Design Bureau Research Articles

Конструкции полувагонов 1937–1941 гг. и их модернизация

The authors of the article continue to publish materials on the development and design of gondola structures at the Ural car building plant. The article is devoted to the development of a gondola car by the Ural design Bureau in 1937 and its subsequent modernization. The design elements of the gondola car that differ from the previous model are considered: size, trolley, automatic coupling and brakes, manhole cover, parameters of the gondola car, etc. The results of the work of the Interdepartmental Commission are presented. A new design is considered: coupling buffer beam and the connection of the beams with the lower belt, the constituent elements of the cross section of a center girder and corner posts, etc.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КІБЕРНЕТИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЦИВІЛЬНОЇ АВІАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ ТА СВІТУ

Considering computer-integrated aviation systems that provide a link between civil aviation activities within the ground-to-air and air-to-air channels, the question of the safe operation of such aviation systems from an ever-increasing cyber threats, and the decline in cybersecurity for the aviation industry as a whole. The protection status of ground-to-air and air-to-air channels in such aviation systems is at different levels and depends directly on the activity of all components of aviation activity (airport-aircraft-information network-air traffic management, etc.). To date, some communication channels are not secure at all and are in an open state, which provokes a rapid growth of cyber-attacks and requires the introduction and application of modern information and communication technologies in such communication channels. In view of the ever-increasing cyber statistics on the work of civil aviation worldwide, the authors of the article highlighted the current state of cyber security and protection of ground-to-air and air-to-air channels of the aircraft fleet of Ukrainian airlines, and take a closer look at the world experience. The authors comprehensively covered all components of the aviation system, with particular attention given to aircraft designed by Antonov Design Bureau with the time evolution of tire development and data networks of the world's leading aviation industry leaders (such as Airbus and Boeing). Also, attention is given to the present state and mechanisms of data transmission of the ground-to-air and air-to-air channels and the architecture of the modern air-network of computer-integrated aviation systems. The authors plan a number of scientific and technical solutions for the development and implementation of effective methods and means to ensure the requirements, principles and sub-approaches to ensure cyber security and the organization of protection of ground-to-air and air-to-air channels in experimental computer-integrated aviation systems.

The Modern Russian Historiography of the Evacuation of Industry during the Great Patriotic War and New Prospects for Research

The article analyzes contemporary Russian historiography on the evacuation of indsutries during the Great Patriotic War. Particular attention is paid to digital data cited by researchers about the number of industrial enterprises from different economic sectors evacuated into the rear as one of the most important characteristics of the USSR military economy. The absence of comprehensive work on the evacuation of material resources into the country’s rear remains problematic. The article provides a comparison of central and regional studies of Siberia, the Volga region, and the Urals. The conclusion is drawn on the significant successes of regional historiography in studying a number of problems in organizing the relocation and placement of industrial enterprises in new places, commissioning, economic efficiency of evacuated industrial equipment, and consequences of evacuation for strengthening the Soviet rear. The points under consideration concern the main achievements and debatable issues in the study of industrial evacuation, as well as the characteristics of the prospects for this scientific problem studying. The necessity of intensifying research on such aspects. Among these aspects are the following: the influence of pre-war mobilization plans on the organization of evacuation during the war, identifying the share of equipment losses during evacuation and explanations for such losses, the creation and functioning of evacuation bases, the evacuation of design bureaus and their impact on modernization processes on evacuated factories, and the post-war fate of the evacuated equipment.

Tasks and problems of the revival of domestic agricultural engineering

The problems of supplying the population with quality products in sufficient quantities still remain in the focus of attention of all mankind. The soil and climatic features of our country pose the most difficult tasks for the mechanization of the cultivation, harvesting and preservation of the products obtained in a highly competitive environment. At the same time, the role of agricultural machinery is increasing not only as mechanical assistants, but also as tools that directly affect the means of production - the soil, plants, microorganisms, crops, and the environment. Therefore, the issues of technical level and quality of work of mechanization can be compared in complexity only with the choice of cultivation technology. Hence, the ever-increasing pace of implementation of automation, robotization, hydraulic and electrification of structures. Digital controls are increasingly used for machine controls. However, the changes taking place in our country significantly slow down the pace of implementation of these trends. Imports of foreign technology, in most cases carried out without the appropriate regional tests, with orientation only on advertising indicators. As a result, there is a growing understanding that the import of foreign equipment does not replace domestic agricultural engineering in all cases. A paradoxical situation arises - the more we import imported equipment, the more the demand for domestic standardized and unified developments grows. The nomenclature of agricultural machinery is due to the natural features, multi-zone and multi-pattern agriculture, a large number of different crops, differences in the technologies of their cultivation, variability of working conditions, etc. It is formed by periodic «machine systems» based on the complexes and sets of machines within the relevant technologies. In addition, a number of long-term state programs for the stabilization and accelerated development of the industry are being developed and implemented on the basis of promising resource-saving technologies and criteria for the innovative development of the national economy. The domestic agricultural machinery industry must have a scientific and technical system for creating and maintaining new equipment - the GSKB network, mainly at the leading manufacturers and special design bureaus by types of main machines and their mass aggregates. The STC network of SHT «VISHOM» - GSKB - SKB - KB needs to be revived at an accelerated pace with the preparation of relevant personnel for it, taking into account the experience of active research and production activities of the special complex of the VISHOM.

Градопреобразующая роль инновационной деятельности

В статье охарактеризована пространственная организация инновационной деятельности в городах России и её столице, отмечены быстрое развитие цифровых технологий, способ­ствующее вхождению России в число стран - инноваторов рейтинга Bloomberg-2018, возможности использования потенциала, накопленного в сфере исследований и разра­боток, для совершенствования производства, образования, строительства, здравоохранения и коммунального хозяйства. Инновационная деятельность в России становится инструмен­том совершенствования градостроительной среды, однако в производстве инноваций федеральные округа и входящие в них города участвуют с разной активностью.
 В Центральном округе сосредоточивается более половины занятых исследованиями и разработками, а в Москве - чуть менее трети. В столице организуется единый инновационный кластер (ИК), включающий учреждения Российской академии наук, Московский государственный университет, технические вузы, технопарки, ИТ - компании, бизнес-инкубаторы и другие связанные с ними объекты. Идет процесс создания высокотех­нологичных предприятий, производительность труда превыша­ет средние показатели по стране в 2,5 раза. В конструкторском бюро Российской самолетостроительной компании МиГ (РСК «МиГ») разрабатываются прогрессивные технологии, создают­ся новые и совершенствуются существующие виды продукции. Инноград «Сколково» готовит магистров и аспирантов для работы в области информационных технологий, энергетики, биомедицины и космической медицины.
 Московский опыт распространяется на удалённые регионы России, включая кризисные города (например, Новокузнецк и Тольятти). В статье намечены пути оживления кризисных городов Европейской и Азиатской частей страны и ставится задача создания модели эффективного градопреобразования с использованием инструментов инновационной деятельности.

Study of slat deflector geometric parameters effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of transport aircraft horizontal tail

In modern aircraft, high-lift devices is widely used. It makes possible to improve maneuvering, take-off and landing aircraft characteristics, increase its payload and increase flight safety. The high-lift device of the wing increases the total lifting force, both by increasing the lifting force of the wing main part, and by the lifting force which is provided by elements of the high-lift device.However, powerful high-lift device of the wing can affect the work of the tail stabilizer. Slit retractable flaps increase the curvature and the area of the bearing surface of the wing. However, when applied, there is a fluctuation in airflow, resulting in a stream falling to a horizontal stabilizer at a certain angle, which in this case reduces the angle of attack of the stabilizer, and which may exceed the critical angle. The way out of the situation is the use of a slat deflector, which can ensure the elimination of the airflow breakdown on the stabilizer and increases the critical attack angle of the horizontal stabilizer.Slat deflector is an element of high-lift device of the front edge of the horizontal stabilizer. Deflector forms a slot, with the same principle of action, as in the regular slat of the wing. However, as a rule, a slat deflector of the horizontal stabilizer is designed to create a negative lift; the deflector slat is directed to prevent the breakdown of the airflow on the underside of the stabilizer.The effect is to increase the critical angle of attack. As a result, airflow breakdown on the lower surface of the stabilizer occurs at a larger angle of attack.In the closed position, the slat deflector should fit into the stabilizer profile to reduce the value of the drag coefficient. In the working position between the slat deflector and the forehead of the horizontal stabilizer, a profiled slot is formed. It provides an increase in the velocity of the steady airflow on the lower surface of the wing, resulting in the delayed development of the airflow breakdown, which occurs on larger angles of attack. That way we improve take-off and landing performance of the aircraft.The basis of the geometric parameters that most affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the slat deflector is the local chord of the deflector, angle of the deflection, relative height of the slot and overlap. During the research, the optimal geometric parameters of the slat deflector were selected, providing the maximum critical angle of attack.For comparison: the critical angle of attack of the stabilizer with the slat deflector is –19˚, while the same parameter for the profile without the use of the slat deflector is –11˚ with an insignificant increase in the drag coefficient. The difference is 8˚, so we can confidently say that the result exceeded expectations. Therefore, it is recommended to use an wind tunnel in the future, in order to confirm the results of computer calculations experimentally.One of the live examples of the aircraft, where the slat deflector can significantly improve the stability of the horizontal stabilizer to airflow breakdown is An-32 - Soviet military transport multipurpose aircraft.Upon modernization of existing aircraft, we will deal with restrictions on the size of the deflector. The size of the chord of the deflector is limited by the distance between the front longeron and the leading edge. On the other hand, in this case it is difficult to provide sufficient strength and stiffness of the construction at a large length with a relatively low height of the deflector profile. Prolongation of the slat deflector for the longeron can be implemented by reducing the height of the stabilizer longeron. However, this is undesirable.Thus, it can be assumed that the relative length of the chord of the slat deflector should not exceed 20% of the chord of the initial profile.The obtained results of the research can be applied by design bureaus in the creation of aircraft with powerful high-lift devices, as well as for the modernization of existing aircraft.

Establishment and Development of Forestry Operation Mechanization

Development of machinery and equipment for forestry operation mechanization at the institute started practically right after its establishment. Special focus was on development of horse and tractor driven machinery for soil preparation, sowing and agrotechnical treatments. In post war years a new forestry mechanization development stage commenced in particular development of special power sources. A design bureau and production experimental workshop were established for engineering documentation development. In early 60es laboratories for mechanization of key forestry operation technologies, forest seed harvest and treatment, planting stock production, forest plantation establishment, afforestation of gullied and mountain slopes, thinning were founded. Longterm work of the Insitute mechanization experts and Tsokbleshozmash officers resulted in development and introduction into serial production of over 150 brands of new machines, equipment and tools most of them is secured with inventors certificates and patents. The developed machinery and equipment was introduced in many regions of the nation and its applications enabled mechanization of practically all forestry technological operations with sufficient quality and performance growth. Приведены основные этапы становления и развития научноисследовательских и опытноконструкторских работ во ВНИИЛМ по созданию машин и оборудования для лесного хозяйства. Отмечены наиболее важные достижения в этой области и сотрудники института, внесшие существенный вклад в решение проблемы механизации лесохозяйственных работ.

Development of an SPT-100VT Stationary Plasma Thruster with Increased Thrust

The paper presents the results of the investigation of the possibility to develop a stationary plasma thruster with increased thrust. This research was carried out by the Research Institute of Applied Mechanics and Electrodynamics, Moscow Aviation Institute (RIAME MAI) jointly with Fakel Design Bureau as an industrial partner. During research, we developed and investigated a laboratory model, prototype, and experimental model of the SPT-100VT thruster, whose main dimensions are close to those of the well-known SPT-100 serial thruster, which is produced by the Fakel Design Bureau and is successfully operating in space. As a result, it has been shown that the SPT-100VT thruster can effectively and for a long time operate with a discharge voltage of 300 V and power of up to 3 kW producing thrust more than twice that of the SPT-100 with a thrust efficiency above 60% and specific impulse over 1800 s. The increased thrust is achieved by an increase in the xenon flow rate; the efficiency of the thruster is increased due to the modernization of the thruster magnetic system and geometry of the accelerating channel.

О СТРУКТУРЕ СЕВЕРО-АТЛАНТИЧЕСКОГО ТЕЧЕНИЯ В МАЕ–ИЮНЕ 1990 г.

О СТРУКТУРЕ СЕВЕРО-АТЛАНТИЧЕСКОГО ТЕЧЕНИЯ В МАЕ–ИЮНЕ 1990 г.

One step ahead (on the occasion of the 80thanniversary of the Design Bureau of Lavochkin Science and Production Association)

One step ahead (on the occasion of the 80thanniversary of the Design Bureau of Lavochkin Science and Production Association)

AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 49: AIRCRAFT DESIGNER OLEG ANTONOV AND HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN AIRPLANE DESIGN

Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic aircraft design, prominent Ukrainian aircraft designer O.K. Antonov. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and development of Soviet aviation and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is resulted about the prominent Ukrainian aircraft designer Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, becoming one of founders of Soviet military cargo and civil aviation. Basic scientific and technical achievements of the glorified aircraft designer O.K. Antonov are indicated and team of headed them in the period of 1952-1984 of legendary Design Bureau 473 (Kyiv) in area of aircraft design, bringing a domestic aviation around to world heights. Basic tactical and technical descriptions are described created under his scientific and technical guidance of such types of passenger airplanes known in the world as An-2, An-10 and An-24, and also troop-carriers of type An-12, An-22 «Antaeus», An-26, An-30, An-32, An-72 and An-124 «Ruslan». Short information is resulted about tactical and technical descriptions of the largest in the world of heavy distant turbo-jet military cargo airplane type An-225 «Mriya», created in 1980-th years in Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov. It is marked that under scientific and technical guidance of aircraft designer O.K. Antonov in the former USSR about 100 types of aircrafts of the military and civil aircrafts were developed and created. It is pointed out that Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Academy if Sciences the Ukrainian SSR and of the Academy of Sciences the USSR became a founder acknowledged in the world of Ukrainian aviation scientific school. Information, touching common to all mankind qualities of this great aircraft designer, is resulted, and also handed O.K. Antonov for merits before Homeland of governmental rewards, bonuses and other insignia, underlining his prominent contribution to development of domestic aircraft construction. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from scientific journals and other mass of scientific and technical materials media, touching becoming and development in the period of 20-21-th centuries of Soviet aviation and ponderable scientific and technical contribution to the military and civil aircraft design of the prominent Ukrainian aircraft designer O.K. Antonov. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineering, technical and scientific workers of scientific and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development of Soviet aircraft design, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

МОЙ ПУТЬ В БОЛЬШУЮ НАУКУ

The article is a summary of Alexey Stakhov scientific way, who in 1961 graduated from Radio Engineering Faculty Kharkiv Aviation Institute with honors and became the first graduate of the faculty who in 1972, at the age of 32, defended his doctoral thesis on the specialty “computer engineering” and in 1974 received academic title of professor in the department of information-measuring systems (Taganrog Radio Engineering Institute).From 1961 to 1963 he worked as an engineer at the famous space company “Design Bureau of Electrical Instrument Engineering” (now the firm “Khartron”). From 1963 to 1966 he studied in the graduate school of the Technical Cybernetics Department of the Kharkiv Institute of Radio Electronics under the supervision of Professor Alexander A. Volkov.In 1971, in connection with the completion of his doctoral thesis, Alexey Stakhov was elected to the post of the Head of Information-Measuring Technology Department of Taganrog Radio Engineering Institute (1971-1977).Alexey Stakhov became the first Soviet professor who in early 1976 was selected by the USSR Ministry of Education for a 2-month work at Vienna Technical University.At the final stage of his stay in Austria, A. P. Stakhov delivered the extensive lecture “Algorithmic Measurement Theory and the Foundations of Computer Arithmetic” at the joint meeting of Computer and Cybernetic Societies of Austria. With this lecture, international recognition of the Stakhov’s scientific direction began.The USSR Ambassador to Austria, Mikhail Efremov, sent the extensive letter to the USSR State Committee on Science and Technology with a proposal to patent Prof. Stakhov’s inventions abroad. The results of the patenting exceeded all expectations. The 65 patents, granted by the patent offices of the USA, Japan, England, France, Germany, Canada, and other countries protect the priority of the scientific direction, created by A.P. Stakhov.In more detail with the scientific achievements of Prof. A.P. Stakhov can be found by reading his biographical article in English Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Stakhov and its page in google citation https://scholar.google.com.ua/citations?user=oDcIzrUAAAAJ&hl=uk.

AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 48: AIRCRAFT DESIGNER ANDREY TUPOLEV AND HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN AIRPLANE DESIGN

Purpose. Preparation of a short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of world airplane design, prominent Soviet aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information regarding becoming and development of Soviet and world aviation and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about a prominent Soviet aircraft designer Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, becoming in the 20th century one of founders of Soviet and world aviation. Basic scientific and technical achievements of A.N. Tupolev indicated in area of airplane design, bringing Soviet military and civil aviation around to extraordinary world heights. Basic tactical and technical descriptions are described regarding created under his scientific and technical guidance of such known types of civil airplanes as ANT-25, Tu-104, Tu-134, Tu-154 and Tu-114, and also military airplanes of type Tu-2, Tu-16 and Tu-95. Short information is resulted about flying descriptions of the modern Russian supersonic strategic bomber of type Tu-160, created in 1980-th in the design bureau name after A.N. Tupolev. It is marked that under guidance of A.N. Tupolev over 100 types of airplanes of the military and civil setting were developed in the former USSR, 70 from which are produced by aviation industry of country serially. It is indicated that Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Colonel-General-Engineer A.N. Tupolev was a founder known in the world of aviation scientific school, preparing many famous Russian aircraft designers. Information, touching handed him domestic and foreign governmental rewards and other authoritative signs of confession of prominent merits of great aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev world scientific and technical public is resulted in airplane design. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from scientific publications and other scientific and technical materials media regarding becoming and development of Soviet and world aviation and considerable scientific and technical contribution to the military and civil airplane design of prominent Soviet aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher schools, engineering, technical and scientific workers of scientific and technical knowledge in the field of history of becoming and development of Soviet and world airplane design, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ГИДРОАКУСТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПО ОЦЕНКЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СЕГОЛЕТОК ОСЕТРОВЫХ РЫБ В МЕЛКОВОДНОЙ ЧАСТИ СЕВЕРНОГО КАСПИЯ В 2017 ГОДУ

Since 2005, in the Russian part of the Northern Caspian, Caspian Research Institute of Fisheries has been conducting trawl-acoustic surveys to solve problems in determining the density, biomass and seasonal dynamics of commercial marine fish species. Recently, special attention has been paid to the estimation of the number of sturgeon fishes and their juveniles due to a sharp decrease in the concentrations of these fish in the areas of traditional trawl-acoustic surveys. Until 2015, sonar studies were carried out with the help of a fishfinder echosounder - a video plotter PEV-K, created in the Design Bureau of Marine Electronics “Vector” (Taganrog, Russia). Taking into account the shallow water of the Northern Caspian (depth 3-10 m), this echo sounder of the vertical location gave an insufficiently qualitative quantitative estimate of marine fish concentrations. According to the latest works in the field of acoustics on shallow water bodies, significant shortcomings in the use of vertical echolocation only have been identified, due to a significant underestimation of fish in the near-surface layer in shallow water conditions. It is proved that the most optimal alternative for conducting trawl-acoustic surveys is the simultaneous use of vertical and horizontal echolocation. Solving the actual problems of obtaining representative acoustic data, Caspian Research Institute of Fisheries acquired EY-60 hydroacoustic complex from “Simrad”, using the complex allows simultaneous horizontal and vertical echolocation. Within 2015-2017, with the help of this complex, a survey considering sturgeon yearlings was regularly conducted in the Northern Caspian.

The Model of Master’s Degree Program in Product Design Engineering

The paper presents the model of Master’s Degree Program in Product Design Engineering implemented for training engineers majoring in “Innovation shipbuilding”. The program is being rolled out as a pilot project since 2017 on the basis of the Institute of National Technological Initiative of Sevastopol State University. The ideology of Master’s programs in Product Design Engineering generally matches with the paradigm of context education, nevertheless it has its own specific features, such as the principle of diploma project readiness (as a product of Master’s program) to enter into the market, and the evaluation of the product by expert community; training of the graduates to professional activity as ‘chief designer managers’, who understand the principles of how to organize the team of specialists and to obtain the required result as a market product; simulation by the students of the role of a customer for the object of designing, and preparation of the future engineer taking into account not only object designing, but also future utilization, that is, the whole life cycle. Special attention is paid to so called “distributed design”, which enables to organize a virtual professional environment of a “design bureau” bringing together different student project groups.

Influence of draft tube water injection system on cavitation behaviour in a full-scale Francis turbine with visual access

This paper describes the results of a comprehensive and ongoing project to control unsteady fluid-dynamic behaviour and associated effects at Svorka hydro power plant (25 MW, 260 m, 600 rpm), operated by Statkraft in Norway. This Francis unit had an original air admission system installed on the draft tube wall and turbine shaft. However, these systems did not perform satisfactorily to prevent high intensity pressure fluctuations due to vortex rope at part load. To mitigate them, a complementary draft tube water injection system, designed by Flow Design Bureau AS (FDB), was installed in 2010. Moreover, the runner suffered from cavitation pitting on the blades and a measuring campaign with several accelerometers and an acoustic emission sensor concluded that the unit was susceptible to high load cavitation erosion. Given the complexity of the turbine flow, it was decided to install four transparent acrylic glass windows on the draft tube, allowing for visual access to the runner blades and outlet flow. To evaluate the influence of the draft tube injection system on the cavitation behaviour, a series of measurements of cavitation intensity were carried out. High frequency data from the sensors were processed with demodulation techniques at various expected modulation frequencies, particularly the blade passing frequency and the frequency of the draft tube vortex rope. Furthermore, the pressure pulsations were measured and quantified with pressure sensors on the draft tube wall. The results indicate that draft tube water injection has little or no effect on the measured cavitation intensity in the runner. However, other aspects of the machine, including the seasonal and daily variation of the submergence level, must be taken into consideration. In conclusion, it appears that additional long-term observations are needed to clarify the global dynamic behaviour along the entire operating range.

PZL-10 Turboshaft Engine–System Design Review

Abstract The PZL – 10-turboshaft gas turbine engine is straight derivative of GTD-10 turboshaft design by OKMB (Omsk Engine Design Bureau). Prototype engine first run take place in 1968. Selected engine is interested platform to modify due gas generator layout 6A+R-2, which is modern. For example axial compressor design from successful Klimov designs TB2-117 (10A-2-2) or TB3-117 (12A-2-2) become obsolete in favour to TB7-117B (5A+R-2-2). In comparison to competitive engines: Klimov TB3-117 (1974 – Mi-14/17/24), General Electric T-700 (1970 – UH60/AH64), Turbomeca Makila (1976 – II225M) the PZL-10 engine design is limited by asymmetric power turbine design layout. This layout is common to early turboshaft design such as Soloview D-25V (Mil-6 power plant). Presented article review base engine configuration (6A+R+2+1). Proposed modifications are divided into different variants in terms of design complexity. Simplest variant is limited to increase turbine inlet temperature (TIT) by safe margin. Advanced configuration replace engine layout to 5A+R+2-2 and increase engine compressor pressure ratio to 9.4:1. Upgraded configuration after modification offers increase of generated power by 28% and SFC reduction by 9% – validated by gas turbine performance model. Design proposal corresponds to a major trend of increasing available power for helicopter engines – Mi-8T to Mi-8MT – 46%, H225M – Makila 1A to 1A2 — 9%), Makila 1A2 to Makila 2-25%.

Debugging and monitoring of applicationprograms in the BagrOS-4000 real-time operation system based on the Elbrus architecture

The article is concerned with the problems of monitoring and debugging of operating system processes, the effectiveness of which in the hard real-time operating system version does not allow any stopping to analyze the state of software and/ or hardware. The paper describes the concept of a debugging and monitoring system developed taking into account this feature in the Sukhoi design bureau for the BagrOS-4000 hard real-time operating system on the Elbrus architectural platform together with the specialists of MCST JSC. The method of non-stop monitoring and data collection in hard realtime processes in the multiprocess multimodular systems is discussed. An approach to the management of debugging targets in terms of source code using the DWARF debugging information specification is presented. The transition from the instrumental machine to the system server built into the target computer is described. Given the rationale for the use of client-server architecture in the debugging and monitoring system for BagrOS-4000. A comparative analysis of the key functionality of the debugging and monitoring system with the existing debugging systems has been carried out; the key aspects of the DMS architecture have been considered. The design of a machine-dependent interface required for the integration of the independent hardware platforms into the BagrOS-4000 system when implementing the system on an integrated avionics module of the onboard complex is discussed. The results of testing of the debugging and monitoring systems are analyzed in terms of efficiency versus the classical method of using the debug console prints when debugging a real-time operating system. Most of the above solutions are universal and have been successfully tested using other microprocessor platforms on multi-threaded application programs of real-time operating systems running on multi-core processors, including the MIPS, Power PC, Intel platforms.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PHENOL COMPOUNDS FROM HERBS OF CORNFLOWER BLUE

There was studied one- and three-fold solid-liquid extraction of natural phenolic compounds (NPC) (in terms of rutin and tannin) from various morphological parts of blue cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) on an ultrasonic device created in the research laboratory of the design bureau of the ISS (Voronezh). The optimal time of solid-liquid extraction at the ultrasonic unit has been determined, taking into account wetting and swelling of vegetable raw materials. The quantitative content of NPC (in terms of rutin and tannin) as a percentage of the total content in raw materials at the first stage is about 60%, at the second stage is 25%, and the third one is 18%. It was established that with threefold extraction, the yield of NPC from medicinal plant raw materials increases at the average of 8–10% compared with a one-time extraction. There is offered an improved technique of solid-liquid extraction on the ultrasound unit and UV spectrophotometric determination of NPC from different morphological parts of the blue cornflower. The technique is characterized by the absence of a systematic error, and the relative error at a confidence level of 0.95 does not exceed 5%. The duration of the analysis, taking into account the stage of wetting and osmotic swelling, triple extraction on the ultrasound unit and UV spectrophotometric determination of rutin and tannin in water-ethanol extracts is 40–45 minutes.

Origins and development of General Building Design Bureau “Miastoprojekt Szczecin”

The article focuses on the foundation and development of the biggest national General Building Design Bureau “Miastoprojekt Szczecin”, which had been active in the Polish Western Pomerania after World War Two. The case of GBDB Miastoprojekt Szczecin and its erection requires defining the circumstances favouring the foundation of a national enterprise- the whole transformation process after the end of World War Two and the creation of Polish People’s Republic. Initially the GBDB had been a department formally reported to a superior unit established in Warsaw (design bureaus were grouped in separate sections based on their field of activity and designated to certain regions). The GBDB’s creative activity had been divided into several time periods for clear depiction purposes. First one (1949 - 1952) included recovering the city from war damage, performing an inventory of the urban fabric along with phrasing new direction of spatial development. First urban and design studios were founded. Subsequent years (1953 - 1960) brought new implementations, the so-called “Infill construction” in particular, along with assembling the design documentation for future investments. The third period (1960s and 1970s) would consist of development of housing using the original industry technologies. During the time, large residential complexes were established in Szczecin, mainly in the outskirts. The last period (late 1980s and early 1990s) is a time of both social and political changes in the country, resulting with a major change in the way bureaus performed. “Hijacking” orders from the national design bureaus in order to offer the customers more time- and cost-effective services by private businesses gradually made GBDBs obsolete and closed down as a result. The article’s summary underlines that considering the multi-aspect subject matter of the architectural objects designed by GBDS “Miastoprojekt Szczecin”, it is possible to perform a relatively objective evaluation of the output of bureau’s architects and recognising their importance in shaping the modern Szczecin’s spatial order.