Biological soil crusts cover large areas of the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China where they make a significant contribution to soil stability and fertility. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential nitrogen-fixing activity (NA) of different types of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The results suggest that NA (nmol C 2H 4 m −2 h −1) for each type of crusts was highly variable. Seasonal variation was also important, with all three types of crusts responding in a similar way to changes in environmental conditions. From March to May, NA was relatively low for all crust types. During this season, NA was 2.26 × 10 3 for cyanobacterial crust followed by lichen crust (6.54 × 10 2) and moss crust (6.38 × 10 2). From June to October, all crust types reached their highest level of NA, especially lichen crust and moss crust ( p < 0.01). The NA of cyanobacterial crust (9.81 × 10 3) was higher than that of lichen crust (9.06 × 10 3) and moss crust (2.03 × 10 3). From November to February, when temperatures were consistently low (<0 °C), NA was at its lowest level, especially in cyanobacterial crust (4.18 × 10 2) and moss crust (5.43 × 10 2) ( p < 0.01). Our results indicate that species composition is critical when estimating N inputs in desert ecosystems. In addition, all three types of crusts generally responded in a similar way to environmental conditions. The presence of N fixation activity in all crusts may contribute to the maintenance of fertility in sparsely vegetated areas and provide surrounding vascular plant with fixed nitrogen.