Desert Adaptation Research Articles

Avian epidermal differentiation II. Adaptive response of permeability barrier to water deprivation and replenishment

Zebra Finches are the epitome of desert-adapted avian species; i.e. they are able to survive without drinking water for over a year. Whereas transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in naked Zebra Finch nestlings is lower than in adults, and desert adaptation is accompanied by intercellular deposition of epidermal multigranular body (MGB) contents, MGB secretion is reduced as nestlings mature into feathered adults, indicative of less stringent barrier requirements. Here, removal of drinking water resulted in increased intercellular deposition of MGB contents, and TEWL progressively decreased. In contrast, MGB intercellular deposition decreased when birds were rehydrated, with TEWL returning towards normal within 5 days of rehydration. Finally, water-deprivation caused significant changes in epidermal lipid composition that returned toward control levels with rehydration. These studies show that adult Zebra Finches adapt to xeric stress by increased secretion of multigranular bodies resulting in reduced TEWL.

Seasonal patterns of water and energy balance in desert vertebrates

Seven species of desert vertebrates living in winter-rainfall deserts were compared and contrasted with respect to the means they use to survive a year in the field. Each species appears to have a unique suite of survival mechanisms. Among the three herbivorous species, jackrabbits have the least-effective mechanisms for maintaining water and energy balance, many probably die after vegetation dries up during droughts, and populations are subsequently restored by rapid reproduction after winter rains. The two plant-eating reptiles, chuckwalla lizards and desert tortoises, both husband their water and energy budgets remarkably well, but chuckwallas have opted for precise osmotic and body fluid volume regulation, which restricts them to feeding only on green, moist vegetation in spring, whereas tortoises tolerate wide swings in their osmotic and fluid balance, and can thereby drink rainwater and eat dry vegetation during summer and autumn. Antelope ground squirrels conserve water and energy effectively, and they obtain adequate water and energy throughout the year without drinking, by varying their diet appropriately among arthropods, seeds and vegetation. Sand partridges and Chukar partridges do well from spring through early winter on their diet of seeds and green vegetation (supplemented by some arthropods for Chukars) primarily by drinking free-standing water during the warm season drought. These birds are apparently unable to obtain adequate energy from green vegetation which they consume after the winter rains cause their seed supply to germinate. Chukars survive this period by relying on stored fat, but Sand Partridges apparently migrate to warmer, drier areas. The insectivorous side-blotched lizards do not face a food quality problem because they eat water- and energy-rich animals, which are nearly continuously available due to the desert adaptations of these prey species. These seven species are not easily catalogued into one or a few patterns of desert adaptation. The substantial differences in the annual physiological ecology of the few desert animals studied so far suggests that a rich diversity of desert adaptations remains to be discovered.

Seasonal Energy, Water, and Food Consumption of Negev Chukars and Sand Partridges

Chukars (Alectoris chukar) and Sand Partridges (Ammoperdix heyi), two ground—dwelling phasianids, are permanent residents of the Negev desert and are sympatric over much of their ranges. Sand Partridges (body mass = 150—250 g), however, inhabit only arid and very arid areas, whereas Chukars (mb = 350—600 g) are widely distributed and inhabit deserts only at the margins of their ranges. We compared some of the desert adaptations of these phasianids by measuring the seasonal field metabolic rates (FMR) and water influxes (using doubly labelled water), diet selection, and food requirements of free—living Chukars and Sand Partridges at a site where both species occurred. Both species showed adaptation in the form of low energy metabolism, which ranged from 43 to 81% of that expected for birds of similar body mass. During summer, Sand Partridges had lower energy expenditures (5.47 kJ°g—0.61°d—1) and water influxes 72.3 mL°kg—0.75°d—1) than did Chukars (6.42 kJ°g—0.61°d—1 and 93.5 mL°kg—0.75°d—1, respectively), indicating more pronounced adjustments to arid conditions in the desert specialist. However, both species obtained more than half of their water influx in summer by drinking. Their summer diet was relatively dry, consisting mainly of seeds (80%) along with some green vegetation (18%) and, in Chukars, occasional arthropods. This situation changed abruptly after winter rains, which induced germination and reduced the availability of seeds. Chukars were unable to maintain energy balance in the face of low ambient temperatures and a diet (90% green vegetation) that contained much water but comparatively little energy, and they mobilized fat reserves to meet energy requirements. Most Sand Partridges left the study area after winter rains, apparently migrating to the lower elevation, warmer, and drier Arava (part of the Rift Valley). The winter rainy season appears to be the most stressful time of the year for both species. The adaptations to hot, dry conditions possessed by Sand Partridges may be accompanied by constraints on their abilities to cope with cool, wet conditions, and this may restrict them to arid and very arid habitats.

Energy Expenditure and Water Flux in Three Sympatric Desert Rodents

Energy Expenditure and Water Flux in Three Sympatric Desert Rodents

Photosynthetic pathway types of evergreen rosette plants (Liliaceae) of the Chihuahuan desert

Diurnal patterns of CO2 exchange and titratable acidity were monitored in six species of evergreen rosette plants growing in controlled environment chambers and under outdoor environmental conditions. These patterns indicated that two of the species, Yucca baccata and Y. torreyi, were constituitive CAM plants while the other species, Y. elata, Y. campestris, Nolina microcarpa and Dasylirion wheeleri, were C3 plants. The C3 species did not exhibit CAM when grown in any of several different temperature, photoperiod, and moisture regimes. Both photosynthetic pathway types appear adapted to desert environments and all species show environmentally induced changes in their photosynthetic responses consistent with desert adaptation. The results of this study do not indicate that changes in the photosynthetic pathway type are an adaptation in any of these species.

Agricultural Diversity in the Prehistoric Southwest

ABSTRACTPrehistoric Southwestern agricultural systems are characterized by their inherent diversity. Generalized models based on large-scale geographic (for example, desert and mesa) adaptations, or as reflective of cultural complexity, are not supported by existing evidence. Rather, the reconstruction of prehistoric farming systems demands attention to specific adaptive responses given highly localized environmental situations.

: Prehistory and Desert Adaptation in Northern Chile . Gordon C. Pollard.

: Prehistory and Desert Adaptation in Northern Chile . Gordon C. Pollard.

Convergent evolution of desert rodents: multivariate analysis and zoogeographic implications

Ecological investigations were conducted on rodent faunas in the Sonoran Desert of the southwestern United States and the Monte Desert of northwestern Argentina. Both study areas are physiognomically quite similar and the rodents are only distantly related. Such conditions are ideal for an assessment of possible evolutionary convergence. Multivariate analyses of morphoecological characters support the subjective interpretation that ecological equivalents between the deserts differ in their degree of similarity. The data indicate that the Monte rodent fauna is composed of two distinct groups: a) the caviomorph rodents, which are highly desert adapted; and b) the murids, which range widely beyond the desert's boundaries and are probably not as highly desert adapted, as a group, as are the caviomorphs. When the Monte and Sonoran faunas are compared with a North American coniferous forest rodent fauna, data show that both desert groups have converged toward one another. The different degrees of desert adaptation and different distributional patterns indicate that the Monte Desert was colonized in two different periods (one in the early Tertiary and one in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene) and can be interpreted as supporting theories regarding South America's colonization by mammals which were first proposed by Simpson (1951).

The Effect of Decreasing Water Potential on Net CO2 Exchange of Intact Desert Shrubs

This study compares the effects of seasonal (in situ) and experimentally—induced drought on three desert shrubs of different growth types. The effect of decreasing water potential on CO2 uptake was used as the response indicating differences in desert adaptation. Larrea divaricata Cav., Encelia farinosa Gray, and Chilopsis linearis Cav. were selected as representing evergreen, drought—deciduous, and winter—deciduous species respectively. Field measurements of water potential and photosynthesis were made simultaneously on plants of all three species. Data were collected in the field at monthly or bimonthly intervals for a year. Additional experiments were conducted in a transplant garden and under controlled environments in a phytotron. Larrea has a high protoplasmic tolerance to drought stress and maintains net photosynthesis throughout extended periods of low water potential. The photosynthetically active period of Encelia is prolonged, and water loss reduced, by seasonal leaf variability and the drought deciduous habit. These phenomena permit a greater photosynthetic efficiency over a wider range of water potentials than would be possible with a single leaf type. Decreasing water potentials affect Chilopsis the most, but the presence of xeromorphic leaf tissue augments the phreatophytic habit in maintaining relatively high water potentials. A transpiration—retarding mechanism in Chilopsis is also hypothesized.

Metabolic aspects of desert adaptation (man).

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the metabolic aspects of desert adaptation in man. The word metabolism signifies merely anabolic and catabolic processes in which energy is utilized, transformed, or released from the body. Body energy metabolism is examined by two basic approaches: (1) determination of the heat energy released, that is, the energy output, and (2) measurement of the oxygen consumed for foodstuff combustion, that is, the energy input. The most commonly used method for the indirect estimation of energy metabolism in man is the measurement of oxygen consumption. Significant increases in resting metabolism occur when heat balance in the human body becomes positive. On the other hand, the effect of acute exposure to heat on the metabolism of unacclimatized men indicates a moderate rise in oxygen consumption attributed to the rise in body temperature. The increased metabolic rate is attributed to the augmented energy requirements of the circulation in heat transport, increased activity of sweat glands, and raised body temperature. It seems that chemical thermo genesis is depressed by continuous exposure to heat; thus, the ability of the organism to withstand external heat loads is improved.

Polar Desert Adaptations of a High Arctic Plant Species

Plants of Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae) possess metabolic adaptations that allow them to grow successfully in polar desert microenvironments. Net photosynthesis (net carbon uptake) continues to be positive during drought until the leaf water stress declines to the range of -21 to -29 bars, which is considerably below the nonstress range of 0 to -10 bars. The plants can survive leaf water stresses of at least -44 bars in the field and leaf water stresses of -55 bars in a growth chamber.

Metabolic Responses to Temperature of a Desert Spider, Lycosa (Pardosa) carolinensis (Lycosidae)

Previous articleNext article No AccessMetabolic Responses to Temperature of a Desert Spider, Lycosa (Pardosa) carolinensis (Lycosidae)John E. Moeur and Clyde H. EriksenJohn E. Moeur Search for more articles by this author and Clyde H. Eriksen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 45, Number 4Oct., 1972 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.45.4.30155585 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 18Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Robert R. Junker, Jörg Albrecht, Marcel Becker, Raya Keuth, Nina Farwig, Matthias Schleuning Towards an animal economics spectrum for ecosystem research, Functional Ecology 37, no.11 (Apr 2022): 57–72.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14051Marshall D. McCue, Isabella Salinas, Gabriella Ramirez, Shawn Wilder The postabsorptive and postprandial metabolic rates of praying mantises: Comparisons across species, body masses, and meal sizes, Journal of Insect Physiology 93-94 (Oct 2016): 64–71.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.008C. Alfaro, C. Veloso, H. Torres-ContreraS, R. Solis, M. Canals Thermal niche overlap of the corner recluse spider Loxosceles laeta (Araneae; Sicariidae) and its possible predator, the spitting spider Scytodes globula (Scytodidae), Journal of Thermal Biology 38, no.88 (Dec 2013): 502–507.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.08.003Victoria R. Schmalhofer Impacts of temperature, hunger and reproductive condition on metabolic rates of flower-dwelling crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae), Journal of Arachnology 39, no.11 (Apr 2011): 41–52.https://doi.org/10.1636/Hi09-103.1Allan L. Markezich Seasonal respiratory metabolism of two sympatric araneid spiders, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 104, no.33 (Mar 1993): 561–564.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90464-FV. Kalarani, D.C. Reddy, B.P. Naidu, Ronald W. Davies Acclimatory responses in enzymatic activity and metabolite concentrations in the tropical scorpion Heterometrus fulvipes, Journal of Thermal Biology 16, no.66 (Nov 1991): 327–332.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(91)90058-AV. Kalarani, D.C. Reddy, B.P. Naidu, Ronald W. Davies Time-course of thermal acclimation in the tropical scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes, Journal of Thermal Biology 16, no.33 (May 1991): 135–139.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(91)90034-YY. D. Lubin, J. R. Henschel Foraging at the thermal limit: burrowing spiders (Seothyra, Eresidae) in the Namib desert dunes, Oecologia 84, no.44 (Oct 1990): 461–467.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328161William P. MacKay, Clay A. Sassaman Paradoxical acclimation and seasonal comparisons of oxygen consumption rates in three species ofPogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Journal of Comparative Physiology B 154, no.44 (Jan 1984): 399–407.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00684447J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson Desert adaptations in spiders, Journal of Arid Environments 6, no.44 (Dec 1983): 307–317.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31410-1D.J. Mcqueen, L.K. Pannell, C.L. McLay Respiration rates for the intertidal spider Desis marina (Hector), New Zealand Journal of Zoology 10, no.44 (Jan 2012): 393–399.https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1983.10423934MICHAEL E. MISPAGEL Relation of oxygen consumption to size and temperature in desert arthropods, Ecological Entomology 6, no.44 (Nov 1981): 423–431.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1981.tb00634.xWayne A Riddle, Allan L Markezich Thermal relations of respiration in the garden spider, Argiope aurantia, during early development and overwintering, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 69, no.44 (Jan 1981): 759–765.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(81)90168-7Wayne A. Riddle Metabolic compensation for temperature change in the scorpion Paruroctonus utahensis, Journal of Thermal Biology 4, no.22 (Apr 1979): 125–128.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(79)90025-1W. F. Humphreys The thermal biology of Geolycosa godeffroyi and other burrow inhabiting Lycosidae (Araneae) in Australia, Oecologia 31, no.33 (Jan 1978): 319–347.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346251W.F. Humphreys Respiration studies on Geolycosa godeffroyi (Araneae:Lycosidae) and their relationship to field estimates of metabolic heat loss, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 57, no.22 (Jan 1977): 255–263.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(77)90468-6 W. F. Humphreys The Respiration of Geolycosa godeffroyi (Araneae: Lycosidae) under Conditions of Constant and Cyclic Temperature, Physiological Zoology 48, no.33 (Sep 2015): 269–281.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.48.3.30160949W. F. Humphreys The food consumption of a wolf spider, Geolycosa godeffroyi (Araneae: Lycosidae), in the Australian Capital Territory, Oecologia 18, no.44 (Jan 1975): 343–358.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345854

Renal function in the chinchilla.

ARTICLESRenal function in the chinchillaF Weisser, FB Lacy, H Weber, and RL JamisonF Weisser, FB Lacy, H Weber, and RL JamisonPublished Online:01 Dec 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.6.1706MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMagnetic resonance imaging accurately tracks kidney pathology and heterogeneity in the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney diseaseKidney International, Vol. 99, No. 1Go with your gut: Digestibility and digestive function of two arid-zone Australian murids, Pseudomys australis and Notomys alexisZoology, Vol. 128MRI tools for assessment of microstructure and nephron function of the kidneyLuke Xie, Kevin M. Bennett, Chunlei Liu, G. Allan Johnson, Jeff Lei Zhang, and Vivian S. Lee1 December 2016 | American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, Vol. 311, No. 6Dynamic contrast-enhanced quantitative susceptibility mapping with ultrashort echo time MRI for evaluating renal functionLuke Xie, Anita T. Layton, Nian Wang, Peder E. Z. Larson, Jeff L. Zhang, Vivian S. Lee, Chunlei Liu, and G. Allan Johnson15 January 2016 | American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, Vol. 310, No. 2Digestive physiology of the plains viscacha ( Lagostomus maximus ): A large herbivorous hystricomorph rodent24 April 2015 | Zoo Biology, Vol. 34, No. 4Renal intraspecific variation along an aridity gradient detected by new renal indices in a desert herbivorous rodent4 May 2014 | Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology, Vol. 321, No. 6Anatomy, Physiology, and BehaviorBiology, Husbandry, and Clinical Techniques of Guinea Pigs and ChinchillasFunctional implications of the three-dimensional architecture of the rat renal inner medullaAnita T. Layton, Thomas L. Pannabecker, William H. Dantzler, and Harold E. Layton1 April 2010 | American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, Vol. 298, No. 4Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Mammals5 February 2014Renal morphology, phylogenetic history and desert adaptation of South American hystricognath rodentsFunctional Ecology, Vol. 20, No. 4Chinchilla lanigerMammalian Species, Vol. 758Kidney Mass and Relative Medullary Thickness of Rodents in Relation to Habitat, Body Size, and PhylogenyPhysiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 77, No. 3Inner medullary lactate production and urine-concentrating mechanism: a flat medullary modelStéphane Hervy, and S. Randall Thomas1 January 2003 | American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, Vol. 284, No. 1Kidney structure and function of obligate and facultative hibernators: the white-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys leucurus) and the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)Journal of Comparative Physiology B, Vol. 165, No. 4Urinary Concentration and Dilution: Physiology1 January 2011The effects of water deprivation and salt load on water conservation efficiency in two Indian desert gerbilsJournal of Comparative Physiology B, Vol. 160, No. 4Body water relations in two species of gerbil (Tatera indica indica andMeriones hurrianae) of the Indian desertJournal of Comparative Physiology B, Vol. 158, No. 1Micropuncture techniquesKidney International, Vol. 30, No. 2Excretion in Insects: Energetics and Functional Principles1 August 1982 | Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 99, No. 1Renal function and concentrating ability in a desert rodent: The gundi(Ctenodactylus vali)Pflügers Archiv, Vol. 390, No. 2Relative medullary area: A new structural index for estimating urinary concentrating capacity of mammalsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 55, No. 1Renal physiology of cold exposed and uninephrectomized golden hamstersComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 44, No. 4Intrarenal heterogeneityThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 3Water relations of the chinchilla Chinchilla lanigerComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 41, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 219Issue 6December 1970Pages 1706-1713 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1970 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.6.1706PubMed5485688History Published online 1 December 1970 Published in print 1 December 1970 Metrics

Influence of age and daily duration of exposure on responses of men to work in heat.

Influence of age and daily duration of exposure on responses of men to work in heat.

The cytology of Brachycome. I. The subgenus Eubrachycome: A general survey

Chromosome number determinations and cytological observations are reported for 37 recognized taxonomic species and varieties, and for a number of undescribed species and chromosome races in Eubrachycome. Additionally, chromosome numbers are reported for six species of Metabrachycome and two species of related genera. A wide range of numbers has been found. It is inferred that x = 9 is the primitive base number in the group. Eubrachycome has used various modes of chromosomal change, including polyploidy, amphidiploidy, decrease in base number, and the establishment of B. chromosomes. The present taxonomy of the group requires revision, taking into account cytological data. Primitive Eubrachycome was probably a mesic perennial. The evolution of desert species has involved reduction in chromosome number and the adoption of the annual habit, but other methods of desert adaptation have been available. Many species are chromosomally unstable, and may have been subject to catastrophic selection.

Renal Structural Characteristics as Indexes of Renal Adaptation for Water Conservation in the Genus Sylvilagus

Renal Structural Characteristics as Indexes of Renal Adaptation for Water Conservation in the Genus Sylvilagus

Effects of prolonged heat exposure on the cellular metabolism of the hamster.

ARTICLESEffects of prolonged heat exposure on the cellular metabolism of the hamsterY Cassuto, and RR ChaffeeY Cassuto, and RR ChaffeePublished Online:01 Feb 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.2.423MoreSectionsPDF (810 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHeat exposure does not alter eccentric exercise-induced increases in mitochondrial calcium and respiratory dysfunction18 March 2011 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 111, No. 11Effect of the acclimation to high environmental temperature on the activity of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase (a+b and a), liver glycogen content and blood glucose level in ratsJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 30, No. 8Skeletal and heart muscle protein turnover during long-term exposure to high environmental temperatures in young ratsCanadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vol. 78, No. 7Heat Production of Brown Adipocytes in FOK RatsAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 813, No. 1 ThermoregulatHeat Production by Brown Adipocytes of FOK Rats Genetically Resistant to a Hot Environment.Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, Vol. 59, No. 12Temperature RegulationRegulation of Energy Balance in the Golden HamsterThe effects of acclimation temperature on pituitary and plasma beta-endorphin in rats at 32.5°CComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, Vol. 82, No. 2Oxidations in kidney mitochondria of heat-exposed rats: Regulation by cytochromecJournal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, Vol. 16, No. 5-6Renal metabolic response to thermal stress by three species of ground squirrelsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 77, No. 3The effects of rearing-temperature on body conformation and organ size in young pigsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 77, No. 1Seasonal variation in Na+-K+-ATPase in tissues of field acclimatized woodrats, Neotoma lepidaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 76, No. 1Effect of chronic temperature stress on liver metabolism in Spermophilus lateralis, Spermophilus tereticaudus, and Amnospermophilus leucurusComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 73, No. 4Temperature acclimation in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Changes in metabolic rate and the response to norepinephrineComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 63, No. 1The Influence of Dietary Iodine and Enviromental Temperature on the Activity of Mitochondria in Liver and Kidney9 October 2009 | Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde, Vol. 40, No. 1-6Chronic heat exposure and intestinal absorption of sugars in hamsterComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 60, No. 4The effects of magnesium on state 3 respiration of liver mitochondria from control and cold-acclimated rats and hamstersComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 60, No. 3Adaptations to ambient temperature in growing pigsPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 367, No. 3Temperature acclimation in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): biochemical and organ weight changesComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 58, No. 3A comparative study of oxidative enzymatic potential of Sphermophilus lateralis and Spermophilus tereticaudusComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 55, No. 2Metabolic and biochemical aspects of heat acclimation in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensisComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 53, No. 4Tissue catecholamine levels of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) acclimated to 7,22 and 34°CComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, Vol. 52, No. 2Statistik, Erblichkeit und korrelative Bindung einiger Merkmale des Kreislaufsystems bei weiblichen Mastschweinen der Deutschen Landrasse*13 May 2010 | Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A, Vol. 22, No. 8Effect of heat acclimation (32°c) on rat liver and brain substrate levelsInternational Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 6, No. 3Metabolic Aspects of Desert Adaptation (Man)LDH isozymes—the effects of cold on their distribution in leg muscle of the rat (Rattus norvegicus albinicus)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 45, No. 3Evidence of kidney chemical thermosuppression in temperature-acclimated hamstersComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 45, No. 1The effects of washing, EDTA, magnesium and calcium on oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory rates of mitochondria from heat- and cold-acclimated ratsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 44, No. 4Red cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in heat-acclimated hamstersComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 41, No. 2Changes in lipid composition and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes of hamster induced by heat exposureBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, Vol. 248, No. 2Das Herzgewicht —ein hoch erbliches Merkmal beim SchweinArchiv für Kreislaufforschung, Vol. 64, No. 1-2RODENTSAcclimation to heat of the beagle dogInternational Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 14, No. 1The effect of a desert climate on the lactation and on the fertility of the nursing ratInternational Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 13, No. 1Plasma corticosterone response to elevated environmental temperature (34°C) and related physiological activities as influenced by ageLife Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 7 More from this issue > Volume 210Issue 2February 1966Pages 423-426 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1966 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.2.423PubMed4285266History Published online 1 February 1966 Published in print 1 February 1966 Metrics

Sweat chloride concentration: sweat rate, metabolic rate, skin temperature, and age.

ArticleSweat chloride concentration: sweat rate, metabolic rate, skin temperature, and age.D B Dill, F G Hall, and W Van BeaumontD B Dill, F G Hall, and W Van BeaumontPublished Online:01 Jan 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.1.99MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHuman temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injuryMatthew N. Cramer, Daniel Gagnon, Orlando Laitano, and Craig G. Crandall19 August 2022 | Physiological Reviews, Vol. 102, No. 4The Dynamic Response of Sweat Chloride to Changes in Exercise Load Measured by a Wearable Sweat Sensor7 May 2020 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, No. 1Comparative Study of the Composition of Sweat from Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands during Exercise and in Heat12 May 2020 | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, No. 10Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete22 July 2019 | npj Digital Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 1Dietary reference values for chlorideEFSA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 9Soft, Skin‐Interfaced Microfluidic Systems with Passive Galvanic Stopwatches for Precise Chronometric Sampling of Sweat17 June 2019 | Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, No. 32Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health17 July 2019 | Temperature, Vol. 6, No. 3Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review28 January 2019 | Chemical Reviews, Vol. 119, No. 8Exercise intensity effects on total sweat electrolyte losses and regional vs. whole-body sweat [Na+], [Cl−], and [K+]6 December 2018 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 119, No. 2Body map of regional vs. whole body sweating rate and sweat electrolyte concentrations in men and women during moderate exercise-heat stressLindsay B. Baker, Corey T. Ungaro, Bridget C. Sopeña, Ryan P. Nuccio, Adam J. Reimel, James M. Carter, John R. Stofan, and Kelly A. Barnes24 May 2018 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 124, No. 5Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffectorA wearable potentiometric sensor with integrated salt bridge for sweat chloride measurementSensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 250Towards a wearable perspiration sensorSweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability22 March 2017 | Sports Medicine, Vol. 47, No. S1Hands and feet: physiological insulators, radiators and evaporators11 July 2014 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 114, No. 10Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans1 February 2013 | Extreme Physiology & Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 1Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytesLouise B. Weschler1 October 2008 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 105, No. 4Clinical Management of Heat-Related IllnessesComparison of thermoregulatory responses to exercise in dry heat among prepubertal boys, young adults and older males29 October 2004 | Experimental Physiology, Vol. 89, No. 6Equine sweat composition: effects of adrenaline infusion, exercise and training10 June 2010 | Equine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 27, No. S20Heat Illness: Fluid and Electrolyte Issues for Pediatric and Adolescent AthletesPediatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 37, No. 5Klimaeinflüsse auf das Kind unter körperlicher BelastungProtein metabolism during moderate exercise in cystic fibrosis patients14 November 2007 | Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1Volume and composition of hand sweat of white and black men and women in desert walksAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 61, No. 1Climate and the Exercising ChildLiteraturverzeichnisProperties of sweat, burro (Equus asinus) and manComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 62, No. 2LiteraturSweat studies in patients with palmar and plantar hyperhidrosisThermoregulatory responses to heat and exercise in Japanese and CaucasiansInternational Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 19, No. 2The deposition of fingerprint films25 January 2001 | Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 8, No. 6Metabolic Aspects of Desert Adaptation (Man)Simulation of the thermal effects of dissolved materials in human sweatComputers and Biomedical Research, Vol. 6, No. 2Salt Concentration in Sweat and Heat AdaptabilityDesert Sweat RatesPhysiologische Reaktionen w�hrend eines f�nfw�chigen Daueraufenthaltes in einem k�nstlichen feuchthei�en KlimaInternationale Zeitschrift f�r Angewandte Physiologie Einschlie�lich Arbeitsphysiologie, Vol. 25, No. 4Studies on Sweat Losses of Nutrients8 July 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Vol. 22, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 21Issue 1January 1966Pages 99-106 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.1.99PubMed5903950History Published online 1 January 1966 Published in print 1 January 1966 Metrics

Body Temperature and Metabolism in Subspecies of Peromyscus from Arid and Mesic Environments

INTRODUCTION The faunas of our southwestern deserts are rich in small birds and mammals. These homeotherms must have established a harmonious balance between their requirements and the problems presented by the extreme conditions in such an environment. A scarcity of water coupled with high environmental temperatures accentuates the difficulty of thermoregulation in exposed animals, since regulation with a small differential in temperature between the body and the environment is dependent upon evaporative cooling. Estivation (Howell, 1938; Bartholomew and Cade, 1957; Lyman and Chatfield, 1955; Bartholomew and MacMillen, 1961), burrowing (Sumner, 1925, Vorhies, 1945; Schmidt-Nielsens, 1951), and nocturnal activity (Sumner, 1925, Vorhies, 1945; Schmidt-Nielsens, 1951; Dawson, 1955) are considered as physiological and behavioral adaptations exhibited by desert homeotherms allowing a resident to evade the most extreme conditions. Another desert adaptation is the production of a concentrated urine, demonstrated in Dipodomys (Schmidt-Nielsens, 1951) and to a lesser extent in Citellus leucufrus (Hudson, 1960), which at its extreme may permit a desert species to live entirely on the water produced by oxidation. Other species like the wood rat, Neoto ma albigula, depend upon succulent vegetation for their water supply (Vorhies, 1945; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1948). But adaptative modifications of the body temperature and metabolism to desert conditions have not been extensively sought for. Temperature in most mammals is maintained relatively independent of moderate changes in environmental temperature. These body temperatures are not

Sidewinding Locomotion in Snakes

THERE is a widespread belief that the curious horizontal broadside movement of Crotalus cerastes, known as is a specific adaptation to locomotion on the sandy surfaces of the desert. The persistence of this theory results in part at least from acceptance of the assumption that there is actual advantage in this rolling type of movement as opposed to the conventional and supposedly less efficient sinuous means of progression. In the rolling, locomotion that simulates the motions of the flattened coils of a helix, (Mosauer, 1932; Van Riper, 1955) action and reaction forces usually are spread over two segments of the body rather than several separate, smaller body loops. Since to move any body of given mass will require the same thrust against the ground, it might be argued that many separate thrust points would prove more efficient on unstable slopes with shifting ground than would the same amount of thrust when combined and applied by only two segments as in sidewinding. If there is any real advantage to sidewinding it might lie in the difference between amount of friction during movement of the snake's belly against sand and reduction of this by the rolling movement of the sidewinder. Because of the glossy surface of the gastrosteges and the light weight of the body as contrasted with the mass of the sand required to withstand the thrust, it is highly dubious if sidewinding is actually any more efficient on loose sand than the standard sinuous movement. In fact it might be demonstrably, but minutely less efficient. I have made no exhaustive search of the literature to discover the origin of the term sidewinding nor the first instance of ascribing to it more effective locomotion on sand. However, it seems probable that Cope may have been the first to mention the term in technical literature. He reports the discovery by Dr. J. L. Wortman of the identity of the snakes referred to as sidewinders by Arizonans, but he says nothing regarding this type of locomotion as being adaptation to loose sand. Ditmars (1907) says Here we see Nature's 21 admirable provision to enable a heavy-bodied snake to progress at some speed over desert sands. That this is the only fashion in which a thick-bodied snake could display agility on soft soil is well illustrated by the fact that their singular movements have been adopted by the vipers of the African deserts and again far removed from them, by our one species of rattlesnake that inhabits the deserts proper. (The italics are his.) Later workers have shifted the emphasis from speed to the soft soil aspect, but Ditmars emphasis on speed may be nearer the truth. Pope (1937: 19, 111) possibly following Mosauer (1932), merely alludes to this trait as adaptation to travel on loose sand. Gloyd (1940) mentions the desert adaptations of our sidewinding rattlesnake, but he does not fall into the positive error of accepting shifting sand as the prime cause for the success of this peculiar locomotion. Stebbins (1954) carefully notes that this snake is not restricted to wholly sandy situations, for it has been found on bare hardpan and in areas where there are scattered rocks on firm soil. Usually, however, some sand is present nearby. He also mentions its presence on sand hills and rocky hillsides as at Lovejoy Buttes on the Mojave Desert, and he circumspectly states that an advantage of this type of locomotion may be to minimize slippage on a shifting surface, and calls attention to the fact that the locomotory forces are applied vertically to the surface on which the snake is traveling. Cowles (1920), quoted in extenso by Van Denburgh (1922), plunged headlong into the pitfall of what may prove to be the seemingly obvious, and ascribed to this type of locomotion a specific adaptation to movements over a sandy, hence a yielding, and for conventional ophidian motion, a nearly tractionless surface. Since 1919 and 1920, years of growing familiarity with the sidewinder, that is, throughout the last 35 years since publication of the 1920 paper from which Van Denburgh quoted, there have been many occasions