Descriptive Explanation Research Articles

On Large Amplitude Vibrations of the Softening Duffing Oscillator at Low Excitation Frequencies—Some Fundamental Considerations

The Duffing equation containing a cubic nonlinearity is probably the most popular example of a nonlinear oscillator. For its harmonically excited, slightly damped, and softening version, stationary large amplitude solutions at subcritical excitation frequencies are obtained when standard semi-analytical methods like Harmonic Balance or Perturbation Analysis are applied. These solutions have the shape of a nose in the amplitude-frequency diagram. In prior work, it has been observed that these solutions may contain large errors and that high ansatz orders may be necessary when applying the Harmonic Balance or other semi-analytical methods to make them converge. Some of these solutions are observed to be asymptotically stable, while in most cases, they are unstable. The current paper aims to give a descriptive explanation for this behavior of the nose solutions, which is mainly related to the exact solution of the free undamped vibrations. Based on this, approximations of the nose solutions are calculated with a procedure combining properties of Perturbation Analysis and Harmonic Balance. Therein, the exact solution of the free undamped vibrations is taken as the zeroth approximation, while higher-order solution parts are calculated by balancing the harmonics, and the phase shift of the zeroth approximation is calculated by a residuum minimization. This method just requires the solution of a system of linear algebraic equations, while systems of nonlinear algebraic equations have to be solved in the case of directly applying Harmonic Balance.

MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS THE RELATIONSHIP MERCHANT MIDDLEMENT TO SUPPLIER AND CUSTOMER PEPPER IN MERANCANG ILIR VILLAGE, EAST BORNEO, INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to: 1) Describe the status and role of middlement in the trade and marketing of pepper, 2) Describes the purchasing system is being run, 3) Describes how to set the price, 4) Explaining SRM and CRM performed by middlement in maintaining a relationship with supplier and customer. This research used qualitative that have descriptive explanation characteristic. The researcher used participant-observation (participant observation), interviews and photos as the tools of collecting data. The determination participants and key informant for this research used snowball sampling techniques, with one participant and four key informants. This research used qualitative data that have descriptive explanation characteristic, are analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Status as a peppers collector in the pepper trading and marketing activities was the person who runs three roles at once, 2) Purchasing system was done by the collectors by collecting and looking for pepper from farmers (suppliers) to be purchased in accordance with market prices, and payment usually by giving cash advance prior to the harvest or by paid upon trading activities are taking place, 3) The system in pricing is applied and executed by an intermediary trader, namely the Mark-Up Pricing Method, amounting to IDR 2,000.00/kg pepper from the price given to customers, 4) The relationship management of supplier and customer who performed by collectors consist of: CRM activity (real relationship with customers and customer satisfaction), and SRM (commitment, communication, honestly, discussion, and sharing of information).

Enhancing community potential to boost grassroots economy through value-added pickled bamboo shoots, Thailand

The objectives of this research article were: 1) to examine the community context, problems, and needs, 2) to enhance the community's capacity through the process of upgrading and adding value to fermented bamboo shoot products, and 3) to assess the capacity development of the Ban Sang Thor community, Phon Mueang Subdistrict, Lao Suea Kok District, Ubon Ratchathani Province. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The key informants were 12 experts, 50 workshop participants selected through purposive sampling, and ten experts, 50 producers (selected through purposive sampling), and 100 consumers selected through accidental sampling for product development satisfaction evaluation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive explanations. The Ban Sang Thor community, characterized by a rich historical background and traditional Heet Sip Song Kong Sip Si customs, addressed socioeconomic challenges such as poverty, household indebtedness, and low income through the enhancement of fermented bamboo shoot products. The community engages in educational initiatives regarding hygienic production practices and participates in packaging design processes. The resulting products exhibit durability, aesthetic appeal, and consumer acceptance. High levels of satisfaction from experts and consumers culminate in the production of safe sanitary products with a distinct community-branded identity. Sustainable economic development contributes to the preservation of a community's cultural heritage.

Analisis Disiplin Kerja, Pelatihan dan Kinerja Karyawan pada CV. Balong Karya Utama

The purpose of this research is to determine and analyze work discipline, training and employee performance at CV. Balong Karya Utama. This research method uses qualitative methods with descriptive explanations. Participants in this research were leaders and employees. The data analysis techniques in this research are information collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research results show that work discipline CV. Balong Karya Utama still has shortcomings that impact employee performance. Then the training has been effective, but there are still several obstacles related to employee attendance during training. Meanwhile, employee performance is influenced by several factors, namely work discipline and training, therefore the leadership of CV. Balong Karya Utama needs to pay attention to work discipline and employee training so that employee performance can improve.

SCHOOL PRINCIPAL MANAGEMENT IN REALIZING FREEDOM FOR DIGITALIZED LEARNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

This research examines the leadership management of elementary school principals in their efforts to realize Freedom of Learning in the Era of Digitalization. The aim of this research is to describe and analyze the leadership management of the principal in realizing the Freedom of Learning era of digitalization in Elementary Schools. The research method used is qualitative research with descriptive explanation. Research sources include books, journals, websites and magazines. The results of the research show that the Merdeka Belajar curriculum launched by the government, the integration of the two aims to prepare a better generation for the nation. To make this happen requires cooperation from various parties, especially in the school environment, namely through the role of the school principal. The impact of this research is that the principal's leadership management in the era of digitalization is able to develop the vision, mission and goals of the school through the aspect of a visionary leader, creating a digital era learning culture that is able to meet students' needs, is able to improve a condition or problem systematically, is superior in professional practice to able to create a conducive environment for learning and working in this era of digitalization. By fulfilling these five aspects, the school principal's leadership management will be able to be created well so that a synergistic relationship between components in the school will be realized.

The Influence of Visionary Leadership, Motivation, and Work Culture on Work Commitment and Performance of Education Staff at Doctor Husni Ingratubun University (UNINGRAT) In Tual City

The purpose of this study is to test, analyze and find out the influence of work culture, visionary leadership and work motivation on performance through work commitment at UNINGRAT Tual. In this study, visoner leadership, work motivation, organizational culture, work commitment, performance will be analyzed. Based on the type of research, this research is a study that explains the causal relationship between variables or so-called explanatory research, which is research to find out and explain the influence between existing variables and continues with hypothesis testing. In addition, this study is included in descriptive research, because it provides a descriptive explanation of the variables to be studied. The sample in this study is all Education Personnel at UNINGRAT Tual City which totals 150 people. The results of the study found that visionary leadership and work motivation positively and significantly increased the work commitment of education staff at Doktor Husni University UNINGRAT Tual, but did not have a direct impact on their performance. An inclusive and collaborative work culture has been shown to improve performance, but it does not affect work commitment. In addition, work commitment has proven to be an important mediator between visionary leadership and work motivation to performance, showing that highly motivated and highly committed education personnel tend to have better performance. On the other hand, visionary leadership and work motivation do not significantly improve performance directly, mainly due to the limitations of flexibility and resources at UNINGRAT. These findings highlight the need for a holistic management strategy to improve the performance and commitment of education personnel in this unique higher education environment.

Implementasi Disiplin Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja Pegawai pada Pusat Pengelolaan Pendapatan Daerah Wilayah Kabupaten Karawang

The aim of this research is to determine and analyze work discipline and work motivation at the Regional Revenue Management Center of Karawang Regency. This research method uses qualitative methods with descriptive explanations. The data analysis techniques in this research are collecting information, reducing data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research prove that there are still many employees who are still late when they are absent due to a lot of work, so those who are absent from going home through the application are forgotten and the application does not yet have a notification feature. Enforcing discipline is an effort to improve employee performance. Meanwhile, the motivation is quite good, given enthusiasm and always carried out evaluations every morning before starting work by the leadership, however there are still some employees who are still less motivated. However, according to Mr. Rian as the head of the center, every employee needs time to be motivated.

Analisa Usaha Budidaya Ikan Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) pada Sistem Vertiqua Menggunakan Filter Biofikal Atas

The background of this research is that vertiqua is considered to have high production costs and small profits. Therefore, a business analysis is needed to increase the effectiveness of the fish farming business using the vertiqua system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aquaculture business using the vertiqua system including capital and profit obtained. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive explanations. The results of the research that has been done show that the R / C Ratio value obtained is 1.66, meaning that every 1 cycle cost expenditure will get 1.66 revenue. Koi fish farming using the vertiqua system is said to be feasible to continue because the R / C Ratio value is 1. The JWPM value with the calculation of 8 cycles for 1 year is 1.4, meaning that it takes 2 months and 2 days for the capital to return. Based on the business analysis conducted, the production of koi fish seeds using the upper biofical filter vertiqua system can be said to be feasible and has the potential to be further developed, because it can provide good profits with a good JWPM. In addition, cultivation using the upper biofical filter vertiqua system is very efficient in providing care for koi fish cultivation.

POSISI SANKSI DAN DENDA PAJAK DALAM ISLAM PADA INDONESIA SEBAGAI NEGARA HUKUM

A country that is not yet prosperous or has not been able to finance the development of its own civilization must be supported by its peoples. For example, Indonesia is implementing Self-Assesment tax collection system to facilitate its management. This qualitative research with descriptive explanation seeks to see the position of tax sanctions and fines in Islam in Indonesia as a state of law. As a country based on law, Indonesia must also be seen from the plurality of its population, which is dominated by Muslims. In the taxation system, Islam views that there are several main conditions that make taxes mandatory. In addition, its implementation must tend to the interests of Muslims. However, adaptation is needed to achieve the benefit of all Indonesian people. Based on the results of the research found, the position of Islamic law in viewing tax sanctions and fines was identified as supporting the implementation that had been designed by the state. Every form of violation is an attempt to harm the state which will then have an impact on the general public. Each regulation that has been designed requires support to achieve the interests of the Indonesian people, especially Muslims.

Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports

Despite the accuracy of machine learning (ML) techniques in predicting invalid bug reports, as shown in earlier research, and the importance of early identification of invalid bug reports in software maintenance, the adoption of ML techniques for this task in industrial practice is yet to be investigated. In this study, we used a technology transfer model to guide the adoption of an ML technique at a company for the early identification of invalid bug reports. In the process, we also identify necessary conditions for adopting such techniques in practice. We followed a case study research approach with various design and analysis iterations for technology transfer activities. We collected data from bug repositories, through focus groups, a questionnaire, and a presentation and feedback session with an expert. As expected, we found that an ML technique can identify invalid bug reports with acceptable accuracy at an early stage. However, the technique’s accuracy drops over time in its operational use due to changes in the product, the used technologies, or the development organization. Such changes may require retraining the ML model. During validation, practitioners highlighted the need to understand the ML technique’s predictions to trust the predictions. We found that a visual (using a state-of-the-art ML interpretation framework) and descriptive explanation of the prediction increases the trustability of the technique compared to just presenting the results of the validity predictions. We conclude that trustability, integration with the existing toolchain, and maintaining the techniques’ accuracy over time are critical for increasing the likelihood of adoption.

CEO activism is not equal to CEO activism: a typology of executives' political statements

PurposeWhen CEOs are publicly weighing in on sociopolitical debates, this is known as CEO activism. The steadily growing number of such statements made in recent years has been subject to a flourishing academic debate. This field offers first profound findings from observational studies. However, the discussion of CEO activism lacks a thorough theoretical grounding, such as a shared concept accounting for the heterogeneity of sociopolitical incidents. Thus, the aim of this paper is to provide an archetypal framework for CEO activism.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a multiple case study approach on 145 activism cases stated by CEOs and found seven distinct statement archetypes.FindingsThe study identifies four main structural design elements accounting for the heterogeneity of activism, i.e. the addressed meta-category of the statement, the targeted outcome, the used tonality and the orientation of the CEOs’ positions. Further, the authors found seven distinguishable archetypes of CEO activism statements: “Climate Alerts”, “Economy Visions”, “Political Comments”, “Self-reflections and Social Concerns”, “Tech Designs”, “Unclouded Evaluations” and “Descriptive Explanations”.Research limitations/implicationsThis typology classifies the heterogeneity of CEO activism. It will enable the analysis of interrelationships, mechanisms and motivations on a differentiated level and raise the comprehensibility of research-results.Practical implicationsThe framework supports executives in understanding the heterogeneity of CEO activism and to analyse personality-fits.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this marks the first conceptualisation of activism developed cross-thematically. The work supports further theory-building on CEO activism.

Exploring the nexus of industry dynamism, climate risk exposure and mental health and well-being of owners of small and micro-sized suppliers: implications for sustainable supply chain management

PurposeAlthough climate change-related risks affect all stakeholders along the supply chain, the potential impact on small and micro-sized suppliers is incredibly excessive. The corresponding toll of these climate risk threats on the mental health and well-being of owners of small and micro-sized suppliers can adversely affect their participation in sustainability efforts, ultimately impacting the firm's performance. This often-overlooked dynamic forms the core of our research. We probe into two pivotal aspects: how industry dynamism and climate risk affect the mental health and well-being of owners of small and micro-sized suppliers and how, in turn, dictate involvement and, consequently, supply chain sustainability performance. This is further nuanced by the moderating role of the abusive behavior of buyers.Design/methodology/approachOur study is built on resource dependency theory and the supporting empirical evidence is fortified by a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. This study comprises three phases. In the first phase, our experiment examines the effect of industry dynamism and climate risk exposure on sustainable supply chain management performance. Hypotheses H1a and H1b are tested in the first phase. The second phase involves using a survey and structural equation modeling to test the comprehensiveness of the model. Here, the relationship between industry dynamism, climate risk exposure, mental health and well-being of owners of small and micro-sized supplier firms, supplier involvement and sustainable supply chain management (H2–H7) is tested in the second phase. In the third phase, we adopt a qualitative approach to verify and provide descriptive explanations of phase two findings.FindingsOur findings underscore the significance of small and micro-sized suppliers in sustainability, offering invaluable insights for both theoretical understanding and practical implementation. Our study highlights that buyers must allocate sufficient resources to support small and micro-sized supplier firms and collaborate closely to address climate change and its impacts.Practical implicationsThe key takeaway from this study is that buyer firms should consider SDG 3, which focuses on the good health and well-being of their employees and the mental health and well-being of owners of small and micro-sized suppliers in their upstream supply chain. This approach enhances sustainability performance in supply chains.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies that shows that industry dynamism and climate risk exposure can negatively impact small and micro-sized suppliers in the presence of a contextual element, i.e. abusive behavior of buyers, and ultimately, it negatively impacts sustainable supply chain performance dimensions.

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY READING PARKS (TBM) IN LITERACY IMPROVMENT: A LITERATURE STUDY

Education is one of the determinants of the sustainability of human resources to support progress. Education, in general, is in formal form. One of the non-formal education efforts to increase people's interest in literacy is the Community Reading Parks, commonly called Community Reading Parks. Community Reading Park is a non-formal institution that provides information sources to meet community needs. The existence of TBM is an implementation of the fourth point of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program related to quality education with subtheme 4.6 literacy and numeracy. Growing interest in literacy is not easy, but requires ongoing innovative activities so people can continue to be active. This research aims to determine how high the interest in literacy is with the community's existence of Community Reading Parks (TBM). The research method uses a literature review study with descriptive explanations. The study in writing the literature review study used sources from the last five years, namely from 2019 to 2023. Data collection techniques were obtained from online literature sources such as Google Scholar by acquiring 30 articles and 15 articles for literature review studies. This research provides results including the role of Community Reading Parks being divided into three categories: 1) The role of Community Reading Parks in increasing literacy and interest in reading; 2) The role of Community Reading Parks in improving the quality of education; and 3) The role of Community Reading Parks in increasing artistic and cultural creativity. All activities in each Community Reading Park increase literacy and reading interest, support education quality, and increase artistic and cultural creativity. The conclusion from this research is that Community Reading Parks play a role in increasing literacy in the surrounding community with the work programs that have been implemented.

Management Analysis the Relationship Merchant Middlemen to Supplier and Customer Pepper in Merancang Ilir Village, East Borneo, Indonesia.

The purpose of this study was to: Describe the status and role of middlemen in the trade and marketing of pepper, Describes the purchasing system is being run, describes how to set the price. Explaining SRM and CRM performed by middlemen in maintaining a relationship with supplier and customer. This research used qualitative that have descriptive explanation characteristic. The researcher used participant-observation interviews and photos as the tools of collecting data. The determination participants and key informant for this research used snowball sampling techniques, with one participant and four key informants. This research used qualitative data that have descriptive explanation characteristics, are analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicate that: Status as a peppers collector in the pepper trading and marketing activities was the person who runs three roles at once, Purchasing system was done by the collectors by collecting and looking for pepper from farmers (suppliers) to be purchased in accordance with market prices, and payment usually by giving cash advance prior to the harvest or by paid upon trading activities are taking place, The system in pricing is applied and executed by an intermediary trader, namely the Mark-Up Pricing Method, amounting to IDR 2,000.00 /kg pepper from the price given to customers, The relationship management of supplier and customer who performed by collectors consist of: CRM activity (real relationship with customers and customer satisfaction), and SRM (commitment, communication, honestly, discussion, and sharing of information).

Implemensi Literasi Sains Dalam Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah Dasar

In science learning, scientific literacy has a very important role because it prepares students who are qualified, reliable and able to compete internationally. To be able to create and develop scientific literacy in science learning, teachers need to create learning conditions that involve student activity. The aim of this research is to determine the implementation of scientific literacy in science learning in elementary schools. The methods used in this research are literature review/literature study and field observations and interviews. Data processing and analysis was carried out qualitatively with descriptive explanation. It is known that the results of this research are that the implementation of scientific literacy can develop students' thought patterns and behavior and build human character to care, be responsible for themselves, society, the universe and the problems faced by modern society today. Scientific literacy also has an important role in building the welfare of society now and in the future.

Strengthening Competitive Advantage for Prospective Young Muslim Entrepreneurship with the SAMARA Finance Concept

Through market entry, young entrepreneurs increase employment opportunities by creating new jobs. Increased productivity of new firms has the most impact on employment in the medium term, as displacement of existing businesses is a major factor. To increase competition in the market and have a competitive advantage, this study aims to look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a SAMARA Finance Concept in encouraging competitive advantage for young Muslim entrepreneurs. This research is descriptive qualitative research with literature study techniques that use secondary data obtained through scientific articles and other relevant documents. The data obtained is then analyzed by producing descriptive explanations in the form of words, pictures, and symbols related to the object of research. To strengthen and deepen the discussion, this research also uses the SWOT Analysis Technique approach. SWOT analysis is a way to systematically identify various factors to formulate a strategy. Based on the results of the swot analysis conducted, it can be seen that the position of SAMARA Finance concept in encouraging the competitive advantage of young Muslim entrepreneurs is in the position of Opportunity and Strengths, namely Quadrant 1. This means that the SAMARA Finance concept is a concept that can be applied to young Muslim entrepreneurs, with an Aggressive strategy of utilizing strengths to benefit from opportunities to make the business superior and competitive.

Preserving Cultural Heritage Through a Traditional Ritual: A Case of Kabuyutan Ciburuy

The Seba ceremony in Kabuyutan Ciburuy is a tradition of preserving cultural heritage that has been carried out for generations. Currently, Kabuyutan Ciburuy is no longer actively used as an educational institution, nor are the contents of its ancient manuscripts used as a reference for the development of science. For this reason, this research tries to dissect why this happens. This research uses a qualitative research method which is believed to be a scalpel in research, thereby helping to explain the research object factually. The research step is to carry out participant observation, the researcher actively participates in the activities being researched. Also hold interviews with local cultural figures either formally or informally. The result of this research is a descriptive explanation of the Seba Ceremony as an effort to preserve cultural heritage. Because heirlooms refer to educational activities, such as the discovery of many manuscripts, one of which contains advice on old Sundanese character and ethics. This has become a high level of cultural wealth by continuing to carry out the Seba ceremony as a form of preservation so that it remains alive and relevant for future generations. Keywords: Seba Ceremony, Ciburuy District, Preservation, Cultural Heritage

Envisaging challenges for the emerging medicinal Cannabis sector in Lesotho

BackgroundCultivation of Cannabis and its use for medical purposes has existed for millennia on the African continent. The plant has also been widely consumed in the African continent since time immemorial. In particular, Lesotho has been largely growing Cannabis since approximately the 1550s and was illegally grown and unlawfully used for both medicinal and recreational purposes. It was only in 2017 when Lesotho started licensing Cannabis companies and regulating cultivation of Cannabis for medicinal purposes. However, the Lesotho Cannabis industry seems to have excluded the Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the legalisation of Cannabis, the sector has the potential for small Cannabis enterprises in Lesotho.ObjectiveThis study attempts to examine challenges facing the evolving Cannabis sector in Lesotho as envisaged by Cannabis company managers with the aim of being proactive while addressing such challenges.MethodsThe qualitative descriptive method was employed using both primary and secondary data. For the selection of the three Cannabis managers exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling was adopted and interviews with the managers were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the descriptive explanations of the Cannabis managers to determine the themes that were further consolidated into categories.ResultsThe implementation and compliance with the laws in the Lesotho medicinal Cannabis sector has proved very challenging, with long timeframes for finalising regulatory frameworks and not being applied objectively. The industry does not provide opportunities for Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) to venture into the Cannabis business.ConclusionIn Lesotho, the Cannabis sector appears to be faced with many challenges emanating from the implementation and enforcement of Cannabis laws. The Lesotho Government should review its Cannabis laws and regulations with a view to benefiting SMMEs and legalising Cannabis production so as to serve both the domestic and international markets.

Utilizing Group Model Building to Identify Barriers and Facilitators of Hypertension Management in Primary Health Care, China.

Group Model Building (GMB) is a qualitative method that refers to a participatory process. This project aims to identify barriers and facilitators of hypertension management in primary health care in China, through which, the leverage point for intervention may be found. The GMB was used to identify the factors influencing hypertension management. Graphs over time and causal loop diagram (CLD) were main tools of GMB. To propose the influencing factors, key stakeholders were invited to participate in a workshop. During the workshop, stakeholders were encouraged to plot the graphs over time of the variables about research issues and give a descriptive explanation. And based on this, a CLD was initially developed to establish a model of the interaction of factors. After the workshop, the research group further improved the CLD through repeated mutual discussions, and gave feedback to the participants. The Vensim PLE 9.0 software package was used to build CLD. A total of 14 key stakeholders were invited to participate in the workshop. Finally, 26 influencing factors were identified, which were divided into three dimensions, including the institutional, the community health workers (CHWs), and the patient level. And 5 reinforcing loops and 4 balancing loops were formed in the CLD. Promoting the building of the Medical Community/Regional Medical Association, implementing the family doctor contract service (FDCS), and enhancing the motivation of CHWs may be potential leverage points for hypertension management in China. By using GMB, we have identified key factors in the management of hypertension in primary health care and provided comprehensive suggestions to overcome the obstacles.

Analisis Stilistika (Sajak) pada Surah Al-‘Asr dan Implikasinya terhadap Pembaca

This research aims to discuss the stylistics of the Al-Qur'an, as well as provide an in-depth analysis of the poetry in Surah Al-'Asr and the effects it has on readers and listeners. Stylistics is very important for linguistic studies and literary studies. Stylistics can contribute to research on language style, which is the main element for achieving various forms of meaning in literary works, because literary works cannot be separated from the use of language style and beauty. The research method used in this research is the analytical descriptive method. After the required data is collected, the data will be elaborated with descriptive explanations. Sound harmony is realized in the form of consonant and vowel sounds. Overall, several verses in Surah al-'Asr end in rhyme with the vowel /i/. while the vowel sounds contained in several of the words of the poem are the vowel /a/ with a total of 3 letters, the vowel /u/ with a total of 1 letter, and the vowel /i/ with a total of 4. The harmony of these sounds can also be felt by listeners when al- When the Qur'an is listened to, the harmonious and beautiful sounds of course give rise to psychological aspects for the listeners who read the verses. Furthermore, the harmony of sound also has an effect on the meaning produced. So that harmonious sounds produce beautiful and harmonious meanings