Design Dimensions Research Articles

Exploration of hospital room design on emotions, activity, and social connections after stroke: a qualitative study of patient experiences using virtual reality

Stroke patients are rarely asked about their responses to specific design attributes. Virtual reality (VR) offers a promising tool to explore how hospital environments are experienced after stroke. Purpose To gather perspectives and emotional responses regarding physical design attributes of hospital patient rooms after stroke. Material and Methods We developed a ‘VR experience’ for adult stroke patients in both single and multi-patient room designs, with four additional physical design attributes: spaciousness, greenery outlook, night-time noise, and design attributes for social connectivity e.g. furnishings. A qualitative study approach involved semi-structured interviewing, that followed immersion in the VR patient room designs. Qualitative descriptive and thematic analysis was done. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Trial Id: ACTRN12620000375954). Results Thirty-five stroke patients participated (April 2019–March 2020). Interviews yielded three themes and ten sub-themes. Themes were: (1) action and care supported by design and layout, such as ease of movement; (2) connection to people, nature, and place, emphasising social interaction and greenery; and (3) control of the environment, involving attributes like space. Conclusions Findings showed how physical design attributes enhance movement accessibility, promote social interaction, or provide sensory comfort. Using VR allowed rich, detailed feedback from patients, offering valuable insights for designing hospital environments.

Healthy cities: a visual conceptual framework for moving health knowledge into urban planning practice

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing recognition of health as a fundamental dimension in urban design and planning, it remains insufficiently incorporated into urban planning practice and policymaking. This study reexamines the ‘Knowledge Translation’ (KT) process through a literature review (N = 53) to address the gap between the public health and urban planning arenas. By analyzing the key KT components – knowledge, guidance, and implementation – we identified additional factors influencing the process and highlighted gaps and opportunities for improvement. Building on these insights, we developed a visual conceptual framework that synthesizes existing knowledge and addresses critical gaps to support urban practitioners and policymakers in creating ‘healthy cities’. The framework conceptualizes KT as a dynamic, iterative process guided by three key drivers: (i) continuous interaction among knowledge, guidance and implementation, all tailored to local contexts and shaped by decision-making processes; (ii) interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaboration, including active engagement with local communities to create a shared vision of a healthy city; and (iii) a ‘control center’, that integrates these components, facilitates training, and ensures ongoing evaluation and calibration.

Design Strategies, Characterization Mechanisms, and Applications of MOFs in Polymer Composite Electrolytes for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractSolid composite electrolytes (SCEs) composed of functional fillers and solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) can overcome some shortcomings of single‐phase and combine some advantages of each component, and are considered as high‐performance solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) candidates for assembling solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) with high safety and high energy density. In recent years, due to high designability of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MOFs/polymer composite electrolytes (MPCEs) have become a highly promising novel type of SCEs. Based on the above content, this article first describes the composition and mechanism of action of MPCEs, followed by a discussion on typical fabrication methods for MPCEs. In addition, the mechanisms of unmodified neat MOFs in improving performance for SSEs and enhancing interface stability are presented in detail, with a focus on the design strategies of MOFs and their applications in MPCEs, including dimensional design, ligand design, IL@MOFs design, and hybrid design. Finally, a thorough analysis is conducted on the current challenges faced by MPCEs, and corresponding future development directions are proposed. This review presents a comprehensive, systematic, and easily understandable analysis of the application and mechanism of action of different MOFs designs in MPCEs, providing a new perspective for researchers to study high‐performance SSEs.

Loneliness – what’s urban design got to do with it? Older people in transit-oriented suburban public spaces in Sydney, Australia

ABSTRACT Recognising the challenges of loneliness among the ageing population, research attention is turning to explore the social dimension of urban design and questions of how the built environment can support social interaction. In the rapidly evolving context of transit-based urbanism, urban spaces not only enhance the city’s overall liveability but also offer older adults increased accessibility and interaction opportunities beyond their immediate residential neighbourhood, potentially alleviating feelings of social isolation and loneliness. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the value of transit-oriented public spaces, including station squares, parks near rail-based stations, and transit stops (such as bus shelters) in facilitating both direct and indirect social interactions among older adults. The study draws on data from the first stage of a larger project that examines seven of Sydney’s transit-oriented urban environments and involves ethnographic observations and on-site semi-structured interviews conducted with 56 older adults (≥60 years) who were directly recruited as casual users of each site. Results suggest that the spatial designs of public spaces associated with rail- and bus-based transit can reinforce the affordance of transit-oriented urban environments, enabling social interactions with acquaintances and strangers among older adults in these spaces and frequent out-of-home activities, contributing to reduced emotional and social loneliness.

Minimizing distortion with additive manufacturing parts using Machine Learning

Additive manufacturing technologies are increasingly being used in both academic and corporate settings as an efficient and precise method of manufacturing. However, the accuracy of affordable 3D printing methods is compromised by distortion of the plastic filament. These inaccurate 3D prints may not be usable; incorrect sizing of specific features, such as holes, can mean the part does not fit in the larger assembly and would need to be discarded. This can contribute to plastic pollution due to mismanagement, compounded by difficult access to the recycling process of the most popular filament, Polylactic Acid (PLA). In this study, we investigated to what extent the distortion introduced in the additive manufacturing process can be predicted and minimized. We hypothesized that predicting the computer-aided design (CAD) dimensions based on historical print misalignments would be effective in minimizing this distortion. We used a histogram-based gradient boosting regressor and trained it on 3D printing data of hole dimensions printed in PLA filament, obtained from Mendeley Data. Our model predicts the CAD geometry that results in the desired final print dimension, accounting for distortion. The model had a root mean squared error of 0.0614 mm, a mean absolute error of 0.0452 mm, and an R2 score of 99.617%. These results can be used to minimize inaccuracies and prevent waste production.

생성형 AI를 활용한 라이프스타일 호텔 로비 공간 바이오필릭 디자인에 시각화 관한 연구 - 자연의 간접 경험 속성을 중심으로

With the accumulation of data and advancements in algorithms in the 21st century, artificial intelligence has become an essential tool for enhancing creativity and efficiency in architecture and spatial design. The aim of this study is to visualize indirect natural experiences through biophilic design in lifestyle hotel lobbies using artificial intelligence, thereby exploring diverse possibilities during the early stages of the design process to enhance efficiency. This study specifically focuses on lifestyle hotel lobbies that resonate with the MZ generation. It examines methods for expressing indirect natural experience attributes of biophilic design and visualizes these through Stable Diffusion. The research methodology involves a review of academic literature to understand biophilic design and artificial intelligence, followed by the application of Stable Diffusion to visualize biophilic design in hotel lobby spaces. The results generated were analyzed to propose potential application strategies. In the AI-generated visualization of the hotel lobby, biophilic design was studied based on four indirect attributes: natural images, materials, colors, forms, and imitations. It is expected that advanced fine-tuning through Stable Diffusion will improve the visual representation of these natural elements.

THE PRESERVATION OF BATIK THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: THE ROLE OF BATIK FRACTAL AND JBATIK SOFTWARE

Batik Fractal is an innovation that integrates traditional Batik art with modern technology through the application of fractal mathematical formulas to create more complex and innovative Batik designs. This technology developed through jBatik software, allows for a more efficient design and production process without compromising the aesthetic and philosophical value of batik as a cultural heritage. This research aims to examine the application of fractal technology in Batik design, as well as its impact on the preservation of batik art, production efficiency, and batik competitiveness in the global market. A descriptive qualitative research approach is used to collect data through observation and analysis of documents then analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the development of Batik Fractal. The results of this study show that Batik Fractal provides a new dimension in Batik design while strengthening the relevance of Batik in the modern era and the international market.

A method for designing face shields using dynamic 3D head data

PurposeTo analyze the changes in craniofacial morphology during speaking and wearing masks using three-dimensional head data and to develop a design method for ergonomic face shields.Design/methodology/approachAround six types of face postures for three-dimensional measurement were selected; a total of 180 head data of 40 men in their 20s and 30s were used. About 17 landmarks and 23 body dimensions were measured for analysis.FindingsAmong the 23 anthropometric dimensions, eight in posture “a,” two in posture “i,” seven in posture “u,” ten in KF94 and ten in N95 were found to change significantly. Previous studies and public health recommendations selected three key dimensions for face shield design. A face shield design method using selected dimensions as parameters was developed.Social implicationsTo improve public health and enhance social interaction during pandemics or in environments requiring facial protection. This can lead to increased compliance with public health guidelines and reduce discomfort and communication barriers caused by ill-fitting face shields.Originality/valueBy developing an ergonomic face shield design that accommodates variations in craniofacial morphology during speaking and mask, the study addresses the need for more comfortable and effective protective equipment. The face shield designed using the methodology developed in this study was verified on a digital head model to demonstrate a good fit.

Leveraging Artificial Neural Networks to Predict and Enhance Student Performance in Virtual Learning Environments

Objective: This study aimed at exploring the link between sort of features in the Moodle platforms: activity design, student interaction, feature usage, adaptability, and access time and students' academic performance in the Open University Indonesia's Master of Management Education Program.Methods: A quantitative research design was adopted by employing purposive sampling in determining 250 students within the Master of Management Education Programme. They collected data using surveys, Moodle activity logs, and institutional records. Descriptive statistics, reliability tests, correlation, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to analyze the data and determine relationships between the Moodle features and academic performance.Results: The findings showed that the five dimensions of activity design, student interaction, feature usage, adaptability, and access time were all statistically significant and positively associated with academic performance. Feature usage proved to be the greatest predictor for academic success, followed by activity design and student interaction. It also found that adaptability and access time, while important, had a smaller immediate influence on academic performance.Novelty: This study adds to the literature by using artificial neural networks (ANN) for predicting academic performance using features from the Moodle platform. It is a pioneering study that investigates multiple Moodle features, including course structure, student interaction and adaptability, and its regard to the academic performance of students in higher education, specifically in the Master of Management Education Programme.Research Implications: These findings have significant implications for online course design and teaching practices. Moodle instructors are only as good as their course activities effective course activities should create a well-structured, interactive ‘framework’ that engages students to use the features and tools available in Moodle. The study stated that It also identifies the need to enhance students' digital literacy and adaptability to fully leverage the advantages of online learning platforms. This will help the institutions to improve student engagement and academic performance by improving the learning environment in Moodle or other technology used in the education institution.

Signal Detection by Sensors and Determination of Friction Coefficient During Brake Lining Movement.

This article presents a laboratory device by which the course of two signals can be detected using two types of sensors-strain gauges and the DEWESoft DS-NET measuring apparatus. The values of the coefficient of friction of the brake lining when moving against the rotating shell of the brake drum were determined from the physical quantities sensed by tensometric sensors and transformed into electrical quantities. The friction coefficient of the brake lining on the circumference of the rotating brake disc shell can be calculated from the known values measured by the sensors, the design dimensions of the brake, and the revolutions of the rotating parts system. The values of the friction coefficient were measured during brake lining movement. A woven asbestos-free material, Beral 1126, which contained brass fibers and resin additives, showed slightly higher values when rotating at previously tested speeds compared to the friction coefficient values obtained when the brake drum rotation was uniformly delayed. The methodology for determining the friction coefficient of the brake lining allowed the laboratory device to verify its magnitude for different friction materials under various operating conditions.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN AS A COMPONENT OF VISUAL ARCHITECTURE MANAGEMENT IN GREEN STANDARDS

The article discusses the principles of managing the visual qualities of architectural projects in green standards using biophilic design strategies. The relevance of the research is related to the dynamic development of construction, technologies, as well as the growth of economic, social and environmental challenges. Regular updating of rating systems for environmental certification of architecture allows taking into account current trends, flexibly adapting to them and offering an effective approach to modern project solutions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the introduction of clear methodologies into green standards regarding the consideration of visual and aesthetic parameters of architecture. Therefore, an argumentative base is being formed regarding the need to assess the visual impact of an architectural project. The research analysis indicates an interest in the research and application of the principles of biophilic design in architecture, its connection with the visual impact, which corresponds to the Global Goals of the Sustainable Development Strategy. The credit criteria of the project version of the LEED v5 standard and the WELL v2 standard, which refer to biophilic design, are investigated. In the LEED standard, it is a "Connection with nature" credit, in the WELL standard, it is planning and site selection. Kehlert and Calabrese's Biophilic Design Practices and the environmental design and planning consultancy Terrapin Bright Green's regulated biophilic design strategies are analyzed in detail. In Kellert's strategy, defined 24 attributes are considered, which are divided into 3 categories - "Direct experience of nature", "Indirect experience of nature", "Experience of space and place". The "Terrapin Bright Green" strategy considers 14 attributes of biophilic design, divided into 3 categories - "Nature in space, "Natural analogies", "Nature of space". The article notes that the visual and aesthetic components of architecture affect human condition. Therefore, the considered green standards, such as LEED v5, WELL v2, refer to biophilic design as one of the strategies that allows to manage at a certain level the visual qualities of architecture. In addition, the use of modern augmented and virtual reality tools in the study of biophilic design is noted. It is noted that such an approach can be used in the development of a systematic methodology for assessing the visual qualities of architecture certified according to green standards.

Design dimensions of electrocutaneous warning stimulation patterns in workplace safety devices.

Warning of workers in dangerous situations is crucial. With the aim of deriving practical parameters for an electrocutaneous warning stimulation, we explore the design dimensions of pulse intervals, amplitudes, and locations of electrocutaneous stimulation in a study on healthy volunteers. Using biphasic rectangular current pulses on the upper right arm of 81 healthy participants, they evaluated temporal perception with varying intervals, ranging from 200 ms down to 0.5 ms, categorizing it as 'Individual pulses', 'Pulsating', 'Vibrating', or 'Continuous'. Next, we tested nine amplitude levels. Participants rated the perceived amplitude on a scale from 1 to 9 after a training phase. Finally, we presented five consecutive stimulation pulses in a pseudo-random order at eight electrode pair positions, asking participants to report the stimulated electrode pair. Participants perceived electrocutaneous pulses as 'Individual pulses' for median intervals above 74 ms, as 'Pulsating' between 44 ms and 74 ms, as 'Vibrating' between 12 ms and 44 ms, and as 'Continuous' below 12 ms. Pulse intervals below about 1 ms were perceived as weak and at about 5 ms as inconvenient, rendering these intervals less suitable for the design of a warning pattern. The median reported amplitudes [25%-75%-percentile] for presented amplitudes 1 to 9 are: 1[1-1], 2[2-3], 3[2-4], 3[3-4], 4[3-5], 5[4-6], 6[4-7], 7[5-8] and 7.5 [6-8] indicating a linear relationship between presented and perceived amplitude. These results suggest that the stimulation amplitude may be incorporated into a structured stimulation pattern. The majority of the electrode pair locations were reported correctly (64.3%-86.6%) or within the two neighboring electrode pairs (98%-99.7%). We conclude that the determined pulse intervals combined with the differentiability of locations offer the basis for designing a warning signal. Our research lays the groundwork for developing suitable signals for wearable electric warning devices.

A Digital Simulation Game for Resource Management in Construction Projects

The construction industry is on the verge of a digital transformation. Consequently, the gap widens between industry demands and fresh graduate capabilities. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a paradigm shift in the teaching approach for construction management education. To meet both industry demands and student expectations, Game-Based Learning (GBL) can substantially enhance both technical and transferable skills for digital-native students who struggle with traditional teaching methods. Although the body of knowledge recognizes GBL in general, their utilization remains limited in construction management. Moreover, there is little discussion on the design process of educational games. To address these gaps, this study adopted a unique approach to educational game design by developing a time-management strategy game about resource management in construction projects with unpredictable events. This paper presents the game design process and evaluation results of a single-player digital game called ‘Always Under Stress’ developed using the Godot game engine. The goal of the game is to introduce resource management in construction projects and its associated challenges. The design and development steps, game engine, and workflow are discussed in-depth in relation to the learning objectives. In addition, this study explains how elements of randomness in educational game design can be used to challenge students’ planning and adaptability skills. Various stakeholders (n = 31), comprising of students, professors, and industry professionals, were invited to evaluate the game across six dimensions of educational game design. Results revealed positive reception towards the developed prototype regarding educational value and critical comments regarding user experience and onboarding for beginners. The findings of this study provide invaluable guidelines, considerations and lessons learned for prospective educational game designers and researchers.

Adaptive Dynamic Event-Triggered Distributed Output Observer for Leader-Follower Multiagent Systems Under Directed Graphs.

Leader-follower consensus problem for multiagent systems (MASs) is an important research hotspot. However, the existing methods take the leader system matrix as a priori knowledge for each agent to design the controller and use the leader's state information. In fact, only the output information may be available in some practical applications. On this basis, this article first designs a novel adaptive distributed dynamic event-triggered observer for each follower to learn the minimum polynomial coefficients of the leader system matrix instead of the leader system matrix. The proposed method is scalable and suitable for large-scale MASs and can reduce the information transmission dimension in observer design. Then, an adaptive dynamic event-triggered compensator based on the observer and leader output information is designed for each follower, thereby solving the leader-follower consensus problem. Finally, several simulation examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

PM flux-reversal machine for wind energy application

Currently, attempts are being made to harness wind energy by means of non-conventional electrical machines such as flux reversal machines (FRM). The main advantage of the FRM, when compared with existing synchronous generators (SG), is that all the active parts like PMs and armature windings are mounted on the stator part, whereas leaving the rotor has simple and robust. In this study, the three-phase 6/8-pole flux reversal generators (FRGs) are selected, sized, designed, and analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA). The working principle, choice of stator and rotor poles, and machine design dimensions evaluation (analytical sizing procedure), as well as relevant performance details are discussed in this paper. This study is used to analyze, a popular 6/8 pole, 0.8 kW, 50 Hz, and examine the suitability for the wind energy applications in terms of torque and power density, torque ripple, power factor, and cogging torque under 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The analysis provides an update on the current state-of-the-art and as well as future thrust areas of research necessary to bridge the gap on what is still desired for the practical application of FRMs for wind energy.

Ratcheting fluid pumps: Using generalized polynomial chaos expansions to assess pumping performance and sensitivity

A large diversity of fluid pumps is found throughout nature. The study of these pumps has provided insights into fundamental fluid dynamic processes and inspiration for the development of micro-fluid devices. Recent work by Thiria and Zhang [Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 054106 (2015)] demonstrated how a reciprocal, valveless pump with a geometric asymmetry could drive net fluid flow due to an impedance mismatch when the fluid moves in different directions. Their pump's geometry is reminiscent of the asymmetries seen in the chains of contractile chambers that form the insect heart and mammalian lymphangions. Inspired by these similarities, we further explored the role of such geometric asymmetry in driving bulk flow in a preferred direction. We used an open-source implementation of the immersed boundary method to solve the fluid-structure interaction problem of a viscous fluid moving through a sawtooth channel whose walls move up and down with a reciprocal motion. Using a machine learning approach based on generalized polynomial chaos expansions, we fully described the model's behavior over the target 3-dimensional design space, composed of input Reynolds numbers (Rein), pumping frequencies, and duty cycles. Scaling studies showed that the pump is more effective at higher intermediate Rein. Moreover, greater volumetric flow rates were observed for near extremal duty cycles, with higher duty cycles (longer contraction and shorter expansion phases) resulting in the highest bulk flow rates.

A study on the dimensional design of brackets of multi-tiered wooden pagodas in East Asia

ABSTRACT Methods for dimensional design of brackets of multi-tiered wooden pagodas in East Asia are discussed. The research method for quantifying the brackets design of each wooden five-tiered pagoda by setting a V-value with an initial value equal to 1, and adding one to the original value for each change in the size of the brackets at each tier. The results demonstrated that the size of brackets decreased from Tier 1 to Tier 5. Also, some unique dimensional design methods such as three-section design have been observed. This article focuses for the first time on the phenomenon that the size of wooden five-tiered pagoda brackets is gradually decreasing from bottom to top in East Asia. And it is studied and proved as a special design method of wooden five-tiered pagoda brackets. The dimensional designs of wooden brackets of pagodas in China, Japan and Korea were investigated and compared to clarify the history of dimensional design of wooden brackets of pagodas in East Asia, as well as the principle of dimensional design of brackets of ancient multi-tiered wooden pagodas in East Asia. The results of the study not only provide a new perspective to better understand the design techniques of ancient East Asian five-tiered wooden pagodas but also help to preserve and restore five-tiered wooden pagodas more accurately.

Optimising Social Media Branding for Customer Engagement: A China-Malaysia Framework

Online marketing plays a crucial role in worldwide branding. This writing aims to explore and determine how social and cultural dimensions affect customer engagement (CE) in online brand design in an intercultural setting and, in turn, affect brand loyalty and brand equity, further advancing the theory development of intercultural marketing in brand design and brand management. While intercultural branding activities increase, major problems around negative online engagement, digital inequality, miscommunication across cultures, and ethnocentric perspectives remain. These highlight the need to improve intercultural competence, sensitivity, and communication to enhance mutually beneficial CE in the digital era. Not only do successful online marketing strategies effectively utilize social media platforms and digital technologies, but they also understand how social and cultural dimensions influence brand design and customer engagement, particularly across cultures. Darla Deardorff’s intercultural competence model (ICM) provides a basic framework to promote in a multicultural setting; further, the expected outcomes suggest that the mediating effects of branded content experience, cultural and contextual factors, and the moderating influence of digital literacy are statistically significant. This conceptual framework can permit brands and marketers to improve CE and guide their management of assets and marketing activities through brand design; additionally, this writing provides novel perspectives on the relevance and significance of social and cultural dimensions in brand design.

Compact and Wide-Stopband Bandpass Filter Using Hybrid Shielded EMCSIW and CSRR Resonators with a Mixed Electromagnetic Coupling Scheme.

This paper presents a bandpass filter (BPF) exploiting hybrid shielded eighth-mode circular substrate-integrated waveguide (SD-EMCSIW) and complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) resonators. The proposed BPF leverages the SD-EMCSIW resonator with a 45-degree angle to create a second-order BPF with a mixed electromagnetic coupling scheme. Detailed analyses of the related electromagnetic characteristics and operating mechanisms have been performed. In order to further reduce the occupied area, the CSRR structures are embedded into the SD-EMCSIW resonators. Meanwhile, extra metallic via-holes are implemented to enhance the upper-stopband performance. A transmission zero (TZ) of the second-order BPF can be placed on either the left or right side of the passband and can be flexibly adjusted. To validate the design concept, a second-order hybrid SD-EMCSIW and CSRR BPF was designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured as a specific example. The prototype operates at a center frequency f0 of 8.3 GHz with a 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 8.1%. Two transmission zeros are located near the right passband. The upper-stopband rejection reaches up to 15 dB at 2.85 times the center frequency f0. Both the simulated and measured results show satisfactory agreement. Meanwhile, the overall size of the proposed hybrid SD-EMCSIW and CSRR BPF is 13.5 mm × 13.0 mm (0.37λ0 × 0.36λ0), featuring a compact physical dimension in the filter design.

A State-of-the-Art Review on Vortex Induced Vibrations Phenomenon Bladeless Wind Turbine Technology

Vortex bladeless wind turbine (VBWT) is a new wind power extraction technology that is dependent on the Aero-elasticity phenomenon that is called vortex induced vibrations – VIV – which is derived from the study of flow induced vibrations, it is the phenomenon that arises from the interaction of inertial, structural and aerodynamic forces over a bluff body. it has been found that when Air – ideal gas - flows around a body an induced oscillatory motion can be established by vortex shedding. By leveraging the induced oscillatory motion resulting from VIV, Vortex Bladeless aims to generate power in a novel way. The absence of traditional blades sets this technology apart from conventional wind turbines and introduces different dynamics in the extraction of wind energy. VBWT devices are particularly advantageous in low to moderate wind situations, where traditional turbines may prove inefficient or unfeasible. Moreover, their reduced noise levels and compact size render them suitable for urban or ecologically sensitive regions. The selection of this new technology to be investigated and studied will play an important role in wind energy field of study opening a new chapter in the development of this kind of renewable energy, leading to generate power with a lesser cost than that produced by the conventional wind turbines by 40 %. Nonetheless, the efficacy of VBWT may be constrained in high-wind conditions where conventional turbines thrive, and their performance is significantly influenced by certain design and resonance attributes.