Descriptive Statistical Methods Research Articles

The effect of organizational culture in health services on employee flourishing.

Culture has an important role in maximizing the value of human capital, which is regarded as the main source of organizational effectiveness. The research was conducted to determine the effect of organizational culture perceptions of healthcare professionals working in a university hospital on employee flourishing. It is a descriptive study conducted with 299 healthcare professionals working in a university hospital. "Structured Personal Information Form", "Denison Organizational Culture Survey" and "New Flourishing Index" to collect the data. In the analysis descriptive statistical methods such as percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean and standard deviation as well as Pearson correlation, linear regression and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between variables. According to the results of linear regression analysis, it was determined that organizational culture and flourishing were related (F: 88.229; p < 0.05). The organizational culture alone explained 22.6% of flourishing. As a result of multiple regression analysis, it was determined that the relationship between organizational culture sub-dimensions and flourishing was significant (F = 25.975; p < 0.05). The sub-dimensions of organizational culture explained 25.1% of the flourishing. As a result of the study, it is observed that the perception of organizational culture of healthcare professionals has an impact on flourishing, and therefore the favorable development of organizational culture will contribute positively to employee flourishing. In present conditions, it has become a necessity for health organizations to provide the circumstances that will make all investments that will contribute positively to the flourishing of their employees a part of the organizational culture.

A Model Proposal for Developing a Solution and Determining the Administrative Problems of Hospitals in Turkey: The BUY Model.

Background and Purpose: This study was conducted in line with the request of the senior management of a hospital. The objective of the current research is to identify managerial problems through the relationship between health employees' perceptions of organizational justice, trust in the manager and the organization, and job satisfaction; develop a solution proposal over the relationships between these variables and motivation variables; and present a model proposal (BUY Model) as a result. Methods: The study sample is comprised of 673 employees. The study data were collected online using a questionnaire consisting of five scales. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. Results: The findings obtained from the study showed that the participants' perceptions of organizational justice, trust in the manager and the organization, job satisfaction and motivation were generally at a moderate level. The study also determined that trust in the manager and the organization had a partial mediation effect on the effect of organizational justice on job satisfaction and the variables of trust in the organization, organizational justice, and trust in the manager, respectively, and especially, the job satisfaction variable also affected motivation. Conclusion: The BUY model was developed to identify problems related to the management of healthcare human resources and solve these problems. Considering the importance of the concepts of job satisfaction and motivation in terms of employee performance, health service quality, and patient satisfaction, it is thought that the developed model will benefit managers of health institutions in increasing the job satisfaction and motivation levels of health employees.

Life Satisfaction and Its Relationship With Personality Traits Among Medical College Students in China.

Life satisfaction is a comprehensive psychological index to measure a person's life quality. Previous studies have found that population sociological factors, physiological factors, psychological factors, and social factors all affect life satisfaction, but few studies have looked at the role of stable psychological factors, such as personality, in life satisfaction. Thus, this study combined previous research results and theories to study the current situation of college students' life satisfaction and its correlation with personality. This study aims to comprehensively assess the life satisfaction levels among university students enrolled in a medical college in China, explore their correlation with various demographic factors and personality traits, identify potential areas for intervention, and provide recommendations for improving students' overall well-being and fostering the development of a positive and healthy personality. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select college students from a university. The questionnaire consists of general characteristics, a life satisfaction scale, and the Big Five Inventory. Descriptive statistical methods were conducted to describe the college students' life satisfaction status; an analysis of variance was performed to compare the score of life satisfaction among different demographic features; and the correlation between the score of life satisfaction and the Big Five Inventory was also analyzed. A total of 3116 subjects were included in this survey. The life satisfaction of females was higher than that of males in the dimensions of family, friends, school, and overall satisfaction (p<0.05). The life satisfaction of males in the self dimension was higher than that of females (p<0.05). The life satisfaction of different weight types had statistical significance in the life dimension (p<0.05). The life satisfaction of family, school, and overall well-being among smoking college students was lower than that of non-smoking college students (p<0.05). The life satisfaction of non-drinking college students in family, friends, life, school, and overall life satisfaction scores was higher than those of drinking college students (p<0.05). College students who get plenty of sleep a day (more than eight hours) scored higher life satisfaction scores in the self dimension than sleep-deprived college students (p<0.05). In addition to the family dimension, students taking long physical exercise breaks every day had higher life satisfaction scores in every dimension than students lacking physical exercise (p<0.05). The mean score of personality in the agreeableness and openness dimensions is the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the personality score in each dimension was positively correlated with the life satisfaction score in each dimension except for the neuroticism dimension of personality (p<0.05). The life satisfaction of college students is different for different lifestyles. The student management department should pay attention to the physical and mental health of college students with low life satisfaction and further find out the reasons for the difference in life satisfaction. Meanwhile, education should be strengthened for college students and encourage them to give up smoking and alcohol; strengthen physical training; and university education should strengthen the personality cultivation of college students.

The Impact of the Pandemic on Postgraduate Nursing Students: Comparison of Master’s and Doctorate Studies

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the pandemic on the education and scientific research activities of nursing graduate students. The descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out in Türkiye between February and March 2021 with 383 postgraduate students, 218 of whom are master's and 165 are doctoral students. The data were collected using an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistical methods, independent groups t-test and chi-square test were used to evaluate the data. The majority of the master’s students were nurses (83.5%), and the majority of doctorate students were academicians (79.4%). During the pandemic, 75.7% of master’s students and 80.6% of doctorate students completed their education online. While 50.3% of doctoral students made scientific publications and 44.8% participated in scientific events, only 18.8% of master’s students had publications and 21.6% participated in congresses and symposiums. Master’s students had more difficulties in communicating with the instructors, maintaining course attendance, and focusing on educational activities compared to doctorate students. Similarly, master’s students had lower satisfaction with the efficiency of the courses, achievement of learning objectives, course achievements, scientific meetings, scientific publications, and academic consulting activities. The lowest satisfaction in both groups was academic consulting and advisory processes (Master’s: 8.7%, Doctorate: 9.1%). The pandemic has affected master’s and doctorate students’ training and research activities. During the pandemic, nursing students enrolled in the master's program experienced more difficulties and were less satisfied with educational activities than doctoral students.

Perceived social support and mental health outcomes among perinatally HIV positive children in Gondar healthcare centers, North-Western Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Children with chronic illness are found to be at greater risk for psychiatric problems, including depression, anxiety and feelings of isolation. Particularly, HIV positive children in underdeveloped nations are more likely experiencing psychological disorders and live with socially alienated social support systems. In present study, institution-based cross-sectional research design was employed to assess the prevalence of mental health distress among HIV positive children 115(F = 69) in Ethiopia. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select participants. Quantitative data were collected with standardized instruments. Nurse Counsellors and case managers from the children’s ART department participated in sample selection and data collection under the close supervision of a researcher. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the quantitative data. The key findings of this study revealed that 57.4% HIV positive children reported high level in measures of anxiety and 52.2% had high depression level, while 47.8% had low self-esteem. Children’s ages, parental conditions, and perceived social support shown significant association with participants’ mental health condition. Perceived social support was a powerful set of predictors of children level of anxiety F = 1, 113 24.526, p < .001 and self-esteem F = 1, 113 6.494, p < .0.05. Furthermore, children’s age was a strong predictor of mental health status. The present study finding asserted that HIV positive children require a lifetime of continuous treatment, care and support to ensure their physical and mental development. This study reminds families, caregivers and healthcare institutions of the development of appropriate prevention and intervention program to alleviate stressful life events and improve the psychological well-being of HIV positive children.

Anthropometric and bioimpedansometric predictors of postoperative complications in patients with gastric and cardioesophageal junction cancers

BACKGROUND: Among the most common intra-abdominal complications of surgical treatment of gastric and cardioesophageal junction cancers are acute postoperative pancreatitis and abdominal abscesses.&#x0D; AIM: Identification and study of anthropometric and bioimpedansometric predictors of the complicated course of the postoperative period in patients with gastric and cardioesophageal junction cancers.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: 250 patients with gastric and cardioesophageal junction cancers, 123 men and 127 women, were examined. All subjects underwent radical surgical treatment. In the postoperative period, postoperative complications were recorded in 40 patients. All subjects underwent anthropometric and bioimpedance examination. Height and body weight, transverse diameter of the chest, width of the shoulders and pelvis, waist and hip circumference, and body morphotype were determined. Bioimpedansometric examination was carried out before surgery and in the postoperative period using a domestic hardware and software complex with determination of the body component composition and the phase angle value. The phase angle of impedance reflected the metabolic rate in the body. The results were statistically processed using descriptive statistics methods. The Shapiro–Francia, Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests, Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney test, and the logistic regression method were used. Differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.05.&#x0D; RESULTS: Women of the gynecomorphic body type were characterized by a significant decrease in the relative values of active cellular and skeletal muscle mass (p=0.001; p=0.001), and the phase angle value until 12–14 days after surgery (p=0.001). Men of the andromorphic body type were characterized by a significant decrease in the relative values of active cell mass (p=0.001) and the phase angle until 12–14 days after surgery (p=0.001). In women of a gynecomorphic morphotype, the likelihood of postoperative complications was 4 times higher than in women of an andromorphic morphotype (p=0.001). Representatives of the mesomorphic body morphotype of both sexes were characterized by stable bioimpedance measurements during the entire postoperative period.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Low values of the phase angle in men and women, as well as the classic gynecomorphic body type in women can be used in oncoabdominal surgery as predictors of a high risk postoperative complications developing in patients with gastric and cardioesophageal junction cancers.

Analysis of Long-Term Dynamics and Age Structure of Pneumonia Incidence in the Population of St. Petersburg

Introduction: Pneumonia is one of the most important health problems due to its high incidence. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharp increase in the number of pneumonia cases among adults. Objective: To study pneumonia incidence rates among different age groups of the population and to establish their main trends in St. Petersburg. Materials and methods: We used data contained in the Federal Statistical Observation Form No. 12, “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of a health facility” for 2011–2022 to calculate pneumonia incidence rates and establish the statistical significance of differences between the indicators, to do a retrospective epidemiological analysis with an assessment of long-term dynamics among the general population and in different age groups using methods of descriptive and inductive parametric statistics. Results: Adults prevailed in the age structure of pneumonia cases (85.3 %), among whom the proportion of elderly people was higher (45.8 %). In 2011–2019, pneumonia incidence in the general population of St. Petersburg dropped by 31.3 %. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it demonstrated a 3.3-fold increase from 291.9 to 976.0 per 100,000 population (t = 107.0, p &lt; 0.05). Pneumonia incidence among elderly people was statistically higher (1,578.8 per 100,000 population, p &lt; 0.05). A decline in pneumonia rates in the pediatric population (ages 0–17) was observed in 2020–2021. In 2022, a decrease in pneumonia incidence rates was registered among both the general and adult population of St. Petersburg by 61.5 % and 64.9 %, respectively. Conclusions: Monitoring of long-term changes in pneumonia incidence in St. Petersburg showed a decrease in its rates in 2011–2019 with a subsequent marked increase, especially among elderly people. This population group requires special attention when implementing management decisions in healthcare at the regional level.

Evaluasi Kenyamanan Termal dan Estetika Berbasis Analisis Tapak dan Persepsi User Taman Kota Depok

The condition of Parks in Depok City has become unmaintained since the covid-19 pandemic due to restrictions on the number of visitors. On the other hand, a comfortable park can improve health. This study identifies existing conditions and analyzes thermal comfort and aesthetics in Taman Lembah Gurame, Taman Lembah Mawar, and Taman Merdeka based on site analysis and users’ perceptions. Evaluation of thermal comfort using Thermal Humidity Index (THI) analysis, while evaluation of landscape aesthetic using the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) method. The perception and preference of respondents using descriptive statistical analysis methods. The THI analysis result showed that the thermal comfort of three city parks was classified as uncomfortable to very uncomfortable. However, the aesthetic assessment in Taman Lembah Gurame and Taman Lembah Mawar was highly aesthetic, while Taman Merdeka was lowly aesthetic. It could be caused by planting design, layout, and activities on-site, which makes users more tolerant of the thermal comfort of parks. Improving facilities and adding flowering plants and shady trees are needed to make city parks more comfortable, beautiful, also adaptive in the new normal era.

In-service teacher trainees experience with and preference for online learning environments during Covid-19 pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has forced the educational sector to quickly adapt to the crisis and shift to online learning environments (OLEs). Therefore, a critical area for research is assessing the readiness of teachers in terms of their familiarity and preference for OLEs. In this study, we aimed to improve the experience and preference of in-service teacher trainees with OLEs during the Covid-19 pandemic in Ethiopia. To achieve this goal, questionnaires were used to gather data from in-service teacher trainees. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Pearson correlation, and one-way ANOVA, were used to analyze the data and determine the participants' opinions and experiences with OLEs. The results showed that while in-service teacher trainees had less experience in knowledge and skills compared to cooperation and interaction, they preferred online learning platforms over online learning strategies. Additionally, correlations were found between cooperation and interaction, knowledge and skills; cooperation and interaction, online learning platforms; cooperation and interaction, online learning strategies; and online learning platforms and online learning strategies. Interestingly, no statistically significant correlation was found between knowledge and skills and online learning platforms. In conclusion, Ethiopian in-service teacher trainees favored online learning platforms over traditional online learning strategies, despite having less experience in knowledge and skills. Further research is needed to explore the experiences and preferences of in-service teacher trainees in various ecological aspects.

Information needs of stroke survivors and their family members regarding post-stroke cognition: a scoping review protocol.

The aim of this review is to map current evidence describing the information needs of stroke survivors and family members regarding cognition. Managing cognitive changes is the most frequently reported unmet need among stroke survivors; hence, there is an urgent need to improve support for post-stroke cognitive impairment. While there is evidence that psychoeducation may help stroke survivors and their family members develop awareness about cognitive impairment and self-management strategies, it is unclear what information stroke survivors and their family members want to receive and how their needs change over time. This review will consider peer-reviewed articles describing information needs relating to the following cognitive domains: memory, language, attention, executive function, praxis, and number processing. Stroke survivors and/or their family members must comprise at least 50% of the study population and must be aged at least 18 years. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies will be included. The review will be conducted in line with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A full literature search will be conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and Scopus using a search strategy developed in consultation with an expert university librarian. Articles will be screened by title, abstract, and full text; then, data will be extracted by 2 independent reviewers. The reference lists of included articles will be hand-searched for additional material. Data analysis and reporting will involve qualitative (textual narrative synthesis) and quantitative (descriptive statistics) methods.

To investigate the pattern of neck injuries and the role of toxicology in cases of hanging and manual/homicidal ligature strangulation in Ireland between 2016 – 2020: A retrospective review and analysis

The pattern of neck injuries sustained in fatal cases of external compression to the neck is recorded during Post Mortem Examinations (PME), to assist in the interpretation of the circumstances that led to death. In this study, the PMEs performed for 298 cases of hanging and strangulation occurring between 2016 and 2020 in Ireland were retrospectively reviewed for the purpose of recording and collating the external and internal neck injuries observed during each PME, as well as the toxicology results for each decedent. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate potential novel associations between anthropometric variables pertaining to the decedents and the PME findings in cases of hanging and strangulation, serving to add further data to the existing body of research in this area and to assist in the resolution of future cases of hanging or strangulation where there are conflicting findings. In completing statistical analysis, it was found that there was no discernible association between the occurrences of cartilaginous neck fractures (CNFs) with increasing ligature width. Positive associations between increasing weight and BMI of the decedents were identified, and a significantly positive association between the increasing height of the decedent and the incidence of CNFs were identified. Analysis of the toxicology demonstrated that antipsychotics were implicated most frequently in cases of incomplete and complete hanging associated with CNFs and that opioids were implicated most frequently in cases of manual and ligature strangulation associated with CNFs. ObjectiveTo record the pattern of neck injuries sustained in retrospective cases of hanging and manual/ligature strangulation and to collate these findings so as to provide scientific evidence to support the interpretation of the findings in future cases of suicidal hanging and homicidal manual/ligature strangulation for the purpose of medicolegal investigation. To analyse the associations between the occurrence of neck fractures and anthropometric variables pertaining to the victims in cases of complete hanging. Study designThe reports of 298 Post Mortem Examinations (PMEs) performed for cases of hanging and manual/homicidal ligature strangulation between 2016 and 2020 in Ireland were retrospectively reviewed. Pseudoanonymised data sets were recorded for each report, which included the following parameters: neck injuries (soft tissue and cartilaginous), weight, height, BMI and ligature width, toxicology, noose position, ligature material, tongue protrusion, sex and age. Permission for the use of this data was sought from the pathologists and coroners involved in these cases. The data was analysed according to descriptive statistical methods and logistic regression analysis. ResultsLogistic regression analysis was undertaken to examine the associations between unit increases in ligature width and increases in a set of physical characteristics of the decedents (weight, BMI and height) with the occurrence of CNFs. Increasing ligature width was not found to increase the likelihood of a CNF occurring, where the Odds Ratio (OR) for this event occurring was 0.9596. Unit increases in body weight and BMI were found to increase the likelihood of the occurrence of a CNF with ORs of 1.0166 and 1.0607 respectively. Increasing height of the decedent yielded an OR = 4.64, demonstrating that CNFs are significantly more likely to occur with increasing height (CI 95 %: 0.2915, 73.9559). ConclusionsAccording to the statistical analysis performed for this study, increasing weight, height and BMI are parameters of the decedents which increase the likelihood of the occurrence of CNFs in cases of complete hanging.

Identification of the Position of the Mental Foramen Based on Age in Patients at RSGM UMY Using Panoramic Radiography

The mental foramen is part of the mandible's anatomical structure, found on both sides of the mandible. Identification of the position of the mental foramen is clinically very important in dental practice, including in carrying out anesthesia, implant placement, endodontic treatment, and consideration of surgical procedures around the mental foramen to prevent damage to the nerve tissue and blood vessels that pass through the mental foramen. This study uses panoramic radiograph to determine the position of the mental foramen based on age in patients at Dental and Oral Hospital, UMY (RSGM UMY). This research is descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 132 mental foramen samples from RSGM UMY patients aged 12-35 years were grouped based on age of mandibular development. Data were divided into 6 groups based on the position of the mental foramen in relation to the lower jaw posterior teeth, then processed using a descriptive statistical method using Microsoft Excel. The results of this study showed that in the 12-16 year age group, the position of the mental foramen was most often found in position 3 with 21 (15.91%), while for those aged 17-25 years, it was 32 (24.24%) and for those aged 26-35 years old, 20 (15.15%) is most often found in position 4. Most mental foramen positions reviewed using panoramic radiograph at RSGM UMY were in position 4, parallel to the second premolar of the lower jaw

Knowledge and Perception Regarding Medication Error Among Nurses.

Patient safety is the major concern in providing quality care. Medication errors have been identified as the most common type of preventable errors. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and perception regarding medication error among nurses. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was used. The study was conducted in four different private hospitals in Lalitpur. A total enumerative sampling technique was used to select 302 nurses from these hospitals. Descriptive statistical methods were used to assess socio-demographic variables and inferential statistics methods such as the chi-squared test was used to analyse the association between knowledge, perception, and its socio-demographic characteristics. Most of the respondents 244 (80.8%) agreed the cause of medication error occurs due to unclear handwriting and 217 (71.9%) agreed prescribing the wrong route or dose and time. Mostly respondents 126 (41.7%) had inadequate knowledge, 101 (33.4%) had adequate knowledge and 75 (24.8%) had moderate knowledge on medication error. Mostly respondents 273 (90.4%) had positive perception and 26 (8.6 %) had negative perception. Most of the nurses had inadequate knowledge but has positive perception on medication error. Appropriate strategies for reducing nurses' workload, barriers to reporting, and sensitization workshops in a regular basis by the administrator should be developed to address medication errors and enhance patient safety in hospital settings.

Effective Community Participation Mechanism in Security Control in Mount Elgon Constituency, Bungoma County

This study sought to analyze community participation and security in Mt. Elgon constituency, Bungoma County. The thesis of this study is that community participation seems to be more prominent as an alternative strategy in combating insecurity in Mt Elgon. The objective of the study was to find out how effective community participation mechanisms is in security control in Mt Elgon constituency. This study was informed by complexity theory and Stakeholder theory to offer insights on social relations and behavior relevant for peace building. These theories were purposely selected since it explains and enhances a better understanding of the variables affecting the research questions. Methodologically, the study adopted both the qualitative and quantitative methods, drawn from the primary and secondary sources. This study primarily targeted community policing committees, national government administrative officers, religious leaders and the Kenya police. By use of Yamane formula, 127 respondents were selected to take part in the study. A non-probability sampling technique that adopts a purposive sampling method was used in selecting respondents. Besides, descriptive statistical methods were used in processing and analyzing data. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires and interview guides. A pilot study was carried out to test the validity and reliability of data. The study found out that neighborhood watch, community intelligence gathering, community meetings, community hotlines and community policing are some of the most effective community participation mechanisms effective in security control in Mt Elgon constituency, Bungoma County. Further, the results indicated that indigenous and restorative practices significantly contribute to security control in Mt Elgon region. Nevertheless, there are specific areas like re-integration and compensation that needed improvements. Besides, the relationship between the police and community in Mt Elgon region was poor, thus the need to create trust and hold community meetings to improve the relationship. This study recommends that the NPS should Having units specifically trained on dealing with the community participation. The NPS should also educate and create awareness to the local communities and other stakeholders on the importance of contributing to national security.

Effect of Customized Integrated Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect among Peoples Residing in Rural Area of Bhopal

The present study has been undertaken to assess knowledge score regarding child abuse and neglect among peoples by integrated teaching program in Gandhi Nagar at Bhopal. The research design adopted for the study was pre-experimental in nature. The tool for the study was self-structured knowledge questionnaire which consists of two parts-I consisted questions related to Socio-demographic data; part-II consisted of self-structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge score regarding child abuse and neglect among peoples residing in rural area. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The most significant finding was that 63.3% of peoples residing in rural area were having average knowledge regarding child abuse and neglect whereas 36.7% had good knowledge after posttest. It was suggested that the nurses must educate peoples residing in rural are aregarding tobacco products consumption and its impact.

Physical activity and mental health of medical students.

Medical students usually do not meet the recommendations on the minimum level of physical activity, despite knowing the impact that physical activity has on the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Medical students are considered to be insufficiently physically active. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of physically active fifth-year medical students at five universities in Serbia, as well as to identify factors associated with insufficient physical activity of students. A cross-sectional study was performed in the population of fifth-year medical students from five different universities in Serbia. The research instrument was a questionnaire specially designed based on similar research. Descriptive and analytical statistics methods were used in statistical analysis. The study included a total of 573 fifth-year medical students from five universities in Serbia: 311 (54.3%) Belgrade; 86 (15.0%) Kragujevac; 58 (10.1%) Nis; 66 (11.5%) Kosovska Mitrovica; 52 (9.1%) Novi Sad. Insufficient physical activity was statistically significantly associated with studying at the University of Kosovska Mitrovica (OR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.83-8.57). There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of anti-anxiety medications use in the last 12 months between students with sufficient and insufficient physical activity (p = 0.040) as well as in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day between students with sufficient and those with insufficient physical activity (2.82 ± 6.35 vs. 4.50 ± 8.29, p = 0.043). There was also a statistically significant difference in the average score on the Beck's depression scale between students with sufficient and students with insufficient physical activity (6.51 ± 6.59 vs. 10.03 ± 9.37, p < 0.001) and in the average score on Zung's anxiety scale (34.86 ± 8.18 vs. 38.07 ± 8.71, p = 0.003). A high percentage of medical faculty students (86.6%) are physically active. Differences in the level of physical activity were observed between students of these five universities as well as between students with different levels of physical activity.

Knowledge and Attitude about Labor Epidural Analgesia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic.

Labour pain is one of the most painful experiences that a woman faces in her lifetime. There are various options for labour pain management. Epidural analgesia is the gold standard method for pain management during labour. In developing and under-developed countries there are many challenges to provide this service, a very important one being knowledge about epidural analgesia among the parturients and the physicians. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 pregnant women attending Antenatal clinic of a tertiary level teaching hospital using pretested structured questionnaire prepared by a team of anaesthesiologists and obstetricians. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for analysis. Of the 384 pregnant women, only 29.4% had knowledge about some form of labour analgesia techniques and only 16% of the participants were aware of labour epidural analgesia. Also, only 6.2% were aware that epidural service is available at our hospital. Regarding acceptance, only 42.4% were willing to use epidural analgesia in their present pregnancy. The present study findings revealed that a significant number of participants had very limited knowledge about labour epidural analgesia and were also unaware of the availability of the service in our hospital. Educational programs need to be provided to all the pregnant women for enhancement of knowledge and awareness about epidural labour analgesia to increase its acceptability among them.

THE INFLUENCE OF WORK INCENTIVES AND SOCIAL SECURITY ON IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN REGIONAL PUBLIC COMPANIES TIRTA JENEBERANG DRINKING WATER REGION, GOWA REGENCY

This research aims to analyze the effect of incentives and social security on improving employee performance at PDAM Tirta Jeneberang, Gowa Regency. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive approach. The research location was carried out at PDAM Tirta Jeneberang, Gowa Regency, over a 3 month period. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods via applicationsStatistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 25. The results obtained from this research show that there is a positive relationship between Work Incentives (X1) and increased employee performance (Y), as well as Social Security (X2) which contributes positively to increased employee performance (Y) at PDAM Tirta Jeneberang Regency Gowa.

THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY AND CLEAN WATER PRODUCT QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AT PDAM TIRTA JENEBERANG GOWA DISTRICT

This research aims to determine the effect of service quality and clean water product quality on customer satisfaction at PDAM Tirta Jeneberang, Gowa Regency. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive approach. The research location was carried out at PDAM Tirta Jeneberang, Gowa Regency, over a 3 month period. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods through applicationsStatistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 27. The results obtained from this research show that service quality (X1) and clean water product quality (X2) have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction

Burden of Care Among Caregivers of Mentally Ill Patient at Tertiary Level Hospital

Abstract&#x0D; Introduction&#x0D; Caregivers of people with mental illnesses are a key support system. The caregivers suffer significant burden as a result of the care giving role. The level of burden of caregivers among people with mental illness is considered to be a negative impact on the care provided by the family to their patient.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; A descriptive cross sectional research design was used. A total of 96 care givers were selected using purposive sampling technique. The purpose of the study was to assess the burden of care of mentally ill patient among care givers in a selected hospital. The Zarit Burden Interview Scale was use to assess burden care. All the collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical method such as frequency, mean, percentage, standard deviation and chi square test to find out the association with level of burden of care and selected demographic variables.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Nearly one third (31.3%) of caregivers had moderate level of burden and 9.4% of them had severe burden of care. There was significant association between the level of burden of care with sex of the caregivers and their educational level.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; Caregivers had moderate level of burden of care while caring their mentally ill patient. In order to reduce their burden of care, self-help and psycho-educational programs will be effective. This action addresses to improve their perceived knowledge on mental illness and develop coping skills to deal with their patient’s behavior.&#x0D; Key Words: Burden; Caregivers; Mentally ill patient.