Design And Development Research Research Articles

Design and Development of a Multimedia Reading Application for Pre-schoolers as a Foundation in the Area of TVET

The greatest time for this is during early childhood schooling, when children are just beginning to become aware of their job options and form an imagination about the careers, they are interested in. In order to prepare pre-schoolers for their future employment, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) aims to expand their knowledge and skill sets. Technology development also aids in these preschool students' knowledge and skill development in preparation for their future employment, particularly in TVET. At this preschool stage, their reading skills is essential for learning the TVET sector since it aids in their understanding of the subject that piques their interest. Yet, there are a number of reasons why they can struggle to read, including a lack of prior book experience, speech or hearing problems, and a lack of phonemic awareness. This design and development research (DDR) methodology was chosen to assist pre-schoolers in learning to read as a foundational skill in the field of TVET. The researcher focused on the development of multimedia applications for the teaching and learning process using a quantitative approach through ADDIE Model instructional design. The researcher used a random sampling technique to select three academic staff members with the required TVET educational credentials. This sample includes two academics with experience and skill in multimedia creation, as well as a preschool teacher from an appropriate educational institution, so the feedback gained is adequate to obtain precise comments and points of view. Data were acquired and assessed using frequency and percentage values based on a checklist form that was given. To facilitate data analysis, each item is categorised, and frequency information is quantified as a percentage. Professionals who believe that this multimedia application is useful as one of the self-learning mediums have responded favourably to the study's findings about how this multimedia application functions in terms of assisting pre-schoolers in learning to read from the aspects of content design, interaction, and interface. The study's conclusions can be used as a guide by anyone, especially when it comes to encouraging pre-schoolers’ TVET growth.

Development and Usability Testing of a Virtual Reality Game for Learning Computational Thinking

Virtual reality (VR) is an innovative technology that immerses users within its environment, holding significant potential across various sectors, including education. Developing a VR-based application in the form of a game for educational purposes necessitates a usability evaluation. This study aims to develop and evaluate the usability of a VR game, CT Saber, designed explicitly for learning computational thinking (CT). The name CT Saber is inspired by the popular VR game Beat Saber, with 'CT' denoting computational thinking to emphasize the educational focus of the game. The research employed a Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, encompassing four stages: analysis & definition, design, development, and evaluation. To assess the usability of CT Saber, pilot testing was carried out involving 36 participants (24 male, 12 female) of computer science students aged between 19-22 years. The USE Questionnaire framework was used to evaluate usability, consisting of four variables: usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction. The evaluation revealed that CT Saber is categorized as 'acceptable' from dichotomous and conventional academic grading perspectives. Similarly, a multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that the independent variables (usefulness, ease of use, and ease of learning) together significantly (p < 0.01) influence the dependent variable (satisfaction). However, only usefulness significantly influences satisfaction. Responses to open-ended questions in the questionnaire also indicated predominantly positive feedback from most participants. Consequently, it can be concluded that the CT Saber VR game developed in this study successfully meets the established criteria for usability.

Task-Based Supplementary Materials Design for English Learners’ Reading Skills

This study aims to design and develop supplementary materials using the Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) approach to improve students’ reading skills. The study focuses on the students’ needs analysis of the reading skills in the Comprehensive English (CE) course at one university in China. Then, the supplementary materials are designed and developed based on students’ needs. Following the ADDIE model, this study utilized Design and Development Research (DDR). The research was carried out in three phases: needs analysis, design and development, and implementation and evaluation. Sixteen first-year English education students were selected through a purposive sampling technique. By employing a qualitative approach, the research involves the design of the TBLT supplementary materials, followed by data collection through focus group interviews, classroom observations, and students’ feedback. Preliminary findings suggest that using the TBLT supplementary materials positively meets the students’ needs for reading skills, including learning objectives, teaching procedures, teaching activities, and supporting resources to the textbooks they use. However, they are unsatisfied with the formative assessment in reading instruction. This study underscores the importance of developing supplementary materials aligned with TBLT principles to promote effective English reading teaching at a university in China. Future research is needed to explore the long-term effects of TBLT implementation on students’ language development that supports successful language learning in various educational contexts.

Development of ethnoscience-based e-worksheet to stimulate scientific process skills

This study aims to develop an ethnoscience-based E-worksheet on sound waves topics that are valid and practical. The E-worksheet developed to stimulate students' science process skills was developed using the Flip PDF Professional application. This study employed Design and Development Research (DDR), which consisted of four stages: analysis, design, development, and evaluation. This ethnoscience-based E-worksheet contains material and practical guidance using Gamolan to investigate the sound waves topic with science process skills indicators, namely observing, formulating problems, formulating hypotheses, determining variables, collecting, processing, and concluding data. The E-worksheet was declared highly valid, with an average score of 3.6. Based on the analysis, the ethnoscience-based E-worksheet can be used to teach sound waves for the second semester of eleventh-grade high school students. The E-worksheet obtained a percentage of 93% in the very practical category based on the practical test by students and teachers. The students commented that the E-worksheet is appropriate for classroom learning, is interesting to read, and is equipped with videos that helped them in the learning process.

Development of a Framework for the Assessment of Critical Thinking in Grade 10 Social Studies

This design and development research (DDR) involved analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) phases to develop an assessment framework for Grade 10 social studies. Data were collected from 10 social studies teachers in La Union, Philippines, through class observations, content analysis of lesson plans and periodic tests, and interviews. Findings of the study revealed that there were no formative and summative assessments used by teachers that could determine critical thinking by raising relevant questions and verifying the accuracy of information. Most of the teachers have encountered problems with students who have difficulty reading and creating assessments that ask students to verify the accuracy of information. Thus, an assessment framework was developed to help teachers create assessments that can determine critical thinking. The alignment of assessments created by teachers using the framework revealed that most of these assessments ask students to formulate solutions regarding controversial issues. However, verifying the accuracy of information was the least integrated critical-thinking skill by social studies teachers in creating assessments using the developed framework. Hence, the developed framework was improved to ensure that social studies teachers will integrate various critical-thinking skills like verifying the accuracy of information in creating assessments for controversial issues.

Needs Analysis for The Development of a Manual in Palliative Care forMalaysia: AnIslamic Psychospiritual Approach.

This study explicates an Islamic approach to palliative care based on the results of a needs analysis regarding the development of an Islamic psychospiritual manual of palliative care alongside related elements. This article represents the first phase of a three-phase study using the design and development research (DDR) approach developed by Richey and Klein to study for design and development of manual either needed or otherwise. This project is a quantitative study that uses purposive sampling through a questionnaire instrument to investigate 210 participants from the general population in Malaysia that have experience in taking care of terminally ill patients. The findings of the study indicated that the majority of participants agreed with the development of an Islamic psychospiritual manual with mean values (x̅) of 4.57 and 4.66. Concurrently, the findings showed that the hierarchy of emphasis in terms of the elements to be included in the manual starts with emotional support, which exhibited the highest mean rate (x̅), followed by faith in God, spiritual and religious support, self and physical management, trauma management and social support. The correlations indicated that all the elements to be included in the manual were significant.

Manuscript Designing and Developing the Form and Condition for Integrating the Quran with Acquired Knowledge

Integrating Quranic verses with acquired knowledge is necessary, along with knowledge and technology development. This helps in understanding the Quranic verses that are relevant to those fields and further exploring the contents of the Quran more broadly. However, the form of integration of the Quran with aqli knowledge and the conditions for such integration based on the expert agreement have not been highlighted. This study aims to design and develop the integration of Quranic verses with acquired knowledge form and its condition based on the discipline of Quranic exegesis. The study used the three-phase Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, and this paper only discussed the second phase, design and development. The form of the integration and its condition was designed based on the literature review and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) by seven (7) experts in the related field of study. Then, the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to develop the form and condition. Twelve (12) experts in Quranic exegesis have participated in FDM. Experts’ consensus has been obtained in developing the forms for integrating Quranic verses with acquired knowledge and its conditions. The forms involve eleven items: Discussion of Concept, Discussion of the Quranic Approach, Explanation of function, Explanation of feature, Explanation of process, Explanation of cause and effect, Rational explanation of aspects of language, Explanation of Islamic legislation’s wisdom, Explanation of historiography and geography of the stories in the Quran, Inspirational Innovation by the Quran, Translational Technology from the Quran. The conditions for integrating consist of nine items and the experts emphasise the conditions concerning ethics more than the conditions relating to interpretation content. This study has significant implications for using new methods, namely design and development research. This study also contributes to the Quranic studies itself using quantitative and qualitative studies that combine various methods in one study.

Arabic Language Module For Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of using Arabic language modules developed for students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. The material represented essential learning and was relevant to everyday life. This study uses Design and Development Research (DDR) with the ADDIE model. The effectiveness testing stage was carried out at MIS of Nurul Ijtihad Lubuk Gaung, Indonesia, involving ten third-grade student participants. Qualitative data comes from the validation of media, material, language, and teacher practitioner experts. Meanwhile, quantitative data is obtained from test results. Data were analyzed qualitatively, and quantitative data were analyzed using paired t-test analysis. The study results showed that this Arabic language module was feasible and well-used for teaching Arabic in elementary schools. It also shows the development of significant student learning outcomes using this module.

Design And Development of Arabic Language Camp For Postgraduate Islamic Studies

The Design and Development Research (DDR) approach is an increasingly employed research method by education researchers, as it aims to produce a product through specific stages. Therefore, this study aims to explain and detail the design and development aspects of an Arabic language camp called the Academic Arabic Language Camp (KeMBAA), which utilizes the Design and Development Research approach (DDR). This language camp targets the participation of new postgraduate students in the religious studies department at the Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia. Developing and implementing KeMBAA is an effort to design, develop, and execute a product that incorporates DDR elements such as multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, mixed methodologies, cycles, and various other components. KeMBAA aims to provide an Arabic language learning experience in an interactive and enjoyable environment for students who are accustomed to traditional Arabic language teaching methods, which require a new touch through more impactful innovation. This study employs the DDR approach, executed through three main phases: the needs analysis phase, the design and development phase, and concluding with the assessment phase. The study's findings present the key features of KeMBAA, alongside the foundational design principles, as an innovation in Arabic language learning for Islamic Studies students. The framework for developing KeMBAA is expected to serve as a reference for Arabic language teaching innovation, particularly for researchers in Arabic and foreign languages.

The Effect of Virtual Reality Gaming on Developing Computational Thinking Skills

In the digital age, where programming prowess is increasingly crucial, the enhancement of Computational Thinking (CT) skills becomes essential. This study ventures into the scarcely explored domain of leveraging game-based learning (GBL) within virtual reality (VR) settings to bolster CT skills. Specifically, it introduces "CT Saber," a VR game inspired by the popular "Beat Saber," tailored to cultivate CT competencies. Employing a Design and Development Research (DDR) methodology across five stages—analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation—this investigation assessed the game's impact on 37 computer science students (25 male, 12 female) aged 21-24. A quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest evaluation was utilized, revealing significant enhancements in CT skills post-intervention (Z = -4.496, p < 0.05), as analyzed through Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests. The findings underscore the VR game's efficacy in CT skill development, suggesting a promising direction for integrating VR technologies in programming education.

Design and Development Research: Kounin Refugee Classroom Management Module for Limbongan Refugee Learning Centre

The purpose of this study is to design and develop a classroom management module based on the six strategies of Kounin Model for Limbongan Refugee Learning Centre (LRLC) Melaka. The study employs three-phased Design and Development Research (DDR), a multi- method design. In the first phase, a review of literature on refugee education and Needs Analysis was conducted at LRLC to explore their lacks, wants and needs through focus group discussion. The data was collected and analysed utilizing deductive Thematic Analysis manually. Thus, the finding was that the novice teachers do require material and training in to effectively manage refugee classrooms since they lack the necessary abilities. This therefore led to the second phase of DDR, in which a module was created namely, Kounin Refugee Classroom Management Module (KRCMM) by incorporating the six strategies of the Kounin Classroom Management Model (KCMM). During the designing and development of the Kounin Classroom Management Module (KRCMM), ten experts were engaged to conduct preliminary content validation of the draft. To get to experts’ consensus, KRCMM had to go through three rounds of fuzzy Delphi. According to the findings, every item had an expert agreement percentage of 90% or higher, that item defuzzification values were more than α - cut = 0.8, and that all items had Threshold (d) < 0.2 values. This indicates that every item has been maintained and has garnered expert consensus. While in the third stage, the perceived usefulness and ease of use of KRCMM were examined from the perspectives of six LRLC participants. Thematic Analysis was used to gather and analyze data inductively utilizing QDA Miner, an analytical tool. According to usability test result, KRCMM was deemed useful and easy to use by five out of six participants

Design and Development Research (DDR) Approach in Designing Design Thinking Chemistry Module to Empower Students' Innovation Competencies

Design and evaluation processes to provide an empirical basis for producing instructional and non-instructional products, tools, and new or improved development models. This method uses various methods, including qualitative and quantitative techniques, and thoroughly examines the literature. The design and development of this chemistry module using design thinking to empower students' innovation competencies are described in this article. The main challenge for the teaching implementation process that is capable of mastering the skills of generating new ideas and solving problems in the real world is preparing teaching materials, consuming time, and putting pressure on the teacher. Teachers need more support resources to translate the expected teaching practices. This effort aims to generate a new perspective in education, especially chemistry education, in developing student innovation competence in secondary schools in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the design and development research (DDR) approach used to develop a design thinking chemistry module using a DDR approach. The researcher will go through three study phases and use several different research approaches in each phase. In the first phase, the researcher investigated the teachers' needs in their pedagogy used in teaching and students' innovation competencies. The second phase is the design and development phase, involving the consensus of twelve experts in various fields, such as chemistry/science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), curriculum development, module construction experts, and research and innovation planning experts. Consequently, the final phase is implementation and evaluation, focusing on determining the module's effectiveness in teaching and learning. Expert consensus is the primary input in developing modules in Malaysian chemistry education. Malaysian education needs to bring a different educational paradigm and teaching strategy, which includes the impact of teacher pedagogy through design thinking in the future. The conclusion of this article proposes a conceptual framework for the research to contribute to the advancement of design thinking and chemistry education.

Technological Advancements in Bite-Sized Learning: Developing a Framework for Basic Jazz Guitar Reharmonization Techniques

The capability of big data technology in online data management has made virtual learning a highly popular trend nowadays. However, vast information density makes young users lose focus in mastering one particular learning unit. This situation opens up opportunities for researchers to re-evaluate music instrument learning methods. This study aims to develop a framework for bite-sized learning of basic jazz guitar reharmonization techniques. The research methodology involves a mixed-methods design of Design and Development Research (DDR) and experimental case study. The three phases of the research include analysing the needs of jazz guitar reharmonization techniques, developing a bite-sized learning framework, and validating the conceptual framework. The results of this study will be useful for online learners of all ages who want to learn jazz guitar harmony without enrolling in formal institutions. The developed method could also potentially be commercialized as an online application for bite-sized learning and adopted as a part of heutagogy approaches.

Reka Bentuk Modul Inovasi Pengajaran Taranum Bayyātī Berbantukan Audio-Visual Alunan Mudah dan Ilustrasi Arah

Abstract The teaching of Quranic recitation in Malaysia is increasingly showcasing dynamism within the mainstream education system. However, challenges persist, particularly at the higher education level where courses in this field are offered. The readiness of lecturers is a key factor in students’ preparedness to acquire knowledge and skills. Quality lecturers should equip themselves with contemporary teaching skills, encompassing creative strategies, approaches, methods, and techniques. In this context, if Quranic recitation teaching is not well-planned and engaging, understanding the recitation becomes increasingly difficult for students, leading to boredom and low motivation throughout the teaching and learning process. Therefore, this study aims to develop the innovative teaching module design for Taranum Bayyātī incorporates audio-visual aids with simplistic melodies and directional illustrations as alternative reference guides for Quranic recitation course lecturers in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This study applies the framework of Design and Development Research (DDR), focusing solely on the design phase. In this design phase, the researcher has adapted two teaching models, namely the al-Qābisī Quranic Teaching Model and the Quranic Recitation Teaching Model for Higher Education Institutions (MPTQ-IPT), to form six teaching components in MIPT-Bayyātī. Furthermore, the production of audio-visual materials based on MIPT-Bayyātī is grounded in Mayer’s cognitive multimedia theory. In conclusion, the design of MIPT-Bayyātī can assist lecturers in enhancing Quranic recitation teaching and students’ mastery of Quranic recitation skills.

Mobile augmented reality in learning chemistry subject: an evaluation of science exploration

Various technologies have been used in making teaching and learning sessions more effective, fun, and enjoyable. One of the ways to make teaching and learning interactive is by emphasizing the use of mobile augmented reality (MAR). Thus, this study has proposed using MAR for a chemistry subject, namely science exploration (SCIENEX). This study adopted design and development research (DDR) by employing the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The phases involved in DDR are ADDIE. SCIENEX was evaluated based on its validity, usability, and effectiveness. Five experts validated SCIENEX after it had been completely developed. The samples for usability testing and effectiveness of SCIENEX were 30 secondary school students who were studying chemistry. The results of the evaluation of the experts’ validation revealed that SCIENEX is a valid and appropriate MAR application for the learning of topics in chemistry. The result also revealed that the majority of students strongly agreed that SCIENEX is appropriate for the usage of MAR in learning chemistry, as it is fun, easy to use, and helps students to understand their learning. Interestingly, SCIENEX could increase students’ performance in their learning (t=21.754; p=0.000). Thus, it can be concluded that SCIENEX is valid, can be used for learning chemistry, and can help students in their learning. The limitations of this study and future suggestions for research are also discussed.

Differentiated instruction based on multiple intelligences as promising joyful and meaningful learning

Boredom has previously been linked to negative academic outcomes such as academic motivation, strategies, and achievement. The understanding of multiple intelligence approaches creates opportunities for all learners to develop their potential to optimize learning through differentiated instructions. This research aims: i) to design and to develop differentiated instruction based on learners’ multiple intelligences for elementary schools; and ii) to measure the effectivity of students’ learning attitude and mastery of concepts. Using design and development research (DDR) anchored on analysis, development, design, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model and quasi-experimental research, the differentiated instruction based on multiple intelligence was conducted in a private Islamic Elementary School in collaboration with 3 class teachers. Based on the results of observations conducted at the school, the findings revealed that the learners can maximize their logical-mathematical, language, kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences through a differentiated instruction based on multiple intelligence approach. Students experienced a joyful and meaningful learning atmosphere; hence it was expected that their intelligences can be developed naturally. In addition. this instruction was found to be effective to enhance science concept mastery especially in the aspects of remembering, understanding, and applying. The differentiated instruction based on multiple intelligences should be developed further to examine the effectiveness of the model in thematic learning for students both with low and high achievement.

Diversifying Quranic revision methods using gamification-based teaching material for tahfiz education

This study discusses the development procedure of the global tahfiz game (GTG) as a teaching aid for the Quranic revision subject for tahfiz students based on the gamification concept. Comprehensive design and development research (DDR) was used as the research method. The analysis includes conceptual and material development, expert evaluation, testing, and the final product. The development of concepts and materials used in this gamification was based on the theoretical framework of mechanics, dynamics, and aesthetics (MDA), with the application of tahfiz education elements. To examine the ability of GTG prototype to tackle the users’ needs, we have conducted the usability analysis. The expert teacher's mean score for the trial run on this gamification was high at 4.85. The trial run score for student participants was also high (4.45). The result demonstrated that most of the constructs are perceived at a high level by respondents. Thus, this indicated the high usability of GTG to be used as a teaching aid for a Quranic revision subject. The gamification of Quranic tahfiz based on board games has been finalized through recommendations and improvements based on the evaluation. The study findings are expected to be useful for educational institutions or researchers in developing teaching materials using the MDA framework for gamification, particularly in the field of Islamic education.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Web Google Sites Pada Materi Reaksi Redoks Terintegrasi Nilai Islam

This research was instigated with the aim of education that is to form students who are devout, knowledgeable, independent, and who have religious morals. Apart from that, there is a lack of learning media use utilizing digital technology so that learning is less varied. This research aimed at developing Web Google Sites based learning media focusing on Islamic Values Integrated Redox Reactions lesson and linking two sciences into one complete unit. DDR (Design and Development Research) model was used in this research. Feasibility test was done by distributing validation sheet to media experts, material experts, and integration experts, conducting practicality test by Chemistry subject teachers, and distributing student response questionnaire. The result of Web Google Sites based learning media was stated feasible, if it was valid and practical, a) the validity percentages obtained were 92.5% (very valid) by media expert validators, 90% (very valid) by material expert validators, and 90.6% (very valid) by integration expert validators; b) practicality percentage of Chemistry subject teacher assessment through practicality test was 100% (very practical); and c) the percentage of student response to the media was 87.33% with very good criteria. Based on these results, it could be identified that Islamic Values integrated Web Google Sites based learning media on Redox Reactions lesson was valid and practical, so it could be used in the learning.

Development of a Model for Data-Driven Decision Making: Critical Skills for School Leaders

Data may equip school leaders with the information they need to make crucial changes that will enhance the education system in the future although the usage of data may not be able to resolve every issue. However, proper data utilization can advise the right conclusion. Therefore, this study aims to design and develop an experiential narrative-based model for school leaders in data-driven decision-making (DDDM). The model has been designed and developed using the Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, which involves three phases: the need analysis phase, the design and development phase, and the usability evaluation phase. However, the researcher only focuses on this paper in the second phase. The design and development process began with a literature study, followed by approval and consensus from a 9-expert panel. The model was designed using the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) technique and developed using the Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) method. The design and development phase revealed that 13 DDDM competency components had been generated through the expert panel's opinions and agreement. Overall, based on the experiential narrative of the experts in this study, the model is appropriate for usage and implementation. As a result, the empirically established and verified model has the potential to enhance school leaders' knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward data-driven decision-making.

The Model Development of Online Talaqqi Quran Teaching: A Need Analysis

The transformation of Quran online teaching has become increasingly popular in current education. It is necessary to underscore the significance of issues related to Quran online teaching to ensure its effectiveness for novice teachers. Indeed, the aim for this paper is to analyze the need analysis for the development model of Online Talaqqi Quran Teaching (OTQT). This study employs a qualitative design during the need analysis phase based on Design and Development Research (DDR) methodology. Data collection was carried out through a literature review from document analysis and open-ended interviews with two Quranic teachers who involved in online teaching as well as one technical staff member. Both sets of data were triangulated using thematic analysis to establish research themes. The results reveal three primary components in organizing online talaqqi Quran teaching which are teacher’s criteria, methods in online teaching and the technology tools. In conclusion, the need analysis is a requirement phase before embarking on the phase to develop a systematic model of OTQT.