Description In Terms Research Articles

Non-response to psychotherapy: concepts, problems and referral options

In this paper we review the current literature on the clinical problem that some patients do not achieve response after adequately conducted psychotherapy. We explicate our understanding of nonresponse and treatment resistance including the operational definitions, summarize the theoretical explanations and empirical studies and put forward possible study designs and treatment options. Literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. For the domain of psychotherapy, the term treatment resistance does not seem appropriate; instead, we use the more descriptive terms nonresponse and recurrent nonresponse. Generally, this topic is far less represented in psychotherapy than in pharmacotherapy. Controlled switching studies with aswitch from pharmacotherapy to psychotherapy are rare and those switching from one psychotherapeutic approach to another are nearly nonexistent. Building on clinical considerations, we propose aflow-chart for clinical decision making after nonresponse in psychotherapy. Learning from errors is highly beneficial. This principle should be more consistently followed up in psychotherapy research as well as in supervision and training. Guidelines should include consensual and evidence-based advice on how to deal with nonresponse and recurring nonresponse.

Cocaine-Induced Plasma Cell Orificial "Dermatomucositis": A More Accurate Descriptive Term for a Clearly Dermatological Entity.

Although the involvement of the nasal passages and nasal septum in cocaine users has been known for decades, a new presentation affecting the nostrils and upper lip with an inflamed appearance has recently been documented. The authors who identified this presentation termed it "cocaine-related plasma cell mucositis" due to the abundance of plasma cells in the infiltrate. In this article, we present a second case and emphasize the dermal involvement of the lip, leading us to consider the condition as a genuine dermatomucositis.

‘God-professor’: recovering the meanings of a contested concept in Australasian university history

ABSTRACT This article seeks to recover the contested early history of the term and concept ‘god-professor’. Scholars of the histories of Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand universities and their disciplines have often used ‘god-professor’ descriptively, referring to nineteenth and twentieth-century professors said to have held absolute scholarly authority within and beyond the academy. It has been less commonly noticed that when the term ‘god-professor’ emerged in Australian academia in the early 1960s, it was not a historical and descriptive term but one used polemically in contemporary contests over academic authority. The rapid expansion of postwar Australian higher education made tractable the problems then debated. The article examines the emergence of the ‘god-professor’ concept within these debates, not to suggest the primacy of originary meanings but to foreground questions of academic authority and autonomy lost in many later descriptive uses, which are resonant for debates over academic collegiality and managerial governance today.

Automatic Expansion of Metadata Standards for Historic Costume Collections

Objective: This project focuses on Artificial Intelligence (AI) supported enhancement of descriptive metadata for fashion collections (otherwise known as costume or dress and textile collections) through expanding costume-specific controlled terms. The authors use Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques along with a human-in-the-loop process to support selection of descriptive terms for inclusion in the controlled terms of a metadata schema. This project seeks to expand upon existing domain-specific schema, Costume Core, by enhancing the schema with a comprehensive set of descriptors. This enhancement will allow for more accurate and detailed descriptions of costume artifacts. This article describes this process and the outcomes of AI approaches for providing this metadata expansion, who this process is for, ethical considerations, and lessons learned.Methods: We approached our problem with an investigation into using word embeddings to aid in supporting the suggesting of new metadata terms. Several word embedding models were applied with the more descriptive one chosen for final use in a human-in-the-loop selection process. This selection process provided domain experts to identify which terms chosen by the model are of relevant value. We then compare what was chosen by the domain experts and what the model produced to get an idea as to the value the model provides in the process of metadata expansion.Results: The metadata expansion process was a success. An AI supported process aided domain experts in choosing relevant terms to include in their metadata schema. Therefore, the results were a methodology for using identified AI models for the problem, an interactive system to aid the domain experts (software system), and how to evaluate the results.Conclusion: The application of AI technologies (word embeddings) provided a successful pipeline for supporting domain experts to expand the metadata schema with additional descriptors.  Enhancing the metadata schema with additional descriptors improves its usability for fashion collection managers and allows for a more precise description of the artifacts. As a result, many new terms that were expertly chosen were added to the metadata schema.

Catcalling as Street Harassment: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This study aims to explain the issue of catcalling as a form of harassment against women on the street. This research applies descriptive qualitative method which tries to identify, describe and explain phenomena through linguistic data along with the social and cultural context. The data were collected according to the research goal namely to explain the issue of catcalling depicted in the news text. The data were gathered by retrieving news text on catcalling issue from wollipop.detik.com and analyzed it using Fairclough's CDA framework. The results of the analysis show that in terms of text descriptions, the news writer used a variety of non-standard languages, informal word choices and the involvement of sources to support the issue. In terms of text interpretation, this media concentrates its news presentation on women-related issues by presenting its news which involves several sources to strengthen its reporting objectives. On the explanatory side of the text, the practice of discourse is associated with the socio-cultural context. Wollipop.detik.com alignment with the victim in this report confirms indirectly that the act of catcalling is a form of harassment against women. Readers are led to the understanding that as subtle as catcalling is, it is still a form of violence against women. Readers are also led to raising awareness of their impact. Readers' opinions are directed to provide a positive image as an active media in providing useful information to women as well as to play an active role in voicing injustice and inequality that occurs in society.

Linguistic Challenges of Courtroom Interpretation in Ghana

This paper presents the results of a survey on the linguistic challenges of courtroom interpretation in Ghana. It is part of a larger study on the challenges of courtroom interpreters. Specifically, the paper discusses the everyday linguistic challenges faced by courtroom interpreters, and the coping mechanisms deployed. Additionally, the paper makes proposals on ways that these challenges encountered by courtroom interpreters can be mitigated. In terms of findings, the paper shows that the main linguistic challenges include insufficient bilingual skills, terminological issues relating to legal jargon (legal terminology), terminology in specialized areas such as medical science, finance, economics, etc., measurement and quantities terms (e.g., money, fines, land, time, etc.), descriptive terms like color, height, etc., kinship terminology as well as speakers’ uses idiomatic expressions you are not familiar with. The paper notes that interpreters often use creative strategies like codemixing, omission of details, approximating color, and kinship terms, and seeking clarification through intervention to overcome these challenges. By way of recommendation, we propose the creation of glossaries in indigenous languages, collaboration with communities to identify and develop appropriate kinship terminology, the development of context-specific terminology, simplification of language, pre-session preparation, and continuous training and professional development.

Arthrogryposis is a descriptive term, not a specific disease entity: Escobar Syndrome is an example.

Children born with multiple congenital contractures have been almost always given the diagnosis of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Arthrogryposis is a descriptive term, not a specific disease entity. A heterogeneous group of conditions associated with multiple congenital joint contractures (mostly syndromic) should be considered. The records of seven children (four boys and three girls aged 6 months - 11 years) of different ethnic origins have been included in this study. The constellation of specific craniofacial dysmorphic features, spine malformation complex, and appendicular skeletal abnormalities in addition to camptodactyly, talipes equinovarus and rocker-bottom feet were a cluster of malformation complex encountered in our patients. Via comprehensive clinical and imaging study (3D reconstruction CT scan), definite diagnosis of Escobar Syndrome has been approached. The clinical and imaging phenotype was the key factor towards etiological understanding, treatment and genotype confirmation. We identified compound heterozygous mutations (c.459dupA [p.Val154Serfs*24] and c.794T>G [p.Leu265Serfs*24] of the CHRNG gene in four patients. Bilateral flexion contractures of the knees have been treated by using Iliazarov external fixator. Simultaneous corrections of scoliosis have been achieved by applying either dual traditional growing rods or single growing rods. The clinical and radiological phenotypic characterizations are the fundamental tool in differentiating Escobar from other forms of multiple contractures. The aim of this study are three folds, firstly to demonstrate the importance of detecting the etiological understanding in children presented with multiple contractures, secondly to refute the general conception among the vast majority of pediatricians and orthopedic surgeons that arthrogryposis multiplex is a diagnostic entity. And thirdly, we were able to detect severe spine deformity via 3D reconstruction CT scan, namely unsegmented posterior spinal bar.

Abstract TMP39: Paucity of Evidence-Based Patent Foramen Ovale Severity Ratings in Transesophageal Echocardiogram Clinical Reports

Introduction: The presence of a large physiologic shunt, defined as >20 left atrial microbubbles within 3 cardiac cycles on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), is a key, randomized controlled trial-validated, indication for patent foramen ovale (PFO) with a closure device in patients with otherwise cryptogenic ischemic stroke. The frequency with which this information is available to treating physicians from clinical TEE reports has not been well delineated. Methods: Among consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted to an academic medical center undergoing TEE between January-June 2023, TEE reports were reviewed to determine frequency with which formal, clinical-trial definition-adherent characterization of PFO shunt size was provided, frequency of informal PFO shunt size descriptions, and correlations with transcranial Doppler (TCD) formal shunt grades (Spencer Grades 1-5). Results: Among the 50 patients, median age was 64 (IQR 58-74.5), and 20 (40%) were female. On TEE, shunt presence was assessed by bubble study in 38 (76%), direct Doppler alone in 6 (12%), and neither in 6 (12%). Among patients with bubble study, a right-to-left shunt (RLS) potentially due to PFO was present 15 (39%). RLS severity was quantified in 27% (4/15) of PFO patients, all with formally small (<20) shunts. For the remaining 11, reports informally characterized shunt severity with various descriptive terms, including “mild” (7 cases), “mild/trace” (1), “moderate” (2), and “large” (1). TCD bubble studies were performed in 67% (10/15) of the TEE RLS PFO patients. Shunt severity correlation between TEE and TCD was 100% (3/3) for the formally quantified TEE shunts, but poor for the 7 informally assessed TEE shunts, with 60% (3/5) of shunts deemed “mild” on TEE quantified as intermediate-large on TCD, 1/1 deemed “moderate” on TEE quantified as intermediate on TCD, and 1/1 deemed “large” on TEE quantified as miniscule on TCD. Conclusions: Quantified, evidence-based ratings of PFO shunt severity were present in less than 3 of every 10 TEE reports, and unquantified, informal size estimates correlated poorly with TCD quantification of shunt severity. Patient management would be aided by inclusion of formal PFO shunt size quantification in all clinical stroke patient TEE reports.

Postsocialism in International Relations: Method and critique

Abstract While postcolonial approaches to International Relations have offered new concepts, methods, and political imaginaries of global politics, postsocialism has been absent as an analytical and political approach. Postsocialism has been mainly a descriptive term naming the temporal transition of the Second World to liberal democracy and market economy or the geopolitical space of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Building on literature that has connected postsocialism and postcolonialism analytically and politically, particularly feminist work that has reclaimed postsocialism to understand the global legacies of socialism in the present, this article proposes to unpack dimensions of postsocialism as method and critique. Postsocialism as method attends to how socialist legacies endure and are transformed in the present while holding together contradictions and ambivalences. Postsocialism as critique is oriented to transversal solidarities and the epistemic vocabularies that can undergird these struggles. To trace these dimensions of method and critique, the article is situated empirically within debates about borders and migration. Postsocialism is not intended to replace or displace other critical approaches but to pluralise our vocabularies and multiply political interventions.

Newborns with Collodion Skin Disorders

Collodion Baby is a descriptive term for newborns with the entire surface of the body wrapped in a rigid yellowish membrane that resembles solid and translucent parchment paper. A rare disorder that often occurs in preterm babies with low birth weight. Collodion babies can have defects in protein and fat metabolism due to genetic mutations. Management with emollients, fluid and electrolyte balance and overcoming infection. Case Report : Reported newborn came to the emergency room of Soeselo Hospital referral from Puskesmas with Collodion Baby and low birth weight. Yellowish skin is obtained throughout the body such as translucent thick parchment, fissures with some erosion and ecropions in both eyes. The patient is placed in an incubator with a temperature of 30-32o C, emollient therapy, topical antibiotics on fissures and erosions, prophylactic antibiotics and antibiotic creams for ectropion. Discussion : Collodion baby is a condition at risk of serious complications including: risk of infection, hypernatremic dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances and temperature instability caused by epidermal lipid disorders and protein homeostasis, resulting in increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) caused by mutations in the transglutaminase 1-TGM1, ALOXE3 or ALOX12B, ABCA12, HIPAL4/ichthyin, ABHD5 genes responsible for epidermal homeostasis. Conclusion: Collodion Baby is a disorder with severe corneal damage. The importance of proper and comprehensive management with the aim of minimizing complications can reduce morbidity and mortality.

The Usage of Familiarity Related Address Terms among the Academic Staff of Jigawa State College of Education and Legal Studies, Ringim

Going by the title of the research, it is purely Institution-based research in nature, as it focuses on the use of familiarity related address terms among academic staff of Jigawa State College of education and Legal Studies Ringim. The objectives of this research are: to study the address terms use in the selected tertiary institution in Jigawa State, examine the sources of address terms use among the academic staff, investigate the reasons and social factors that determine the use of the terms among the academic staff in the tertiary Institution. The study adopts Discourse analysis theory in the analysis of the data and ethnography of communication method for the data collection. The findings of the research reveal four types of familiarity related address terms that are used among academic staff of JSCOELS Ringim. The identified terms are: name, descriptive, honorific and kinship term. Besides, the reasons behind the use of the terms among the academic staff are: to show familiarity, respect, intimacy, politeness and power differential. Similarly, the research findings reveal the existence of four social factors that determine the usage of the terms among the academic staff. Such as: Education, occupational hierarchy, social status, and degree of intimacy. Lastly, the research results show that the academic staff used both English and Hausa familiarity related terms of address in addressing each other.

Applying an Empirical Approach to the Search for Equivalents in Translating Administrative Terms Used in Civil Status Records

Equivalence is a central concept in translation theory, but it is also a controversial one. According to Catford 1965; Nida and Taber 1969; Toury 1980; Pym 1992, 1995, 2004; and Koller 1995, translation is defined in terms of equivalence relations. While some authors develop a theoretical notion of equivalence, others have an empirical approach. Indeed, Toury (1980) identified an empirical use of the term: equivalence could be a descriptive term, denoting concrete objects in two languages and subject to direct observation. This paper adopts Toury’s conception of equivalence. It aims to discuss how equivalence is achieved in translation. To this end, administrative terms found in civil status records are used as examples to show how the search for equivalence is carried out in a real-life situation. Even though administrative divisions’ names may appear normal on birth certificates, death certificates, marriage certificates, etc., searching for their equivalents in translation may pose problems. One of the difficulties is that administrative divisions differ from country to country. Examples cited in this paper consist of administrative terms used in Benin, Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal. This research takes an empirical approach. Indeed, the search for equivalents in the target language (i.e. English or French) is based on real-life experience and observable data. The findings reveal that source language and target language items rarely have ‘the same meaning’ in the linguistic sense; but can function in the same situation. The contextual meaning of a term is more important in this discussion than the linguistic sense. Equivalence is not only a theoretical notion but also an empirical concept.

The Impact of Tuberous Breast on Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study.

Tuberous breast deformity is a nondiagnostic, descriptive term for a congenital breast difference that becomes apparent at puberty. Although the negative physical and psychosocial effects of macromastia and breast asymmetry are established, no studies to date have explored the impact of tuberous breasts on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes using a robust sample size. In this cross-sectional study, HRQoL surveys were administered to adolescent women with tuberous breasts and healthy female controls, aged 12-21 years. Surveys included the Short-Form 36v2, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Eating Attitudes Test-26. Demographics were compared, and linear regressions were fit to determine the effect of tuberous breast deformity on survey scores, with body mass index (BMI) category as a covariate. Thirty-four patients with tuberous breasts and 264 controls participated. Patients with tuberous breasts had higher mean BMI than controls (P < 0.05). After adjusting for differences in BMI category, patients with tuberous breasts scored lower than controls on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and in Short-Form 36v2 domains related to physical and psychological health (P < 0.05, all). Compared with controls, patients with tuberous breasts had a higher mean score on the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (P < 0.05). Tuberous breast deformity may negatively impact patients' physical and psychosocial HRQoL and increase their risk for disordered eating and higher BMIs. It is imperative that healthcare providers and third-party payors understand tuberous breast deformity is not just a cosmetic issue and tailor care and coverage policies accordingly.

Comprehensive characterization of physicochemical, thermal, compositional, and sensory properties of cold-pressed rosehip seed oil

In this study, cold-pressed rosehip seed oil was fully characterized. Acidity and oxidation levels were near the limit values or slightly exceeded them and improvement in the storage conditions was suggested. The oil started to crystallize at -45.25 °C, and melt at -25.56 °C. Linoleic acid (51.1%), β-sitosterol (84.6%), γ-tocopherol (773.76 µg/g) and rosmarinic acid (31.38 µg/g) were determined as major fatty acid, sterol, tocopherol and phenolic compound, respectively. For the first time, aromatic volatile compounds and sensory descriptive terms were determined for cold-pressed rosehip seed oil. Sixty-seven volatile compounds were detected and L-limonene was found to be a major volatile compound. According to the sensory analysis, timber/kindling and raw vegetable tastes/aromas were found to be relatively dominant. Consequently, it is thought that rosehip seeds can be used as a raw material for edible and nutritionally-rich cold-pressed oil production and/or as source oil for functional food preparations.

CENTRAL BOUQUET HEMORRHAGE: Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Features.

To describe the clinical characteristics, multimodal imaging features, and anatomic basis of a distinctive pattern of deep retinal hemorrhages located in the central fovea, a presentation referred to as "central bouquet hemorrhage." Retrospective, observational, multicenter case series of eyes with central bouquet hemorrhage. Multimodal imaging features were reviewed and analyzed. Ten eyes from 10 patients (4 women and 6 men), with a mean age of 55.6 ± 21.7 years (range 25-84 years) were included. Underlying etiologies were neovascular age-related macular degeneration (40%), lacquer cracks in pathological myopia (30%), macular telangiectasia Type 2 (10%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (10%), and ocular trauma associated with angioid streaks (10%). On ophthalmoscopy, all eyes with central bouquet hemorrhage displayed a deep retinal hemorrhage with round margins in the central fovea and associated with petaloid hemorrhages radiating in the surrounding Henle fiber layer. Cross-sectional optical coherence tomography showed a well-delineated round hyperreflective lesion involving the central foveal Henle fiber layer/outer nuclear layer in all cases. Accompanying hyperreflective hemorrhages tracking along the obliquely oriented Henle fiber layer were present in all eyes. Resolution occurred in all patients, either spontaneously (30%) or after treatment with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (70%), and was associated with partial visual acuity improvement (from 20/113 to 20/36). "Central bouquet hemorrhage" is a novel descriptive term describing a characteristic round pattern of intraretinal blood in the fovea associated with Henle fiber layer hemorrhage and encountered in a spectrum of macular disease.

Patient outcomes associated with subcutaneous C1INH prophylaxis for hereditary angioedema: a retrospective analysis

BackgroundReal-world data on subcutaneous C1INH (C1INH[SC]) usage and patient-level impacts on hereditary angioedema (HAE)-related outcomes and quality of life (QoL) are both lacking and challenging to generate using conventional study methodologies. Using a hybrid study design involving patient interviews supplemented by retrospective medical chart data review, we conducted a real-world assessment of the impact of C1INH(SC) prophylaxis on HAE attack patterns, QoL, and on-demand medication use.MethodsThe study was conducted at seven US sites and included 36 adults with HAE who had been treated with C1INH(SC) long-term prophylaxis following ≥ 12 months of on-demand management only. Patients underwent 30-min interviews, facilitated and analyzed by a trained qualitative research specialist. Medical records were reviewed for 12 months before (pre-index) and after (post-index) initiation of C1INH(SC). Using interview data with descriptive terms converted to numerical values, we compared pre- versus post-index attack frequency, severity, and rescue medication usage.ResultsMean (SD) annualized attack frequency per patient decreased 82.0%, from 38.8 (38.8) attacks/year pre-index to 7.0 (15.3) attacks/year (P < 0.001); the median number of attacks decreased by 97.0% (30 pre-index to 1 post-index). For 20 patients, the annualized attack rate after starting C1INH(SC) prophylaxis was ≤ 1 attack/year; 12 of these patients reported 0 attacks. Mean (SD) attack severity (scale: 0 = none/mild to 4 = very severe) decreased from 2.3 (0.7) pre-index to 0.9 (0.9) post-index (P < 0.001). Mean/median rescue medication use decreased by 77.2%/96.3%. Improved QoL was narratively described for many domains.ConclusionsThese real-world findings indicate that long-term prophylaxis with C1INH(SC) markedly improves important factors that contribute to the goal of achieving total disease control and normalization of patients’ lives, including fewer and less severe attacks, less rescue medication usage, and improved QoL.

Working Memory, Attention Skills and Language Proficiency in Children with Unilateral and Bilateral Cochlear Implants

ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies observed that children with cochlear implants (CIs) have poor language, working memory, and attention skills. The ability to perform cognitive tasks, such as attention and memory, plays a crucial role in the academic achievement and everyday life of children with hearing impairment. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of age at the time of implantation and bilateral hearing on cognitive skills, such as language development, working memory, and selective attention, among children with CIs. Research Design: Language skills were assessed using the Test of Language Development-Primary: Fourth Edition (TOLD-P:4), working memory using the Visual-Aural Digit Span Test-Revised Form (VADS-R), and selective attention skills using the Stroop Test TBAG Form. Study sample: A total of 58 participants, comprised of 21 children with early unilateral CIs (before 2 years), 18 children with late unilateral CIs (after 2 years), and 19 children with bilateral CIs, between the ages of 6 and 9 years, were included in the study. Data collection and analysis: According to the age at the time of implantation and whether or not the participant was unilaterally or bilaterally implanted, the mean scores, percentage values, and resultant scores of the participants were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The number of repeated backward digit spans for the VADS-R test, completion times, number of errors and corrections for the Stroop test, raw scores, scaled scores corresponding to raw scores at the relevant age, descriptive terms for the TOLD-P:4 test, and within-group comparisons for all tests were examined. Results: There were significant differences in language, working memory, and attention skills between individuals with early and late unilateral cochlear implantation, whereas there were no significant differences in many subtests between individuals with early unilateral and bilateral cochlear implantation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the importance of early cochlear implantation and bilateral hearing on the development of cognitive processes, such as language development, selective attention, and memory skills, which are important factors that may contribute to children's academic performance and overall success.

Speech sound disorder or DLD (phonology)? Towards a consensus agreement on terminology.

The publication of phase 2 of the CATALISE project in 2017 clarified terminology for children with developmental language disorder (DLD) or delay but unintentionally muddied the water for children with unintelligible speech. A diagnostic label of DLD (phonology) indicates poor prognosis and phonological disorder that persists into middle childhood. However, in contrast to other diagnostic labels that fall under the overarching term of speech sound disorder (SSD), DLD (phonology) does not elucidate the characteristics of the child's speech nor does it point us in the direction of appropriate intervention. The aim of this paper is to discuss terminology in SSD leading to an evidence-based model which builds on the model of DLD developed in CATALISE, supports descriptive diagnosis and signposts intervention. Following a focused review of literature proposing or describing terminology for SSD, an expert group of researchers in developmental SSD proposed a revised model of existing terminology. Groups of UK speech and language therapists (SLTs) who provide services for children with SSD were asked to comment on its acceptability and feasibility. A three-level terminology model was developed. This comprised an overarching Level 1 term; Level 2 terms that differentiated SSD of unknown origin from SSD with associated or underlying conditions; and specific diagnostic terms at Level 3 to support further assessment and intervention decisions. Consulted SLTs generally expressed agreement with the proposed terminology and a willingness to adopt it in practice. Existing terminology for childhood SSD provides a good basis for clinical decision-making. A modified version of Dodd's (2005) terminology was found to be acceptable to UK SLTs. There is an evident overlap of SSD with CATALISE terminology. However more detailed and specialist terminology than 'DLD (phonology)' is required to support clinical decision-making. It is proposed that endorsement by the UK Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists would obviate the need for a Delphi process. What is already known on this subject Over nearly a hundred years, as our knowledge and understanding of speech sound disorder (SSD) has increased, so has the terminology that is used to describe those disorders. Current terminology not only describes subtypes of SSD but can also signpost us to effective interventions. With the publication, in 2017, of phase 2 of CATALISE a new term of 'developmental language disorder (DLD) (phonology)' was introduced with the unintentional consequence of challenging more specific descriptive terms for SSD. What this paper adds In the context of CATALISE and DLD (phonology), the history and nature of SSD terminology are reappraised. Building on the model of DLD developed in CATALISE, a tiered model that supports descriptive diagnosis and signposts intervention is proposed for discussion. Clinical implications of this study The proposed model of terminology for SSD provides descriptive and detailed labels that will support accuracy in differential diagnosis of developmental SSD by speech and language therapists. Furthermore, a decision-making tree for SSD demonstrates the pathway from diagnostic use of the terminology to the selection of evidence-based, effective interventions.

Facial first impressions following a prison sentence: Negative shift in trait ratings but the same underlying structure

The first impressions we form of unfamiliar others can often guide many important decisions such as whether someone is guilty of a crime or the severity of their sentence, even in the presence of more relevant information. While most of the current work in this context has focused on their impact during trial proceedings and sentencing, little is known about the potential impact of first impressions following a guilty sentence and the success of the subsequent reintegration into society. Here, we used a data-driven approach to address this question by first collecting unconstrained spontaneous impressions from two groups of perceivers – one group believed that the identities they were presented with had received a prison sentence, whereas the other received no additional semantic information (Study 1). This then allowed us to establish the most prevalent traits people refer to when describing their first impressions in this context and to reveal the underlying structure of these impressions using an Exploratory Factor Analysis (Study 2). We find a substantial negative shift in social evaluation following the knowledge of a prison sentence, both in terms of spontaneous descriptions and specific trait ratings. However, this additional contextual information did not affect the underlying structure of first impressions. These findings support social evaluation theories arguing for a more complex interplay between bottom-up visual and top-down semantic or contextual cues during the formation of facial first impressions but also reveal important constraints to the impact of such cues on the core impression formation processes.

NIPBL::NACC1 Fusion Hepatic Carcinoma.

Several reports describing a rare primary liver tumor with histologic features reminiscent of follicular thyroid neoplasms have been published under a variety of descriptive terms including thyroid-like, solid tubulocystic, and cholangioblastic cholangiocarcinoma. Although these tumors are considered to represent histologic variants, they lack classic features of cholangiocarcinoma and have unique characteristics, namely immunoreactivity for inhibin and NIPBL::NACC1 fusions. The purpose of this study is to present clinicopathologic and molecular data for a large series of these tumors to better understand their pathogenesis. We identified 11 hepatic tumors with these features. Immunohistochemical and NACC1 and NIPBL fluorescence in situ hybridization assays were performed on all cases. Four cases had available material for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Most patients were adult women (mean age: 42y) who presented with abdominal pain and large hepatic masses (mean size: 14cm). Ten patients had no known liver disease. Of the patients with follow-up information, 3/9 (33%) pursued aggressive behavior. All tumors were composed of bland cuboidal cells with follicular and solid/trabecular growth patterns in various combinations, were immunoreactive for inhibin, showed albumin mRNA by in situ hybridization, and harbored the NIPBL::NACC1 fusion by fluorescence in situ hybridization. WGS corroborated the presence of the fusion in all 4 tested cases, high tumor mutational burden in 2 cases, and over 30 structural variants per case in 3 sequenced tumors. The cases lacked mutations typical of conventional intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In this report, we describe the largest series of primary inhibin-positive hepatic neoplasms harboring a NIPBL::NACC1 fusion and the first WGS analysis of these tumors. We propose to name this neoplasm NIPBL:NACC1 fusion hepatic carcinoma.