared to the RSM-CCD, which had a removal efficiency of 95.6 % and R2 0.9372. The physicochemical analysis also shows the novel hybrid hydrochar from fruit waste exhibits remarkable characteristics, including a higher content of carbon (78 %) and a surface area of 670 m2/g. In summary, RSM-CCD with ML provides precise optimization and predictions of the adsorption efficacy of the novel hydrochar. This has significant value for industrial applications in the field of material discovery.

Enhancing carrageenan-based capsule shell formulation from kappaphycus striatum for accelerated disintegration time with multiple disintegrant

Abstract Recently, seaweed-based capsule shells have become more popular because of their reliable quality and animal-free source. But these shells’ prolonged disintegration times are a common problem. This research aims to look for formulations with disintegrant substitution or a combination of several disintegrants to obtain capsule shells that disintegrate quickly. Several studies have explored the incorporation of additional disintegrants such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30, Sodium starch glycolate (primogel), Croscarmellose sodium (SSC), and Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) to address this challenge. The study investigates various combinations of disintegrants in the formulation of capsule shells to achieve rapid disintegration time. The variation in composition of disintegrants was determined using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) in Design Expert® 13.0.12. Balancing the desirable characteristics of quick disintegration with other factors posed a significant challenge. All types of disintegrants exerted a notable influence on the response variables. To achieve a substantial reduction in disintegration time, the utilization of primogel is strongly recommended. However, it should be noted that primogel contains minerals that do not disintegrate, resulting in an elevated ash content. In contrast, PVP K-30 demonstrates promising performance but falls slightly short of primogel’s efficacy in accelerating disintegration. Additionally, PVP K-30 exhibits a marked advantage in minimizing ash content within the capsule shell. Optimization results indicate that a combination of PVP K-30 and primogel yields a capsule shell with the fastest disintegration time, approximately 23.908 minutes, while maintaining a minimal ash content of 10.487%.

Prediction of defects in deep drawn rectangular parts using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Abstract Deep drawing defects such as thinning and earing present challenges to sheet metal forming industry while designers tend to favour the usage of new materials and production processes. The present work introduces an integrated approach using Design of Experiment, FEA experimentation and RSM to study the effect of deep drawing process parameters and resulting defects associated with sheet metal forming processes such as thinning and earing particularly in deep drawing of non-circular parts. The Design of Experiment (DoE) is used to generate a series of experiments for different process parameters in deep drawn rectangular products which are then simulated using Simulia 2022, a finite element package. The results are then fed to statistical analysis software, Design Expert 12.0, to develop regression equations that predict minimum sheet thickness and earing defects using RSM. FE models for deep drawing of different products have been built and results have been verified through comparisons with published data. Critical process parameters were selected for investigation in the present work. Based on the results of these experiments, a two-level design of experiment is conduct to generate 64 FE experiments. The relationships between these parameters and minimum sheet thickness after drawing and earing defects are then obtained using RSM. Optimum values of different parameters are obtained for maximum sheet thickness after drawing and minimum earing.

Pengembangan Ejakirna “E-book Jazirah Arab dan Kisah Remaja Nabi Muhammad ” untuk Pembelajaran PAI pada Siswa SD

Over time, learning has undergone many changes in accordance with technology and learning history. Therefore, learning must be improved and replaced according to this, so that it has an impact in making learning media that can attract students' attention, especially in PAI learning. Thus, researchers are interested in developing digital-based books or more commonly known as EJAKIRNA (E-book Arabian Peninsula and Prophet Muhammad's Teenage Story) which aims to be a solution to the problems that have been identified. EJAKIRNA (E-book of the Arabian Peninsula and the Story of the Prophet Muhammad's Youth) is an e-book which contains material about the Arabian Peninsula and the story of the Prophet Muhammad from birth to adolescence. This e-book is designed more practically so that it can be used easily by teachers in the implementation of Islamic Religious Education learning in elementary schools. In addition, this e-book is also attractively designed to increase student interest and motivation to learn. This research uses the Design and Development (D&D) development method with the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate). The e-book was validated by material experts and design experts, then tested on elementary school students. Data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical techniques. The result of this study is that the E-book "Arabian Peninsula and the Story of Prophet Muhammad's Youth" is proven to be valid and effective in increasing the motivation and learning outcomes of elementary school students. The trial results showed that there was a significant increase in students' pretest and posttest scores, as well as positive responses from students to the e-book. The e-book "Arabian Peninsula and the Story of the Youth of Prophet Muhammad" can be a solution to increase the motivation and learning outcomes of elementary school students in PAI learning.

IF-City: Intelligible Fair City Planning to Measure, Explain and Mitigate Inequality.

With the increasing pervasiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI), many visual analytics tools have been proposed to examine fairness, but they mostly focus on data scientist users. Instead, tackling fairness must be inclusive and involve domain experts with specialized tools and workflows. Thus, domain-specific visualizations are needed for algorithmic fairness. Furthermore, while much work on AI fairness has focused on predictive decisions, less has been done for fair allocation and planning, which require human expertise and iterative design to integrate myriad constraints. We propose the Intelligible Fair Allocation (IF-Alloc) Framework that leverages explanations of causal attribution (Why), contrastive (Why Not) and counterfactual reasoning (What If, How To) to aid domain experts to assess and alleviate unfairness in allocation problems. We apply the framework to fair urban planning for designing cities that provide equal access to amenities and benefits for diverse resident types. Specifically, we propose an interactive visual tool, Intelligible Fair City Planner (IF-City), to help urban planners to perceive inequality across groups, identify and attribute sources of inequality, and mitigate inequality with automatic allocation simulations and constraint-satisfying recommendations (IF-Plan). We demonstrate and evaluate the usage and usefulness of IF-City on a real neighborhood in New York City, US, with practicing urban planners from multiple countries, and discuss generalizing our findings, application, and framework to other use cases and applications of fair allocation.

Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Influences of Digital Technologies on Human Behavior in Public Space Scale Tested by Spatial Design Experts

Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Influences of Digital Technologies on Human Behavior in Public Space Scale Tested by Spatial Design Experts

Development of Primary School Teacher Performance Assessment Instruments Based on Main Duties and Functions

This research aims to: create a teacher performance assessment instrument based on main tasks and functions; observe how the teacher performance assessment instrument developed can assess teacher performance well; find out the validity of the teacher performance assessment instrument developed according to material experts and design experts; and find out How effective was the teacher performance assessment instrument developed? The research was conducted at the Region II Elementary School (SD) Sei Rampah District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, in January–March 2024, using descriptive data analysis techniques. The development of the training model was carried out using the Thiagarajan Four-D (4-D) development model, which consists of four stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. Data collection techniques used were interviews, questionnaires, and interviews, which were analyzed descriptively. Research subjects are expert validators, supervisors, school principals, and teachers. The research product is a teacher performance assessment instrument based on the main tasks and functions. The results of the material expert assessment show that in the very good category, the average percentage is 87.50% (very good), design experts are at 90.50% (very good), principal respondents are at 88.50% (very good), and teacher respondents are at 87.44% (very good). Furthermore, teacher performance assessment instruments based on main tasks and functions can be used in implementing teacher performance assessments

Effects of Varying Binder Proportions to the Mechanical, Physico-Chemical and Combustion Properties of Banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) Leaves-Derived Biochar Briquettes

The study aimed to characterize the mechanical, physico-chemical and combustion properties of biochar-derived briquettes from the banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) leaves and determine the optimum binder proportion of the briquettes. Physical properties include moisture content, density, and compressive strength. Physico-chemical properties were evaluated using proximate analysis which includes volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Combustion properties were comprised of ignition time and burning rate. Freshly harvested, oven dried, and milled banana leaves underwent slow pyrolysis at 300 °C for 8 hours. The retrieved biochar was combined with varied concentrations of cassava starch binder at 10%, 30%, and 50%. It was then molded into briquettes and dried at 80 °C until 5% moisture content was achieved. Results showed that as binder proportion increased, compressive strength, volatile matter, and ignition time also increased. However, an increase in binder proportion induced a decrease in burning rate. Moreover, compressive strength, volatile matter, ignition time, and burning rate are found to be statistically significant in relation to binder proportion as analyzed using One-way ANOVA at 95% confidence level. Other parameters that were statistically insignificant in relation to binder proportion included moisture content, density, ash content, and fixed carbon. After performing optimization through Simplex Lattice in Design Expert, optimum cassava binder proportion was found to be 41.14%.

생성AI를 이용한 디자인 리서치 방법론 제안

This study explores the impact of AI tools like ChatGPT on design methodologies, focusing on the Double Diamond Model. It aims to understand how AI can transform traditional design processes and offer insights into the future of design. Design experts from industry and academia were selected using intentional and snowball sampling. Focus Group Interviews(FGI) and In-Depth Interviews(IDI) were conducted over two weeks. Results were validated through discussions and Denzin's triangulation method. ChatGPT positively influences design thinking, data-driven decision-making, and user experiences. It enhances efficiency and creativity in the design process, leading to innovative changes in the industry. This research lays the foundation for understanding AI's potential impact on design. The integration of AI and design is expected to reshape design methodologies, exemplified by the AI-Driven Double Diamond Model, with broad applications across the industry.

Behavioral design in video games

Game design has an impact on health and well-being. Due to their evolving capacities, young people and children are especially sensitive to the negative and positive impacts of media design choices. To protect vulnerable people, ethical and responsible game design practices are necessary. But what constitutes “ethical” and responsible game design? Defining “behavioral design” as video game design decisions that elicit, either accidentally or purposefully, self-negative or self-beneficial behavior in the gamer, we draw from expertise in public health, game design, and legal scholarship to analyze current game design practices. Our work illustrates the centrality of changing business models with game design and the resulting tension within games. In practice, monetization strategies regularly guide decision-making in game design, facilitating risks for gamer welfare and finances.

Optimization of Nanoemulsion Formula Containing Erythromycin with VCO and Varying Concentrations of Tween-80 and PEG-400

Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic is classified into Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II which has low solubility in water. The low solubility corresponds to the bioavailability in the blood. One strategy to increase the solubility of Erythromycin is the formulation of erythromycin in nanoemulsion. This research aims to form nanoemulsion using the PIT (Phase Transition Temperature) method for obtaining the optimum formula of erythromycin nanoemulsion using virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be found with varying concentrations of Tween 80 surfactant and PEG 400 cosurfactant. The selection of the optimum formula was assisted by Design Expert software with the Factorial design method 22. The basis for determining the optimum formula is based on the results of organoleptic characterization tests, adsorption efficiency (%EE), percent transmittance, viscosity test, pH test, and stability test. The optimum formula was nanoemulsion which had a concentration of Tween 80 25% and PEG 400 25% as a desirability value of <1. The results of the optimum formula showed that the particle size was 170.6±12.8594 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.403±0.04406, and zeta potential -8.8667±0.25697 mV and had an appropriate stability without phase separation during stability test.

비수도권 대학 지역 연합 동아리 기반 UX 디자인 프로그램 개발

Recently, the UX design expert training program is founded around Seoul metropolitan area, where firms growing in the online platform industry and global companies are concentrated. Accordingly, there are certain limitations in the environment in which students majoring in UX design at non-metropolitan universities can grow into experts. This research confirmed the possibility of after-school activities ‘clubs' through a pre-test that assessed the positive effects on major learning from club participation among students at non-metropolitan universities. As mentioned above, this research founded the local united club for studying UX design. The local united club recruited students who wanted to study a project-based major. For club activities, which was the UX design program based on content from pre-research, was constructed following the stages of UX design education confirmed in previous studies. After experiencing the 15- week course twice, cross-verification was conducted through students participating in the club to see whether the UX design education program presented in the previous study was a universal education program or a situation of improving local infrastructure of UX design. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the UX design education program, operated in the form of a regional association club, could improve the UX design education infrastructure. The program of after-school club activities based in non-metropolitan areas, which will help students grow into UX design experts in IT firms, will be an alternative to improving the disappointing environment for students in Daegu and Gyungbuk area.

Development of a Web-Based Interactive Multimedia Problem-Based Learning Approach on Algorithms and Programming Material

This research and development aims to produce interactive multimedia based on problem-based learning (PBL) using the Web to improve student learning outcomes in algorithms and programming material that is feasible, practical, and effective. This type of development research uses the ADDIE model. This research was carried out at SMK Negeri 6 Mukomuko, the material on algorithms and programming in the informatics class X Phase E. The results of the research show: (1) Expert validation test on product material in the very feasible category, namely 88.14%. (2) The Instructional Design Expert validation test is in the very feasible category, namely 95.56%. (3) The Media Expert validation test is in the very feasible category, namely 91.46%. (4) Individual trials in the very good category, namely 87.55%. (5) The small group trial was in the very feasible category, namely 89.65%. And (6) field trials in the very feasible category, namely 89.15%. The practicality test was very practical, namely 96.67%, while the practicality test results for students were 95.59% in the very practical category. The results of the experiment using PBL-based interactive multimedia in the experimental class gave an average learning outcome of 84, while students who were taught without using PBL-based interactive multimedia got an average score of 60.9. Hypothesis testing uses an independent t-test with significant results. (2-tailed) of 0.00, where the result is <0.05, it is concluded that there is a significant difference between classes taught using PBL-based interactive multimedia and classes taught without using PBL-based interactive multimedia

Development of a Biology Learning Media-Flipped Classroom Model Using Edpuzzle

This research and development aims to produce biology learning media using the flipped classroom model with Edpuzzle that is feasible, practical, and effective in improving student learning outcomes on excretory system material. This type of research is development research using the ADDIE development model with stages: (1) analysis stage, (2) design stage, (3) development stage, (4) implementation stage, and (5) evaluation stage. The research results show: (1) Material expert validation test that the material in the media developed is very worthy with an average score of 88.72%. (2) The Instructional Design Expert validation test is very worthy, with an average score of 96.87%. (3) The Media Expert validation test is very worthy, with an average score of 94.20%. (4) Individual trials are very worthy, with an average score of 87.73%. (5) The small group trial was very feasible, with an average score of 90.90%. And (6) field trials are very worthy of an average score of 90.20%. The practicality test by very practical teachers had an average score of 90.20%, while the practicality test results for students had an average score of 94.90%, which was in the very practical category. Using the flipped classroom model, biology learning media with Edpuzzle in the experimental class got an average learning outcome of 89.68, while students who were taught without this media got an average score of 69.14. Testing the hypothesis using the independent t-test, there is a significant difference between classes taught using the flipped classroom model of biology learning media with Edpuzzle and classes taught without using this media.

High carbon content microporous activated carbon from thin walnut shells: Optimization, physico-chemical analysis and structural profiling

High carbon content-activated carbon with high micro-porosity was prepared from thin walnut shell by pyrolysis process with chemical activation (using KOH), exhibiting the promising potential to be a very good adsorbent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of activation temperature, holding time and impregnation ratio on moisture content, total carbon content, ash content, BET surface area, adsorption capacity, total pore volume and iodine absorption value. Design expert predicted 5500 C activation temperature, 2.5 h holding time and 1:1 impregnation ratio as optimum conditions for development of activated carbon. The developed activated carbon was compared with market sample activated carbon for physico-chemical properties and surface characteristics. The developed activated carbon was characterized by high carbon content (80.06 %), BET surface area (735.36 m2/g), iodine absorption value (783.64 mg/g), adsorption capacity (201.31 mg/g), low ash content (5.01 %) and total pore volume (0.29). XRD patterns of activated carbon developed from thin walnut shell confirmed its highly amorphous structure. FTIR analysis indicated similarities in peaks at different wave numbers with no significant differences in both samples. SEM-EDX analysis revealed highly porous structure with high carbon, potassium elemental composition of developed activated carbon as compared to market sample.

Development of Android-Based Interactive Multimedia on Mushroom Material in High School

This research aims to produce Android-based interactive multimedia products that are feasible to use, easy for students to learn, and assist students in learning and improve student learning outcomes independently. This type of development research used the Dick, Carey & Carey developer design model. The test subjects consisted of a study teacher, six expert validators, and thirty-two students of X grade. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique, by using consideration of student scores, which were divided into three namely, high, low, and medium categories. The instruments used involved trial questionnaires, test questions, and student response questionnaires. Each of which had been validated and analyzed with the content validity of Aiken's V (Vcount ≥ Vtable). The research results show media expert validation with a score of 3.9 (valid and suitable for use), design expert validation with a score of 4.1 (very valid and highly suitable for use), and subject matter expert validation with a score of 4.1 (very valid and highly suitable for use). The results of individual test, small group test, and field test obtained an average result of 89.6% in the very positive category. Based on test performed by students, the results show that interactive multimedia development designs can be used to facilitate students to learn with an average percentage score of 85% (Very Positive Category). The feasibility of each of these processes shows that the Android-based interactive multimedia profile meets the requirements as a medium that can assist students in learning. The results of the effectiveness test also stated that interactive multimedia on Android-based had an effect and could improve students' cognitive learning outcomes with an N-Gain Score = 0.61 (Medium Category) and an Effect Size value = 2.322 (Category = Strong). The conclusion is based on the results of expert validation and product test, the Bio-Fungi learning application is feasible for use as a learning medium in the teaching and learning process and to improve students' cognitive learning outcomes.