Design Example Research Articles

Implementation of compound optimal design in progressive first‐failure censored data

AbstractIn many research studies, multiple objectives need to be considered simultaneously to ensure an effective and efficient investigation. A compound optimal design provides a viable solution to this problem, allowing for the maximization of overall benefits through the integration of several factors. The paper addresses the application of compound optimal designs in the context of progressive first‐failure censoring, with a particular focus on the Generalized Exponential distribution with two parameters. The paper provides an illustrative example of compound designs by considering the cost function along with trace, variance, and determinant of inverse Fisher information. The best design is determined using a graphical solution technique that is both comprehensible and precise. Using a simple example, we demonstrate the advantage of compound optimal designs over constraint optimal designs. Furthermore, the paper examines real‐world data collection to demonstrate the practical utility of compound optimal designs.

PENGEMBANGAN MODUL AJAR BERDIFERENSIASI MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA KELAS II MATERI KALIMAT TANYA

Students have a diversity of needs that are often not well accommodated by teachers. This study aims to develop and determine the quality of differentiated learning teaching modules for subjects Indonesian question sentence material for grade II students. The development of differentiated teaching modules is expected to assist teachers in compiling learning activities based on the diversity of students. This research was carried out at Mangunan Experimental Elementary School using ADDIE type Research and Development research. The teaching module developed contains the steps for making and examples of learning designs. This research was validated by three validators who then tested the module on a learning group of 26 grade 2 students with the results of the initial assessment having different learning readiness, interests and learning styles, and four students with special needs: autism, slow learners, speech delay, and ADHD. Based on the results of expert validation, the quality of teaching modules is stated to be very good judging from the module criteria, namely: containing essential material, fostering interest, challenging, relevant, providing learning based on the results of assessment of student needs, presenting variations in the learning process, content, products, and environment. The results of the trial at the first meeting, showed an increase in understanding by 73.90% in learning question sentences. Learners show enthusiasm and increased involvement in the learning process as their learning readiness, interests, and learning styles are accommodated. This research is limited to the trial of the first meeting of the teaching module and still requires trials for subsequent meetings for more comprehensive results

A novel balanced teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm for optimal design of high efficiency plate-fin heat exchanger

Plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHE) are crucial for engineering applications. Pursuing high performance in PFHE design through optimal methods is common, yet challenging for traditional optimization approaches. Meta-heuristic algorithms (MAs) continuously achieve significant breakthroughs in this problem. This paper proposes a novel balanced teaching-learning-based optimization (NBTLBO) algorithm for PFHE optimal design, which optimizes entropy generation units and heat transfer area using objective functions derived from thermal modeling. NBTLBO introduces two phases, as straightforward as that of TLBO, that collaborate to balance exploitation and exploration, offering substantial superiority over TLBO. This addresses the limitations of existing TLBO studies that involve complex multiple phases and neglect phase interactions. The experiments reveal that NBTLBO achieves the best ranking in CEC 2014 and 2020 benchmarks compared with many popular MAs and even their enhanced variants. It also yields the best results across all four PFHE design examples, showing significant improvement over TLBO and other existing methods. A non-dominated sorting NBTLBO algorithm is developed for multi-objective PFHE design, achieving improved Pareto results compared to existing methods. It verifies that NBTLBO, despite its simplicity akin to TLBO, effectively balances exploitation and exploration, thereby achieving notably enhanced performance, rendering it a preferred option for tackling global optimization challenges.

Design of self-deployable origami utilizing rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism

Origami-inspired mechanisms are extensively utilized in aerospace, medical devices, and soft robotics due to their simplicity, reliability, and high fold-to-deploy ratio. However, actuating these structures for deployment remains challenging. This paper presents a design method for self-deployable origami utilizing the rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism. Initially, the rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism is designed by replacing one revolute joint of the rigid spherical mechanism with a V-shaped elastic nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) alloy wire. We show that the rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism has equivalent kinematics to the associated rigid spherical mechanism, which is also the equivalent mechanism of the rigid-elastic coupling origami unit. By leveraging the elastic deformation of the Ni–Ti alloy wire in conjunction with the motion of the revolute joints, the rigid-elastic coupling mechanism acquires bistable characteristics, thereby enabling shape memory for self-deployment. The typical origami patterns, such as Miura-ori and Yoshimura-ori, are employed as design examples to showcase the performances of the associated self-deployable origami.

Generation of Graphic Design Color Schemes Based on CMYK Color Model and Corrosion Algorithms

Graphic design colour schemes play a fundamental role in shaping the visual identity and impact of a design. This paper proposed an efficient Feature Extraction Madhami Fuzzy Clustering Probabilistic Corrosion (FEMFcPC) for the graphic design. The proposed FEMFcPC model comprises the CMYK color scheme for the estimation of the features in the images. With the estimation of the FEMFcPC model corrosion algorithm is implemented for the computation of the graphic design features. Once the features are estimated the related features for the graphic design are designed with the mamdhami fuzzy clustering model. The estimated features are clustered with the CMYK color schemes. The proposed FEMFcPC model estimates the patterns and relationships among graphic designs to provide valuable insights for design categorization and recommendation systems. A dataset comprising various graphic design examples with their corresponding CMYK color schemes is utilized for analysis. Through the application of the FEMFcPC algorithm, clustering results are obtained, revealing distinct grouping patterns and similarities among the designs. The simulation results stated that the proposed FEMFcPC model achieves a significant color scheme for the graphic design. Through the clustering process, the proposed FEMFcPC model with the values of the probabilistic features for the graphic design. The Key findings include the identification of dominant clusters, even distribution of designs across multiple clusters, detection of outliers, and assessment of cluster density. These insights offer significant implications for design categorization, recommendation systems, and targeted marketing strategies within the graphic design domain. The study contributes to advancing our understanding of graphic design analysis and provides a foundation for future research in this field.

Multi-shelf graphic equalizer

A graphic equalizer (GEQ) is a standard tool in audio production and effect design. Adjustable gain control frequencies are fixed along the logarithmic frequency axis, and an automatic design method matches the magnitude response to them whenever target gains are changed. Most commonly, the GEQ comprises a set of peak filters centered an octave apart, possibly with a shelving filter at the bottom and top of the frequency range. While accurate designs were proposed, the dynamic range is typically limited to 24 dB. In this paper, we propose two innovations. First, we introduce a GEQ based on shelving filters only, which can cover an extensive dynamic range of over 60 dB. Secondly, we introduce an order-switching technique that combines shelf filters of different order. We demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed filter with design examples. The proposed shelf-filter-based GEQ offers a wider dynamic range and a smoother magnitude response than traditional peak-filter-based GEQ designs.

Design method of off-axis reflective freeform zoom optical systems

This paper presents a design method for off-axis reflective zoom optical systems. The method can be used to design off-axis zoom optical systems that include multiple mirrors. First, off-axis spherical systems for different zoom positions are solved to approximately meet the requirements for the optical power at different zoom positions, ensuring the convergence of subsequent calculations. Then, the system's optical power and aberrations are corrected by iterating the freeform surfaces point-by-point, thereby obtaining good starting points for further optimization. To illustrate the effectiveness of the method, three design examples are provided, including two off-axis three-mirror zoom optical systems and one off-axis four-mirror zoom optical system. Using the proposed method, good starting points for these systems are obtained. After optimization, the imaging quality of these three systems is close to diffraction limited.

Promoting Decision Making and Behavioral Change: Application of Psychology and Behavioral Economics to Nudge Design

Nudge design is a design approach that uses people’s psychological preferences and cognitive limitations to guide people to make choices. The theoretical basis of nudge design mainly comes from psychology and behavioral economics, among which limited rationality theory, cognitive behavior theory, and Fun theory are important theoretical frameworks. This paper summarizes the basic contents of these three theories and their application examples in nudge design. By analyzing the relevant cases of nudge design, the application effects of these three theories in different fields and scenarios are expounded, such as public transportation, environmental protection, health management, education and training, etc., to provide reference and enlightenment for the theory and practice of nudge design.

Laser-Printed All-Carbon Responsive Material and Soft Robot.

Responsive materials and actuators are the basis for the development of various leading-edge technologies but have so far mostly been designed based on polymers, incurring key limitations related to sensitivity and environmental tolerance. This work reports a new responsive material, laser-printed carbon film (LPCF), produced via direct laser transformation of a liquid organic precursor and consists of graphitic and amorphous carbons. The high activity of amorphous carbon combined with the dual-gradient structure enables the LPCF to have a actuation speed of 9400°s-1 in response to the stimulus of organic vapor. LPCF exhibits a conductivity of 950Sm-1 and excellent resistance to various extreme environmental conditions, which are unachievable for polymer-based materials. Additionally, an LPCF-based all-carbon soft robot that can mimic the complex continuous backward somersaulting motions without manual intervention is constructed. The locomotion velocity of the robot reaches a value of 1.19BLs-1, which is almost one to two orders of magnitude faster than that of reported soft robots. This work not only offers a new paradigm for highly responsive materials but also provides a great design and engineering example for the next generation of biomimetic robots with life-like performance.

Implementing An Innovative Design Charrette: Creating Healing Environments for Clinicians and Patients’ Well-being

Clinicians, staff, patients, and visitors use the healthcare environment, and a deeper understanding of spatial elements that promote their well-being is necessary. However, clinical and academic nursing does not naturally fit within the field of architectural design and planning. A design charrette, an interactive and innovative approach for faculty, staff, and clinicians, offers participants a chance to be creative in merging evidence-based practice with evidence-based design principles to aid in well-being. This educational brief outlines the process and outcomes of spaces that promote well-being and restoration. The design example presented is a restorative space in a clinical unit. We describe the methods of this teaching experience and highlight the application of a design charrette for a clinical unit.

Study on the Design Scheme of Vehicle Flow Lines in Unilateral Agglomerative Open Service Area

In recent years, with the introduction of the strategy to strengthen the country’s transportation infrastructure and the continuous implementation of new economic development models such as integrating transportation with tourism, various open service areas integrating highway service areas with local tourism have emerged nationwide. Examples include the Yangcheng Lake service area in Jiangsu and the Lengshui service area in Chongqing. This paper focuses on the design example of the Dazu Stone Carving service area on the Chongqing section of the Yurong Expressway, comprehensively considering factors such as construction scale, terrain conditions, and local urban planning. It analyzes and studies the traffic flow design of unilateral agglomerative open service areas around two vehicle traffic conversion links: between the main expressway and the service area, and between the service area and local roads. The aim is to provide a case study reference for similar projects.

Strut-and-Tie Method for GFRP-RC Deep Members

The current code provisions in ACI 440.11 are based on the flexural theory that applies to slender members and may not represent the actual structural behavior when the shear span-to-reinforcement depth ratio is less than 2.5 (i.e., deep members). The Strut-and-tie method (STM) can be a better approach to design deep members; however, this chapter is not included in the code. Research has shown that STM models used for steel-reinforced concrete (RC) give satisfactory results when applied to glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced (GFRP)-RC members with a/d less than 2.5. Therefore, this study is carried out to provide insights into the use of STM for GFRP-RC deep members based on the available literature and to highlight the necessity for the inclusion of a new chapter addressing the use of STM in the ACI 440.11 Code. It includes a design example to show the implications of ACI 440.11 code provisions when applied to GFRP-RC deep members (i.e., isolated footings) and compares it when designed as per STM provided in ACI 318-19. It was observed that current code provisions in ACI 440.11 required more concrete thickness (i.e., h = 1.12 m) leading to implementation challenges. However, the required dimensions decreased (i.e., h = 0.91 m) when the design was carried out as per STM. Due to the novelty of GFRP reinforcement, current code provisions may limit its extensive use in RC buildings, particularly in footings given the water table issues and excavation costs. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt innovative methods such as STM to design GFRP-RC deep members if allowed by the code.

Irradiance-tailoring integral-illumination polarization homogenizer based on anamorphic aspheric microlens arrays

In the realm of active polarization detection systems, the imperative for polarization illumination systems with high-uniformity and predefined-shape irradiance distribution is evident. This paper introduces a novel anamorphic aspheric (AAS) microlens array (MLA) integral polarization homogenizer, incorporating projection MLA (PMLA), condenser MLA (CMLA), polarization film (PF), and a sub-image array (SIA) mask based on Kohler illumination principles. Firstly, the optimal design of an AAS-based projection sub-lens is proposed to facilitate the creation of a short-working-distance, predefined-geometric and sharp polarization irradiance tailoring. The SIA mask is constituted by plenty of predistortion SIs, which are generated through a combination of chief ray tracing and the radial basis function (RBF) image warping method. In addition, accompanied with tolerance sensitivity analysis, detailed analysis of stray light generation factors and proposed elimination or suppression methods further ensure the engineering reliability and stability of the proposed system. A compact integral-illumination polarization homogenizer design example is realized with an overall irradiance uniformity exceeding 90% and a volume of 25 mm × 25 mm × 18.25 mm. Different predefined-geometrical-profile and high-uniformity polarization irradiance distribution can be achieved by substituting different SIA masks and PFs, without replacing MLA optical elements, which greatly saves cost. Substantial simulations and experiments corroborate the efficacy of our polarization homogenizer.

Second-order reliability analysis of an energy pile with CPT data

As pile foundations and ground source heat producers, energy piles are becoming more and more popular. Even after much research, engineers find their design to be challenging. An effective way for using the Second-Order Reliability method (SORM) in foundation engineering scenarios including explicit limit state functions is shown in this article. The suggested SORM process is simple to implement in a spreadsheet and is based on an approximate paraboloid fitted to the limit state surface close to the design point. Using well-established closed-form SORM formulae, the failure probability is automatically determined using the primary curvatures of the limit state surface and the reliability index. An energy pile foundation engineering design examples are analyzed using the proposed method and discussed. Comparison with FORM, SORM and Genetic Programming (GP)-based FORM and SORM are made. In the case of determination of group capacity of pile and thermal load the input random variables are qc0, qc1, qc2, fs and E. The reliability index and probability of failure value are found to be 9.34 for FORM, 9.55 for SORM, 9.24 for GP-based FORM, and 9.45 for GP-based SORM. The probability of failure value for FORM 4.60E-21, SORM 3.24E-21, GP-based FORM 1.20E-20, and GP-based SORM is 8.50E-21. The relative percentage error for the average second-order approximation corresponding to FORM is also calculated, and found that Pf2 is 29.48 % in the case of simple SORM and 29.15 % in the case of GP-based SORM. The Breitung provides the most accurate estimation, and the Cai_Elishakoff provides the least accurate estimate.

Application of sulfur hexafluoride in electrical engineering. Historical past, current state and prospects in future

A pressing issue today is the analysis of the possibilities of using SF6 gas and its possible limitations of use from the point of view of harmful effects on the environment. The article, based on free sources of information, systematizes the historical facts of the development of SF6 gas, the main stages of the formation of the SF6 gas environment as insulation for electrical equipment. Comparative characteristics of electrical strength for various insulating substances are presented. Research has been carried out on modern examples of the use of SF6 gas in medium and high voltage circuit breakers. Examples of the use of SF6 gas and its mixtures as gas insulation for high-voltage power lines are analyzed. It is shown that a promising direction for the development of SF6 gas is its use in gas-insulated power lines. Design features and examples of practical application of high-voltage gas-insulated power lines are presented. The features of using SF6 insulation in electrical equipment of different voltage classes are determined. Current environmental problems associated with the use of SF6 gas are analyzed and possible directions for overcoming them are established. The elements of SF6 gas decomposition products that are toxic and pose the greatest danger are considered. The characteristics of SF6 gas as a greenhouse gas are given and promising ways to reduce its use are shown. It has been established that by using not pure SF6 gas, but gas mixtures based on it, it is possible to significantly reduce the percentage of SF6 gas use. Promising directions for further development of gas insulating medium for electrical equipment without the use of SF6 gas have been established.

Values? Camera? Action! An ethnography of an AI camera system used by the Netherlands Police

ABSTRACT Police departments around the world implement algorithmic systems to enhance various policing tasks. Ensuring such innovations take place responsibly – with public values upheld – is essential for public organisations. This paper analyses how public values are safeguarded in the case of MONOcam, an algorithmic camera system designed and used by the Netherlands police. The system employs artificial intelligence to detect whether car drivers are holding a mobile device. MONOcam can be considered a good example of value-sensitive design; many measures were taken to safeguard public values in this algorithmic system. In pursuit of responsible implementation of algorithms, most calls and literature focus on such value-sensitive design. Less attention is paid to what happens beyond design. Building on 120+ hours of ethnographic observations as well as informal conversations and three semi-structured interviews, this research shows that public values deemed safeguarded in design are re-negotiated as the system is implemented and used in practice. These findings led to direct impact, as MONOcam was improved in response. This paper thus highlights that algorithmic system design is often based on an ideal world, but it is in the complexities and fuzzy realities of everyday professional routines and sociomaterial reality that these systems are enacted, and public values are renegotiated in the use of algorithms. While value-sensitive design is important, this paper shows that it offers no guarantees for safeguarding public values in practice.

Development steps of multimodal exercise interventions for older adults with multimorbidity: A systematic review.

Multicomponent exercise interventions are recommended for older adults and for those with chronic diseases. While multiple programs have been tested, no one has yet explored how these programs were developed. This review set out to determine what development steps multicomponent exercise intervention studies that include older adults with multimorbidity have taken. Systematic review and narrative synthesis. One hundred and thirty-eight studies meeting review criteria (Population: adults ≥60 years with multimorbidity; Intervention: exercise interventions with ≥2 components; Comparator: any considered; Outcome: any considered) were retrieved. Most studies (70%) do not report intervention development actions as suggested by available guidance. Notable deviations from recommendations include limited performance of systematic review of previously published evidence, lack of engagement with theory, and few examples of design then refine. Exercise interventions for older adults with multimorbidity do not appear to follow best practice in terms of their developing. Disregard of development recommendations risks contributing to research redundancy and/or avoidable waste, as important steps that make sure the intervention is warranted, suitable for the population in question, and tested using optimal methods and outcome measures are overlooked.

Model‐Based Cybertronics Systems Engineering (MBCSE)

AbstractThe cybertronics challenges evolve around the complexity of systems and increase in detail and data involved. Existing methods and tools can master some of the rising challenges, but a method being able to handle the challenges was not introduced yet. MBSE is a potential approach to solve these problems, but the available methods were developed for modeling physical systems and software, not cybertronics. Because of the diversity of implementation domains participating in cybertronics systems, the modeling methodology must support the holistic management of requirements, properties, and design data. This paper introduces some promising emerging technologies like Arcadia, SysML V2, SysMD and PMM, that have the potential to interact with other methods and tools, closing the gaps in requirements tracing, system modeling, documentation, and verification. One potential methodology is introduced through a design example from requirements to implementation interface.

Synthesis of concentric circular antenna array for reducing the sidelobe level by employing sine cosine optimization algorithm

AbstractThe sine cosine algorithm (SCA), a meta‐heuristic optimization method, is used in this study to provide a precise linear and elliptical antenna array design for synthesizing the ideal far‐field radiation pattern in the fifth‐generation (5G) communication spectrum. The wireless communication system will undergo dramatic changes thanks to the forthcoming 5G technology, which offers exceptionally high data rates, increased capacity, reduced latency, and outstanding service quality. The most important component of 5G communications is an accurate antenna array design for an optimum far‐field radiation pattern synthesis with a suppressed sidelobe level (SLL) value and half power beam width (HPBW). While long‐distance communication necessitates a low HPBW, the entire side lobe area needs a suppressed SLL to prevent interference. The SCA is used in this case to the optimal feeding currents applied to each array member in the design examples of the concentric circular antenna arrays (CCAA) discussed in this article. It shows the litheness and attainment of the propound algorithm named SCA, chosen CCAAs with three rings and varying amounts of components or antenna array sets those are stated as follows: Set I (4, 6, 8 elements), Set II (8, 10, 12 elements), Set III (6, 12, 18 elements), Set IV (8, 14, 20 elements) with and without the center element are amalgamate. Apply the PSO, Jaya, and SCA optimization algorithms for all four Sets of antenna arrays and compare the attained results; the SLL values achieved by the SCA technique are contrasted with those of other current optimization techniques. The outcomes of all examinations reveal that the SCA algorithm achieved a superior SLL reduction over other optimization techniques.

Model reference adaptive controller with interpretable fuzzy rules for linear MIMO systems

This paper presents a method for fuzzy model reference adaptive control system design for a partially known multi-input multi-output (MIMO) linear dynamic plant. Differential or convolutional equations can describe the plant to be controlled, and the fuzzy controller is assumed to be from the MIMO sector-bounded nonstationary nonlinearities class. The task is to obtain robust adaptive stabilization. Some absolute stability theorems and integral evaluations of the state and control vectors are applied in the MIMO fuzzy adaptive controller design procedure for the first time. A method for automatically obtaining a near-optimal nonlinear dynamic reference model is described. A practical step-by-step procedure of the MIMO adaptive fuzzy controller design is proposed, resulting in highly interpretable MIMO fuzzy control rules based on triangular fuzzy sets and strong triangular fuzzy partition. An example of the fuzzy controller design according to the proposed procedure is given.