Design Bureau Research Articles

Determining the effect of longitudinal stiffeners on the deformation of multilayer ellipsoidal shells under non-stationary loads

The object of this study is the deformation of multilayer ellipsoidal shells under non-stationary distributed load. It is proposed to reinforce the shell with longitudinal stiffeners to enhance the strength of it. The application of Timoshenko's theory of shells and cores enabled the investigation of the influence of longitudinal stiffeners on the deformation of multilayer ellipsoidal shells under non-stationary loads with the discrete positioning of the stiffeners. A mathematical model of shell oscillations under various types of short-term non-stationary loads was based on the Hamilton-Ostrogradsky variational principle. The numerical algorithm based on the application of the integral-interpolation approach to the construction of finite difference schemes in spatial coordinates, combined with an explicit finite-difference scheme for the time coordinate, was used to solve the task set. It has been determined that reinforcing stiffeners significantly affect the deformed state of the multilayer ellipsoidal shell. The "shell-stiffeners" relation was taken into account as a base for research. The maximum deformation ε11 of the smooth three-layer ellipsoidal shell was on average 1.4 times greater than the deformation ε11 of the reinforced three-layer ellipsoidal shell throughout the entire studied time interval. It was determined that over time the presence of reinforcing stiffeners has a more significant impact on the deformed state of the reinforced ellipsoidal shell. A distinctive feature of this research is the consideration of the discrete placement of reinforcing stiffeners which made it possible to investigate the impact of longitudinal stiffeners on the deformation of multilayer ellipsoidal shells under non-stationary loads. The results could be used for the investigation of applied problems in research organizations and design bureaus when designing shell structures

“The Pearl of the Urals”: The Symbolic Capital, Social Infrastructure, and Development Prospects of Miass

Taking the city of Miass (Chelyabinsk region) as an example, this article examines the historical aspect of the formation of the symbolic capital of Russian secondtier industrial cities. The author demonstrates that the vision of the city in the twentieth century developed along with the growth of municipal infrastructure, which in turn followed the industrial growth of the city, resulting from a certain “historical luck” of Miass. This industrial growth was programmed by the arrival of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the “overflow” of heavy industry from the mountainous region of neighbouring Zlatoust and the evacuation during the Great Patriotic War. In the 1960s, Miass acquired the status of a ‘naukograd’ (scientific city), thanks to the emergence of a design bureau and a missile industrial complex. Since the end of the nineteenth century, one of the most important elements of the symbolic capital of Miass has been a stable representation of the specific beauty of the nearby mountainous region of the Urals and Lake Turgoyak. The growth of Miass during the Soviet era consolidated the discourse of the natural beauty of this “city in the Golden Valley”, and Lake Turgoyak acquired the reputation of the “Pearl of the Urals”, the importance of which was fully recognised after the environmental protection campaign of the 1970s and 1980s. The collapse of the Soviet planned economy and the transition to a post-industrial society led Miass along the path of inertial development, which contradicts the significant symbolic capital accumulated during the years of urban and industrial growth. The author concludes that the creative development of Miass is possible with the use of the accumulated symbolic capital along two lines, i. e. the rise of tourism or innovative development; however, both lines will require a shift from inertial development to novel and risky investments in social and communal infrastructure.

Разработка программы для персонализированного подхода в лечении субретинальных кровоизлияний

Abctract Software development for a personalized approach in the treatment of subretinal hemorrhages R.R. Fayzrakhmanov, E.D. Вosov, V.A. Bogdanova, I.I. Tumanov, G.O. Karpov N.I. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center, Moscow, Russian Federation Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians N.I. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center, Moscow, Russian Federation Design Bureau «Rus’», Moscow, Russian Federation Purpose. Development and clinical application of software for individual calculation of the volume of fibrinolytic infusion solution for surgical treatment of submacular hemorrhages. Material and methods. Based on the processing of optical coherence tomography data using threedimensional visualization, the program 3D volume calculator was developed. As a vitreoretinal intervention, a two-port 27G surgery was performed with controlled subretinal administration of a calculated recombinant prourokinase solution through a 38G cannula and hexafluoroethane tamponade at 20% of the volume of the vitreal cavity. Results. Developed software makes it possible to measure the volume of submacular hemorrhage, and also calculates an individualized amount of subretinal infusion solution for reliable displacement of the blood clot to the periphery. 2 weeks after surgery for submacular hemorrhage, complete dislocation was observed in 40 cases (93%). Conclusion. Сurrently, minimally invasive surgery and a personalized approach are the fundamental directions in modern ophthalmology. Application of the proposed software in clinical practice has proven its effectiveness in relation to morphological and functional perspectives in the treatment of submacular hemorrhages. Key words: submacular hemorrhage, software, calculation of fibrinolytic volume, minimally invasive surgery

Analysis and development of criteria for the operational efficiency of urban electric buses

Problem. Currently, manufacturers and research specialists primarily utilize the amount of autonomous mileage and/or the specific electricity consumption of autonomous DEEs per unit of mileage to describe the general characteristics of urban electric buses. However, the structural mass and the key operational parameter, the nominal passenger capacity, are often disregarded. Therefore, comparing electric buses of the same type with identical dimensional parameters based solely on these criteria is illogical and incorrect. Goal. This study aims to establish criteria for the operational efficiency of urban low-floor electric buses of various types, considering autonomous DEE and their charging or replacement systems. These criteria should account for structural mass and nominal passenger capacity, facilitating a proper comparative assessment and the selection of the most optimal options for use in urban passenger transportation systems. Methodology. Criteria for the operational efficiency of city electric buses of various types are proposed based on an analysis of electricity consumption required for both movement and the operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The criteria consider the mass in the equipped state and the main parameter - nominal passenger capacity. Results. Several operational efficiency criteria for urban electric buses, incorporating mass parameters and passenger capacity, are suggested. The feasibility of their application is demonstrated through a comparison of five sketch projects of electric buses of various types with modern models. Originality. The proposed criteria for the operational efficiency of urban electric buses offer a method for adequately comparing any selected models, regardless of their types and technical specifications. Practical value. The proposed criteria for the operational efficiency of urban electric buses of various types can be beneficial for transport company specialists in selecting suitable rolling stock for specific routes. Additionally, design bureau and scientific and technical center specialists can utilize these criteria during the design process of new urban electric transport models.

Analysis of automatic design systems

The process of designing and developing a control program begins after the previous stage of the product life cycle has been completed and it begins with the work of the design bureau. It develops new design solutions, and the technical specification for the required product is agreed with the customer. Based on this, a product drawing with technical requirements is created, which is usually transmitted to the department (technologists-programmers), which is directly involved in the design and development of process control for the product. At this stage, as a rule, the technologist consults with the developer of the drawing for the required product to obtain complete information about the product in order to eliminate any errors. Such cases are not excluded when, from this moment on, the drawing is returned for revision to the department of the design bureau due to the inability to sell the product in metal due to lack of industrial capacity or poor design solutions that make the description of the manufacturing technology impossible. After receiving the terms of reference, the next step is the development of the technological process. The technological process must be compiled technically competently in accordance with the internal standards of the enterprise (everyone may have their own, but the structure of the compilation is the same) and be informative enough at least to eliminate the high probability of defects during manufacture. As statistics show, in many enterprises, the overwhelming percentage of defects appears due to the negligent attitude of operators of CNC machines due to deviations from the technological process.

Evolution of Mechanization and Automation in Dairy Farming

The paper shows the development of technologies and tools of mechanization and automation in livestock farming for the period from 1930 to the present. (Research purpose) Given the cyclical nature of processes and the nuanced interpretations of scientific heritage, it is necessary to investigate the historical experience and contributions of scientists to the development and practical implementation of mechanization and automation tools in livestock farming. (Methods and materials) The paper examines the primary stages of mechanization and automation in cow milking, starting with the development of the first Soviet three-stroke milking machine DA-3. It considers the contributions made by specialized institutes of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and individual scientists in formulating testing methodologies for milking machines. Additionally, it explores the development and adoption of novel electromechanical tools for dairy farms. (Results and discussion) Considered in this paper are the pioneering efforts in the creation of the first milking parlors. These include the stationary herringbone type machines with a parallel-pass design, spearheaded by V.S. Krasnov, V.F. Korolev, V.P. Larin, V.P. Pokhvalensky, and A.N. Dormidontov, and the development of mobile carousel parlors of the «rotating herringbone» type, engineered by the design bureau of the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture under the supervision of I.I. Teslenko, N.V. Krasnoshchekov, K.S. Shapovalov, N.K. Vazenmiller, A.V. Goldenfang. (Conclusions) The paper notes the significance of adopting a systematic approach to the developing of machinery for livestock farming mechanization. This approach was actively pursued by N.M. Morozov, the member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant milestone in the advancement of the theory and practice of animal husbandry processes was the pioneering work in developing and implementing technology for flow-conveyor animal service, headed by Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences L.P. Kormanovsky. The paper reveals the necessity of conducting a historical practices from previous generations. This approach helps to develop modern models of machinery and equipment and avoid mere replication of foreign designs. It also facilitates independent research and development efforts, incorporating insights from the accumulated experience of utilizing equipment and technologies in Russia.

The analysis of operation and failures of a power plant on high-speed vessels with semi-submersible propellers

Over the past century, shipbuilding has been closely linked to solving the most acute problem of increasing the speed of ships. Builders of high-speed vessels habitually justify this struggle for speed in connection with the requirements of the modern market. In Russia, as well as all over the world, there is a need for modern, high-speed, maneuverable and economical vessels. To meet this need, Almaz Central Design Bureau has developed, the Rybinsk Vimpel Plant has launched a high-speed vessel with semi-submersible propellers of project 12150 "Mongoose". Currently, about 75 ships have been launched [1]. This article analyzes the work of foreign and domestic engines accumulated during the operation of high-speed engines MTU 10V2000M93 (manufactured in Germany), ZVEZDA M470MK-M3 (manufactured in Russia) installed on high-speed vessels of project 12150. In particular, information on the most characteristic failures of the components of the main power plants and the propulsion system as a whole, as well as on the possible causes of the occurrence and development of typical engine failures installed on these high-speed vessels, which allow us to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the power plant used.

KPI SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE PERSONNEL TRAINING SYSTEM AT A MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE

In modern conditions, there is an extremely rapid obsolescence of professional knowledge, so the issues of improving the skills of employees, mastering new competencies is one of the key factors for the success of the enterprise. In other words, the personnel training system has a direct impact on the achievement of the strategic goals of the organization, therefore, it is necessary to manage this system accordingly. In this article, using the example of a machine-building enterprise, the personnel training process underlying the improvement of the entire personnel training system is considered. The article suggests a method for evaluating the effectiveness of personnel training based on KPIs using the example of training design bureau employees. The authors have identified indicators of the effectiveness of the learning process that affect the quality of products, developed a sequence of building stages of the KPI system, and also established its relationship with the strategic management system of the organization.

FORMATION OF WORLDVIEW AND PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATIONS OF AIRCRAFT DESIGNER O. ANTONOV

The article provides a thorough comparative and historical analysis of the process of formation of worldview and professional guidelines in the activities of Oleg Antonov, a prominent master of the national aircraft construction and design industry. In particular, the author, based on numerous biographical materials, highlights certain issues of shaping the worldview of the future founder of the aviation industry in his early youth, outlines the range of interests and hobbies related to Oleg Antonov's own beliefs and the influence of his immediate environment.The author highlights the initial steps of Oleg Antonov's amateur activities towards the creation of the first aircraft, in particular, his participation in the «club of aviation amateurs» organized by him in Saratov in his youth. The first experience of the future aircraft designer's participation in the second All-Union glider rally in the Crimea and his confirmation in choosing his future profession are highlighted.The author emphasizes the importance of Oleg Antonov's fateful meetings in his youth with future prominent spacecraft and aircraft designers S. Korolev, S. Ilyushin, and test pilots S. Anokhin and K. Arceulov.The author points out that despite the failure in Koktebel due to the fact that the Golub glider did not take off due to certain design flaws, O. Antonov used this experience as a springboard to the big world of aircraft construction, taking into account all his mistakes and embarking on the path of improving and modernizing the models he had already created. This event can be classified as the starting point of the national gliding industry and Oleg Antonov's professional growth.The author emphasizes that all subsequent aircraft designs by O. Antonov's design bureau were distinguished by their high-tech component and innovative design approaches. The author emphasizes the fact that in his professional activities, O. Antonov solved all the tasks he set with due regard to the laws of aerodynamics, design, strength testing, manufacturability, etc. Such a credo of professionalism was laid down at the initial stage of O. Antonov's formation as an aircraft designer and head of a leading design bureau.

РАЗВИТИЕ УРАЛЬСКОГО ОПТИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКОГО ЗАВОДА ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 1940-х — СЕРЕДИНЕ 1960-х гг.

The article is devoted to the development of the Ural Optical-Mechanical Plant (UOMZ) in the conditions of transition to late industrial modernization. The relevance of the problem under consideration is due to the presence of some analogies between the patterns of the period of transition to late industrial modernization in the USSR and the current trends of the formation of a post-industrial society. The characteristic features of the socio-economic development in the period under study were the science intensity of production, the creation of new materials, military-technical progress, and the development of the space industry. The authors proceeded from the principles of modernization theory. Research methods of high priority were historical-comparative, narrative, causal, problem-chronological. After the war, Plant No. 217 (since 1964 — Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant) produced optical devices for the military-industrial complex, the space industry, aviation, and construction. Some of the enterprise’s products were exported. The plant reached the level of the fourth technological order on the basis of conveyor mechanized and automated production. In the second half of the 1940s — middle 1960s, the plant, as part of the scientific and industrial cluster of the region, mastered new technologies: the manufacture of glassintensive devices and optoelectronic devices of the laser rangefinder family, new methods of glass casting. UOMZ developed cooperation with scientific and educational institutions of the industry, design bureaus, the USSR Academy of Sciences, design and technological institutions.

С этой ракеты начинался наш путь в «Тополиную рощу» (о проведении летных испытаний межконтинентальной баллистической ракеты РТ-2 на полигоне «Плесецк»)

In the first half of the 1960s, Special Design Bureau No. 1 created the RT-2 intercontinental ballistic missile. The use of the new missile in the Strategic Missile Forces was supposed to be part of the Separate Start type missile system. It was meant to be a worthy response to the American Minutemen. For the RT-2 rocket flight development tests, an experimental test base (technical and launch positions, command-measuring and computing complexes) and infrastructure facilities (roads, bridges) were created, fall fields and target fields were prepared, testing military units were formed, and personnel was trained. In 1966-68, flight tests of the RT-2 rocket were carried out as part of the 15P098 missile system. Although the RT-2 missile did not match the American Minutemen in terms of shooting accuracy and throw-weight, it was put into service and its modified version was on combat duty until 1994. The RT-2 became the first domestic solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile. An original layout and a new control system allowed it to “almost catch up” with the characteristics of Minuteman-2 and created the prerequisites for its further modernization. An excellent silo launcher, the best command post at that time, the first remote control and monitoring systems, and a small number of maintenance personnel made the system with these missiles one of the best in the Strategic Missile Forces at the beginning of the 1970s. The purpose of this article is to summarize information about the flight development tests of the RT-2 missile at the 53rd Research Test Site of the USSR Ministry of Defense (Mirny, Arkhangelsk Region). To achieve it, in addition to official documents and technical documentation, the author used information from the archives of testing military units and memories of participants in the events.

Разработка вооружения ОКБ-43 в период эвакуации: к постановке вопроса

The paper outlines the engineering activity of the Special Design Bureau No. 43 (OKB-43, Leningrad) during its 1941-1945 evacuation to the Mari El Republic (Yoshkar-Ola City). The relevance of the research is explained by the absence of special generalizing works on this topic and the need to introduce into scientific practice the materials of state and departmental archives, which had not been published before and were declassified only due to the application of the authors in 2023. Consistent identification and study of the materials and also collating documents with the preserved hardware specimens enable comprehending the contribution of this design organization to the development of the USSR military technology in the 1940s as well as forming a view of the place and importance of that period in the OKB-43 activity. To address the specified task, it was necessary to identify and analyze the main development lines of the 1940s compared to the 1930s, the previous stage in the organization activity. In particular, the reasons for the change in the type of the experimental design works of the bureau were indicated. The conducted research disclosed and systematized a list of the major development works of the period. Prominent among the accomplished projects are cannonry, attachments of weapons for the fortified areas, anti-aerial and marine attachments, small arms, machinegun mounts, mobile personal and collective armored protection equipment, etc. The conclusion is drawn about the significance of this stage for the general development and activity of the OKB-43 in creating airborne guns and weaponry of the USSR

Pharmacoeconomic study of fluorescent lymphography and radionuclide diagnostics methods for sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer

Background. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a reliable diagnostic method used to assess the spread of the malignant process in regional lymph nodes. Currently, this method is of great importance in treatment planning for early breast cancer and allows to avoid immediate and long-term complications of lymph node dissection. SLN detection can be performed using the radionuclide method, the disadvantages of which are associated with the peculiarities of working with radiopharmaceuticals and additional costs when using them. An alternative method is fluorescence lymphography (FL) with indocyanine green.Objective: performing a pharmacoeconomical study (cost-effectiveness analysis) comparing the cost-effectiveness of methods for detecting SLN in breast cancer: radionuclide diagnosis (RD) using a radiopharmaceutical based on sodium pertechnetate [99mТс] and FL using indocyanine green (Life Sciences OCPK LLC, Russia) and "IC GOR System" device (Central Design Bureau of Information and Control Systems JSC, Russia).Material and methods. The values of the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) were calculated and compared for the two indicated methods of detecting SLN in breast cancer. Information on the RD method clinical efficacy was taken from the published data. SLN detection by the FL method with the use of indocyanine green and domestic apparatus was performed on the basis of the Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary (Ryazan) in 53 patients with breast cancer. To assess the reliability of the obtained results a deterministic multivariate sensitivity analysis was performed.Results. The obtained CERFL values were significantly lower than the median CERRD values by average of 43.29% (p<0.001): from 40.36% (p<0.001) to 44.96% (p<0.001). The geometric mean CERFL was lower than CERRD by 39,40% (from 37.99% to 42.80%), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) did not intersect. Deterministic multivariate sensitivity analysis demonstrated robustness of the obtained data to the transformation of RD cost parameters. Nevertheless the geometric mean and its 95% CI of CERRD and CERFL did not intersect under any circumstances.Conclusion. According to the results of a pharmacoeconomic study, it is more economically profitable to detect SLN in breast cancer using indocyanine green and a domestic device for FL, as its costs per unit of efficiency were 38–45% lower than for RD using a radiopharmaceutical based on sodium pertechnetate [99mТс].

У истоков Тульской школы тренажеростроения: Коротеев Геннадий Леонидович

The article considers Gennady Koroteev’s scientific biography and role in forming and developing the Tula School of Ergonomics and Engineering Psychology in the 80s of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century. The article outlines the main works of the author and the team headed by him in the Central Design Bureau of Apparatus Construction, which formed the school core of simulator construction for civil and military purposes.

У истоков Тульской школы тренажеростроения: Коротеев Геннадий Леонидович

The article considers Gennady Koroteev’s scientific biography and role in forming and developing the Tula School of Ergonomics and Engineering Psychology in the 80s of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century. The article outlines the main works of the author and the team headed by him in the Central Design Bureau of Apparatus Construction, which formed the school core of simulator construction for civil and military purposes.

Применение технологии интернета вещей для передачи данных от автоматического измерителя сопротивления заземления

Purpose: To organize operational automatic monitoring of the real state of one of the important technical elements of the Directorate of Communications and the Directorate of Infrastructure of JSC “Russian Railways” — of the grounding systems for communication, signaling, centralization and blockage (SCB). Methods: Comparative analysis of the technical characteristics of devices existing in the relevant telecommunications equipment market that implement the Internet of things technology and standard switching solutions for various devices with a unified monitoring and administration system (UMAS). Results: An optimal solution has been obtained for collecting and automatically transmitting information of such a parameter as the electrical resistance of the grounding device. A technical solution is proposed that allows to coordinate the collection of information by means of necessary sensors used in the implementation of the Internet of Things technology, network equipment and the transmission of information to the UMAS by means of a modular diagnostic complex and transmitting devices (switching equipment and multiplexers) provided by LLC “Pulsar-Telecom Design Bureau”. Practical significance: A comprehensive solution for collecting, transmitting and monitoring the condition of the object is proposed, which allows to respond promptly to changes in such an important parameter as the resistance of the grounding device in order to plan the activities of repair, operational and restoration teams and other services of enterprises of the directorates of communications and infrastructure. A comparative analysis of three technologies of the Internet of Things — LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, STRIZH, allowing to assess the advantages and disadvantages of each in achieving the goal.

Atomic force microscopy of erythrocytes of patients with different severity of pancreatitis

Aim of the study was to prove the possibility of using red blood cell probe microscopy as a predictor of the development of pancreonecrosis.Material and methods. Atomic force microscopy was performed in 143 people (82 were male and 61 were female). The study was performed on an Integra Aura probe microscope (ZAO NT-MDT, Russia). Each erythrocyte was scanned for cell membrane and cell as a whole. A total of 940 red blood cells were examined. According to the severity of acute pancreatitis, patients are distributed in three groups. As a control group, 37 people without somatic pathology were examined. Diagnosis and treatment of patients was carried out in the public health institution “Design Bureau” Russian Railways-Medicine “Krasnoyarsk” from 2015–2019.Results. The study showed that the shape of erythrocyte does not depend on the severity of pancreatitis and does not change, however, structural changes of the membrane occur in the form of the formation of multiple erosions on its surface. The membrane is deformed, and its adhesion increases. These changes reduce the transport capacity of the blood, which, in our opinion, leads to an increase in the general intoxication of the body and to a deterioration in the condition of the patient.Conclusions. Apparently, pancreatic enzymes entering the free bloodstream in the first phase of pancreatitis cause not only oxidative stress, but also the reorganization and destruction of the erythrocyte membrane. The increase in membrane rigidity and deformation of the erythrocyte surface cytoskeleton against the background of increased adhesion seems to disrupt the gas transmission function of erythrocyte and microrheological properties of blood, which in turn disrupts the exchange of amino acids, lipids and detoxification capabilities of blood. The appearance of erythrocytes in the free bloodstream with the presence of erosion on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane can serve as a prediction of a non-favorable course of acute pancreatitis and a predictor of a possible transition of edema pancreatitis to pancreonecrosis.

Coolant Hydrodynamics in the PWR Reactor Core with TVS-Kvadrat of Various Designs

. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the hydrodynamics of the coolant in the core of the PWR reactor with fuel assemblies “TVS-Kvadrat” of various designs. Experimental studies of hydrodynamics consisted in studying the velocity fields and the process of cross-flow of coolant between adjacent fuel assemblies “TVS-Kvadrat” of various designs in homogeneous and mixed cores on large-scale experimental models, including fragments of two adjacent fuel assemblies “TVS-Kvadrat” and a gap between them. The test models differ in the number of installed grids, this is due to the fact that in a homogeneous core the hydraulic load along the height of the fuel assemblies is identical, and in a mixed core the hydraulic load is uneven due to the different number of installed grids. The hydrodynamics of the coolant has been studied on an aerodynamic open-loop based on the theory of hydrodynamic similarity, using individually calibrated pneumometric sensors. Based on the data obtained, the fields of local axial and transverse velocities in various sections along the length of the studied section of the test models have been constructed. The fields of local dimensionless transverse and axial flow velocities in the fuel bundles and the gap between the fuel assemblies “TVS-Kvadrat” of the PWR reactor core have been studied. Peculiarities of the process of transverse flow between adjacent “TVS-Kvadrat” of a homogeneous and the mixed core of the PWR reactor have been revealed. The results of experimental studies have been transferred to the developer of “TVS-Kvadrat”, that is JSC “Experimental Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering named after I. I. Afrikantov”, for further use in justifying the design and operating modes of a nuclear power plant.

Studies by Vitaliy Grachev focused on maximum vehicle passability achievement

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The territory of our country is located in the area with periodic snow cover. There is a great variance in duration of snow cover, its nature and properties among different regions of the country. The Far North snow cover lasts for 10–11 months. To develop the territory of Siberia, Altai, the Far East and the Far North, as well as to solve the issues of energy, technological and economic security, there is a need for vehicles having high passability or off-road performance in a wide range of driving conditions. Despite intensive road construction and growth of the road network, provision of transport accessibility for the far regions of our country continues to be a relevant and prospective task for the automotive industry. The article considers scientific and practical approaches and results of the studies conducted by the Special Design Bureau of the Automotive Plant n.a. Ivan Likhachev (hereinafter – SDB ZIL) led by Vitaliy Grachev and focused on creation of ultrahigh-passability vehicles.The purpose of the study is to review and to analyze the high-passability and ultrahigh-passability land vehicle designs made based on the studies conducted in the SDB ZIL for severe driving conditions (deep snow, water, swamp, sand, engineering obstacles).Methodology and research methods. The article presents the analysis of the results of scientific and practical experiments in driving vehicles with both conventional – wheels and tracks – and non-conventional – rotary screw, pneumatic roller and other – running gears in different environments, which were obtained using the methods proposed by Vitaliy Grachev.Scientific novelty and results. The article offers solutions, methods and recommendations for selection of optimal types and kinds of running gears for operation under specific off-road conditions, as well as reliable design and engineering solutions proven by practical implementation of successful projects.Practical significance. Restoring the belief in capabilities and potential of the Russian scientific and engineering school by informing the new generation of engineers about the achievements and successful projects by the SDB ZIL led by Vitaliy Grachev related to creation of wheeled vehicles and vehicles with non-conventional running gear types (rotary screw and pneumatic roller tracked running gears) in different environments, as well as about the scientific and practical methods used in their implementation.

Issues of training of professional personnel for marine economic activities under the Marinet program

Introduction. The article deals with the issues of training professional personnel for marine economic activities in the new economic conditions. The aim of the work is to develop the concept of training professional personnel for MARINET in the current conditions of the civilizational war of Western countries with Russia and the revision of the national policy in the field of education, including the attitude to the Bologna process and the transition to mobilization innovation in the economy.Materials and Methods. Of the Marinet NTI Roadmap of Russia for the period up to 2035, the concept of the special course program of additional professional education "Fundamentals of designing under the MARINET program" is proposed, taking into account modern trends in the development of the general configuration of online - offline education in the world. A key feature of the program is the principle of continuity of "vocational education for life", which includes the early involvement of children and young people in the marine economic sphere of the country's economy, taking into account its great potential, and an interdisciplinary approach to the formation of training modules. In the concepts of ESG and STEM education with a focus on joint programs of universities and business partners, a transition from project-oriented education to product-oriented education aimed at creating and mastering in a short time the production of specific new products demanded by the market is proposed.Results. The MARINET DPO program, designed for 72 hours, includes 9 module blocks: 1) an introductory block – prerequisites for the transition to a product-oriented DPO, 2) marine bioresources and marine ecology, 3) fishing, fishing equipment and materials, 4) innovative shipbuilding, 5) digital navigation and communication, 6) aquaculture, 7) marine energy, 8) integrated processing of marine bioresources, 9) deep processing of secondary marine bioresources. Approbation of the MARINET DPO program at the Kaliningrad State Technical University makes it possible to solve the problems of reorienting the vocational education system into STEM competency profiles, taking into account innovative entrepreneurship. Discussion and Conclusions. The introduction of the proposed program in maritime education will be one of the stages of accelerated development of the innovation system of the MARINET track of the National Technology Initiative (NTI) of Russia. The systematic organization of professional marine engineering education in close cooperation with vocational education organizations, research institutes, design bureaus, with the business community will allow to implement product-oriented education aimed at training personnel ready to work in the innovative economy of the country's marine industry.