Descriptive Correlational Study Research Articles

The Relationship between Work Engagement and Workaholism and Nurses' Job well-being

Background: Nurses continuously face workaholism and work engagement that affect the professional performance of nurses. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between work engagement and workaholism with nurses' job well-being. Methods: This was a descriptive correlation study. Two hundred nurses from Lahijan Hospitals were selected by convenience sampling method in 1399. Data were collected using three standard questionnaires of work engagement, workaholism, and job well-being. Data analysis was used using SPSS21 software using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and inferential methods (Single regression test). Results: The results of the study showed that work engagement and workaholism can predict the job well-being of nurses in Lahijan hospitals (p<0.001). Among the dimensions of job well-being, the results showed that workaholism is negatively related to the job satisfaction of nurses(p=0.03), but has a positive relationship with the dimensions of perceived stress and nurses' sleep problems(p<0.001). Among the dimensions of job well-being, work engagement can predict positive the job satisfaction of nurses(p<0.001), but cannot predict the perceived stress and the nurses' sleep problems(p>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, work engagement and workaholism are good predictors for nurses' job well–being. Therefore, it is suggested that managers help to enhance nurses' job well-being by improving the motivated and vibrant work environment, creating work engagement, and reducing work addiction.

Relationship between emotional intelligence, quality of life, and infertility stigma in infertile woman: A descriptive-correlational study

Background: Infertility is one of the major crises in couples’ lives, affecting both mental and physical health. One of the most significant consequences of infertility is stigma; moreover, emotional intelligence and women’s coping style with these consequences can affect the quality of this disorder. Objective: This study aimed to investigate emotional intelligence, infertility stigma, quality of life, and the relationship between these variables in infertile women. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted from April 2023 to February 2024 on 349 infertile women referred to “Hazrat-Maryam-Infertility-Center-in-Shahid-Beheshti-hospital” and “Isfahan-Fertility-and-Infertility-Center” in Isfahan, Iran. Sampling was done using a convenience sampling method, and tools included 4 questionnaires, a demographic and midwifery information form, the quality of life questionnaire, the women’s-infertility-stigma-questionnaire, and the Schutte-Emotional-Intelligence scale. Results: The results showed that the women’s mean age was 35.08 ± 7.60 yr. The mean score for emotional intelligence was 109.06 ± 6.12, and the infertility stigma’s was 56.1 ± 14.73. The results indicated a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and infertility stigma (r = 0.13, p < 0.001). Only the mean score of social well-being and general health dimensions had a significant relationship with the total score of emotional intelligence (r = 0.037, p < 0.02). Conclusion: Infertile women have a lower quality of life and experience higher stigma. Since the quality of life and overall mental health affect the treatment process, also emotional intelligence plays an important role in human life, educational sessions and counseling should be considered in the treatment programs to improve the quality of life, thereby facilitating the treatment process with greater ease and speed. Key words: Infertility, Quality of life, Emotional intelligence.

Investigation of the relationship between digital obesity status and alexithymia in young people aged 10-24

In today's rapidly digitalizing world, concepts such as digital obesity and alexithymia are becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study is to examine the concepts of digital obesity and alexithymia to understand the effects of these phenomena and prevention behaviors. In this way, it is aimed to raise awareness about the effects of digital technologies on health and contribute to individuals developing healthier digital habits. This study carried out a descriptive correlational study with individuals between the ages of 10-24 (n: 391) in schools affiliated with the Ağrı Provincial Directorate of National Education and Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University between May 2023 and July 2023. The SPSS-22 package program and R programming language 4.1.3 were used in the study. It was found that the level of alexithymia increased as the digital obesity status of young people increased (t = 7.978; p = 0.001). Furthermore, it was determined that the Elastic Net Regression method is the best model that can be used to predict the alexithymia level. According to the Shapley value, the most important variable in predicting alexithymia was found to be digital obesity. The study determined that as the level of digital obesity increased, alexithymia also increased. In the fight against digital obesity and alexithymia, educational programs and guidance services can be provided to encourage individuals to develop conscious digital usage habits. Keywords: young people, digital obesity, alexithymia

Association Between Follow-Up Visit Timing After A Concussion and Subsequent Care Seeking in Children and Youth: A Population-Based Study in British Columbia.

To assess the relationship between follow-up visit timing and occurrence of the first subsequent health care seeking visit. The province of British Columbia, Canada. A total of 21029 children and youth who were diagnosed with an initial concussion from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017. These data were obtained from Population Data BC. A retrospective, descriptive correlational study. Follow-up timing was measured categorically as timely (4weeks), delayed (1-3months), or no follow-up; the occurrence of a subsequent health care visit beyond 3months postinjury was measured up to 12months at 3-month intervals (ie, 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12months). These variables were measured using diagnostic codes for concussion, post-concussion syndrome, and the 17 concussion symptoms. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, having a delayed follow-up, relative to timely follow-up, was associated with higher odds of a subsequent health care seeking visit at 4 to 6months (odds ratio [OR]=2.68; confidence interval [CI], 2.08-3.47), 7 to 9months (OR=1.71; CI, 1.21-2.40), and 10 to 12months (OR=1.67; CI, 1.13-2.48). In contrast to having a delayed follow-up, having no follow-up, relative to timely follow-up, was associated with not having a subsequent health care seeking visit at 4 to 6months (OR=0.57; CI, 0.48-0.67) and 7 to 9months (OR=0.79; CI, 0.66-0.96), respectively. Follow-up visit timing after a concussion in children and youth is associated with subsequent health care seeking. Greater efforts are needed to investigate the importance of initial follow-up visit timing, as they may play an integral role in injury prevention and symptom management following injury.

Contraceptive Intention, Religious Attitudes and Sources of Spirituality in Married Muslim Women: A Descriptive Correlational Study in Türkiye.

This study was carried out to reveal the relationship between contraceptive intents, religious attitudes, and spiritual resources of married Muslim women. The study was conducted using a descriptive-correlational design. The study was conducted with 273 participants between July and November 2023. To collect data, the Personal Information Form, Trait Sources of Spirituality Scale, Ok-Religious Attitude Scale, and Contraceptive Intent Questionnaire were used. The data were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests. No significant relationship was found between the total and sub-scales of the Contraceptive Intent Questionnaire, Trait Sources of Spirituality Scale, and Ok-Religious Attitude Scale (p>0.05). A positive and high correlation was detected between the total, emotion, relationship, and behavior sub-scales of the Trait Sources of Spirituality Scale and Ok-Religious Attitude Scale (p<0.05). The contraceptive intent levels of women were found to be associated with some of their socio-demographic and obstetric variables (age, previous delivery method, sex of existing children, and contraceptive method used). The only variable that showed a significant relationship with all three scales was found to be the sex of the existing children of women. Some socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of married Muslim women are related to the sex of the child they have, their contraceptive intents, spiritual resources, and religious attitudes. In contraceptive counseling services provided to Muslim women, their religious attitudes and spiritual resources should be taken into consideration.

Caregiver burden, attachment and cognitive emotion among the family caregivers of severe mental illness patients

BackgroundSerious mental illness (SMI) is a debilitating medical condition that causes stress and challenges for the family caregivers (FCs) of affected patients, increasing their caregiver burden (CB). This situation can activate attachment styles (AS) and trigger negative emotions, further contributing to CB. Given that AS and cognitive-emotional regulation (CER) can affect the CB of FCs of patients with SMI, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CB with AS, and CER among the FCs.MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive-correlational study was carried out in May–November 2022. Participants were 278 FCs of patients with SMI consecutively recruited from Roozbeh leading psychiatric hospital, Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using a patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire, an FCs’ demographic characteristics questionnaire, the Attachment Style Questionnaire, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Burden Scale for Family Caregivers, and were analyzed using the SPSS software (v. 16.0).ResultsCB had significant inverse relationship with secure AS (r = − 0.262) and significant positive relationship with fearful AS (r = 0.194) and dismissive AS (r = 0.242) (P < 0.01). Moreover, CB had significant inverse relationship with adaptive CER strategies and significant positive relationship with maladaptive CER strategies (P < 0.001). Regression analysis also showed that CB had significant relationship with secure AS and catastrophizing, rumination, self-blame, and positive refocusing CER strategies (P < 0.05).ConclusionThis study concludes that AS and CER can impact CB. There is a negative relationship between secure AS and CB, as well as between adaptive CER strategies and CB. Conversely, there is a positive relationship between avoidant AS and increased CB, as well as between maladaptive CER strategies and CB. It is recommended to adopt strategies that promote the use of secure AS and adaptive CER among the FCs of patients with SMI.

Exploring the Relationship Between Online Gaming Addiction, Core Muscle Endurance, and Reaction Time in Adolescents

Objective: It was aimed to investigate the relationship between online gaming addiction, core muscle endurance, and reaction time in adolescents. Methods: The study was designed as a descriptive-correlational study and was conducted with 67 adolescents who play online games daily. The Online Gaming Addiction Scale, core muscle endurance tests, and hand and foot reaction time tests were performed. Results: The overall score of the Online Gaming Addiction Scale was 64.79±17.38, which corresponds as moderate negative reflections on the individual's life. A statistically significant difference was observed in online gaming addiction (p

Occupational Stress, Psychological Distress, and Coping Strategies of First-Level Judges in the Philippines: Examining the Influence of Demographics and Caseloads

Judges worldwide face intense pressure from heavy workloads, emotionally charged cases, and limited resources, leading to burnout and decreased public trust in the justice system. While individual coping is important, systemic change is crucial. This descriptive-correlational study investigated occupational stress, psychological distress, and coping strategies among 357 first-level judges in the Philippines. The study employed three standardized instruments: the Occupational Stress Scale, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and the Filipino Coping Strategies Scale (FCSS). This study revealed that first-level judges in the Philippines experience high levels of occupational stress and psychological distress. However, they also utilize a range of coping strategies to manage these challenges. The study found no significant relationship between occupational stress, psychological distress, and coping strategies and the demographic profile of the first-level judges. This suggests that these challenges are inherent to the judicial role itself rather than influenced by individual differences. The study concludes that interventions and support systems tailored to the specific demands of the profession are needed to address these challenges. The findings served as the basis for the Wellness Program for the first-level court judges in the Philippines.

The relationship between sleep quality, depression, and smartphone addiction in pregnant women: a mediation analysis

ABSTRACT In recent years, the prevalence of smartphone addiction has significantly increased. This situation has raised concerns about its potential impact on health aspects, such as sleep quality and mental health, particularly among vulnerable populations like pregnant women. This study aimed to identify the factors that determine sleep quality in pregnant women and examine the relationship between smartphone addiction, depression, and sleep quality. This descriptive correlational study included 257 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters who were registered at six family health centers between September 2022 and March 2023. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Regression and mediation analyses were performed for the data. Of the participants, 44.4 percent had poor sleep quality. Depression and third trimester were significant determinants of sleep quality. The bootstrapping results revealed that smartphone addiction led to an increase in the level of depression (β = 0.145; p < .001). Depression worsened sleep quality (β = 0.262; p < .001). The smartphone addiction did not significantly affect sleep quality (β = 0.020; p = .279). Depression mediates the relationship between sleep quality and smartphone addiction (β = 0.038; 95 percent CI [0.018: 0.062]). The study highlights that while smartphone addiction does not directly impact sleep quality in pregnant women, it is associated with increased depression levels, which subsequently worsen sleep quality. It is recommended that healthcare providers monitor smartphone usage and mental health in pregnant women to mitigate the risk of sleep disturbances and improve overall well-being.

Mediating Role of Alexithymia in the Relationship of Eating Disorders With Body Image in Iranian College Students Using Structural Equation Modeling

Background and Objectives: Various studies have emphasized the main role of alexithymia and poor in eating disorders. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in predicting eating disorders based on body image in Iranian college students. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants were 369 students of the Islamic Azad University of Qom Branch in 2020-2021, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the eating attitude test, body image concern inventory, and Toronto alexithymia scale. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The results showed that alexithymia increases the path between body image and eating disorders by 14% (β=0.140), indicating its minor mediating role in predicting eating disorders based on body image. Conclusion: Alexithymia has a minor mediating role in the relationship between eating disorders and body image in Iranian college students. For more understanding of the relationship between eating disorders and body image, it is recommended to assess the possible role of other biological and psychological factors.

Relationship of Resilience With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Qom, Iran, During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic affected physical and mental health of people, including college students. Several studies in Iran have reported high symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in college students during the pandemic; however, few studies have investigated their resilience during the pandemic. This study aims to determine the relationship of resilience with anxiety, depression, and stress of nursing and midwifery students in Qom, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 192 nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2021, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The instruments included the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the 21-item depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21). The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical tests of Pearson’s correlation test and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results: The mean score of anxiety, depression, stress, and total DASS-21 score was 14.6±4.4, 14.48±4.29, 15±4.32, and 32.46±9.88, respectively. The mean total resilience score was 53.5±16.5. There was a significant negative correlation between depression, anxiety, stress, and total DASS-21 score with resilience in students during the pandemic (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, nursing and midwifery students’ resilience had a significant relationship with their depression, anxiety, and stress. The lower resilience can increase the stress, depression, and anxiety of nursing and midwifery students.

Relationship between Perceived Stress and Psychological Capital in Nursing and Midwifery Students in Ahvaz, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic led to mental health problems in people, including nursing students. People use different coping strategies when faced with unprecedented stress. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived stress and psychological capital components (hope, optimism, resilience, self-efficacy) in nursing and Midwifery students in Ahvaz, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study that was conducted on 178 third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing and Midwifery students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using a census method. The data were collected from May to July 2022 online using a demographic checklist, Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale 14-item, and Luthans’s Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation test, and multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results: A significant and negative correlation was found between perceived stress and psychological capital components (r=-0.5, P&lt;0.001). Regression models showed that optimism (β=-0.36, P&lt;0.001), self-efficacy (β=-0.30, P=0.001), visiting a psychologist (β=-0.17, P=0.005), and resilience (P=0.043, β=0.16) were the predictors of perceived stress in nursing students. These factors were able to predict 32% of the changes in the perceived stress variable. Conclusion: There is a negative relationship between psychological capital and perceived stress in nursing students. It is recommended to make appropriate plans to improve the psychological capital of these students to prevent and control their stress during the pandemic.

Career Choice and Self-Efficacy Toward Senior High School Students’ Career Goals in the Philippines

Purpose of the study: The study examined the career choices and self-efficacy of Senior High School students in the Philippines and how these are influenced by their demographic profiles such as age, gender, and educational strand. Methodology: The study employed descriptive-correlational study using an adapted questionnaire with sections on demographic profiles, career choices (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional), and self-efficacy (Career Development Self-Efficacy Inventory. Data were collected from 308 Grade 12 students through Google Forms, analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, and involved ethics review and informed consent. Main Findings: Senior High School strand significantly correlates with career choices and self-efficacy. Age and gender show no significantly impact on career preferences or self-efficacy. Students demonstrate high self-efficacy in career goal-setting and training selection. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provided new insights into how Senior High School strands influence students’ career choices and self-efficacy, offering targeted recommendations for career guidance programs and advancing understanding of career development in the Philippine educational context.

The impact of nurse managers’ boundary spacing leadership on the relationship between nurses’ work embeddedness and innovative work behaviors

AimThis study was designed to examine the nurse managers’ boundary-spacing leadership’s impact on the relationship between nurses’ work embeddedness and innovative work behaviors.BackgroundIn today's evolving healthcare environment, innovation is essential for enhancing patient care, optimizing resources, and supporting healthcare professionals. Nurses are pivotal in driving bedside innovation, but cultivating a culture of innovation within nursing teams involves more than just promoting creative ideas.MethodsThis is a descriptive correlational study that was conducted at one governmental hospital in Tanta, Egypt. Using Nurse Managers Boundary-Spacing Scale for assessing boundary-spacing leadership, The Global Job Embeddedness Scale for measuring work embeddedness, and Innovative Work Behavior Scale for assessing innovative work behavior, 250 nurses were surveyed. Data analysis was run using descriptive and inferential analysis. Correlation and regression analysis were used to examine the study hypotheses.ResultsThere is a statistically significant positive relationship between boundary-spacing leadership and work embeddedness (r = 0.615, p < 0.001). Boundary-spacing leadership accounted for 56% of the variance in work embeddedness and 36% of the variance in nurses' innovative work performance. These results highlight the pivotal role of boundary-spacing leadership in both enhancing nurses' work embeddedness and boosting their innovative behaviors. The substantial variance explained by boundary-spacing leadership underscores its critical influence on fostering a supportive and innovative work environment within the nursing field.ConclusionBoundary spacing leadership style involves connecting internal and external resources, fostering information exchange, and advocating for the nursing team. While work embeddedness positively correlated with innovative work performance, its impact was less significant than boundary-spacing leadership. This suggests that feeling attached to the organization fosters innovation, but leadership style has a stronger influence. Furthermore, the study found a positive and significant correlation between innovative work performance and both work embeddedness and nurse managers' boundary spacing leadership.Practical ImplicationsThe findings emphasize that boundary-spacing leadership is crucial for enhancing both nurses' work embeddedness and innovative behaviors. Healthcare organizations should focus on developing these leadership skills to create a supportive work environment, foster innovation, and improve staff retention

Factors Affecting Delirium Care Core Competency Among Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study.

Nurses require optimal competency to deliver safe and high-quality care to patients with delirium. However, the factors influencing delirium care core competency remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing core competency in delirium care among nurses. This study was conducted as a descriptive correlational study following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. A convenience sample of 202 Korean nurses from 15 hospitals completed a structured, web-based, self-administered questionnaire. The survey covered general characteristics, delirium care knowledge, moral sensitivity, barriers to delirium care, and core competency in delirium care. Multiple regression analysis identified the factors affecting core competency in delirium care. Results showed that barriers to delirium care, moral sensitivity, academic qualifications, and clinical ladder level were significant factors, accounting for 18.1% of the variance in delirium care core competency. To improve delirium care among nurses, using individual, team, and organizational approaches to address perceived barriers and moral sensitivity is crucial. Competency-based training programs and administrative support are crucial for enhancing the competency of nurses who are novices and those with associate degrees.

Assessment of ICU nurses' competency towards delirium among critically ill patients.

ICU nurses play a critical role in managing delirium in critically ill patients, yet their competency in this area remains under-explored. To assess ICU nurses' competency including their knowledge, practice, and attitudes toward delirium among critically ill patients. A correlational descriptive study was conducted with 67 nurses in the medical intensive care unit at Suez Canal University Hospitals. Data was collected using an online survey and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. Nurses showed a moderate knowledge level (M = 8.55), a low practice level (M = 6.62), and positive attitudes (M = 21.65) toward ICU delirium. ANOVA results indicated significant differences in practice scores based on educational level, F (2, 64) = 3.361, p = .041, and in knowledge scores based on ICU experience, F(3, 63) = 6.455, p < .001. Nurses with Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degrees had higher practice scores than those with diplomas or Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degrees. There were no significant differences in knowledge and attitude scores based on educational level or age. Gender differences were minimal, with male nurses slightly outperforming female nurses. Correlation analysis showed positive relationships between age, education, ICU experience, and ICU nurses' levels of knowledge and practice. ICU nurses demonstrate a knowledge-practice gap in delirium management. Targeted educational interventions, mentorship programs, and a focus on practical skills are essential to enhance delirium care. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive delirium education and training programs for ICU nurses. By improving nurses' knowledge and practice, healthcare organizations can significantly enhance the early detection, prevention, and management of delirium, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced length of stay in the ICU.

Mediating role of academic competence in the relationship between perceived teaching style and academic resilience among adolescents

BackgroundAcademic resilience is crucial for adolescents as it enables them to overcome challenges and achieve educational success, yet the mechanisms underlying its development remain inadequately understood. This study investigated the mediating role of academic competence in the association between perceived teaching style and academic resilience among adolescents.MethodsThis descriptive correlational study was conducted between June 2022 and December 2022. The statistical population for this study encompassed all high school students in Tehran. To ensure the representativeness of the sample, a stratified random sampling technique was employed, involving a total of 400 high school students. Data were collected using online questionnaires, including the Academic Resilience Inventory (ARI), Teacher as Social Context (TASC), and Academic Competence Evaluation Scale (ACES). Descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, correlation matrix) and inferential statistics (e.g., path analysis) were used to analyze the data through SPSS-23 and LISREL version 8.7.2.ResultsThe findings demonstrate significant relationships between teaching styles, academic competence, and academic resilience. Specifically, path analysis reveals that teaching styles, particularly those emphasizing support and involvement, have direct and meaningful effects on academic competence, subsequently influencing academic resilience. The proposed model exhibits a good fit, as evidenced by various fit indices (p < .05).ConclusionThis study underscores the pivotal role of supportive and engaging teaching styles in fostering academic resilience among adolescents. By significantly enhancing students’ academic competence, these teaching approaches contribute to their overall well-being. These findings offer valuable insights for educators and policymakers to develop strategies that cultivate both academic skills and emotional strength, ultimately leading to improved educational outcomes.

The relationship between emotional inhibition, emotional deprivation, failure, vulnerability to harm schema, and severity of symptoms among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

ObjectiveAssess the relationship between emotional inhibition, emotional deprivation, failure, vulnerability to harm schema, and severity of symptoms among obsessive-compulsive disorder.MethodsA descriptive correlational study was conducted on 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were recruited to complete the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form.ResultsThe results of the study indicate that 66.6% of the 30 subjects exhibited high levels of OCD symptom severity, with a mean score of 33.20 ± 4.67. In terms of early maladaptive schemas, 60% of subjects displayed severe emotional deprivation, 66.7% showed severe emotional inhibition, and 83.3% had severe failure schemas. A strong positive correlation was found between failure schemas and OCD symptoms (r = 0.697, p < 0.001). However, what truly impressed the researchers was the predictive power of the failure schema. It was the only significant predictor of OCD symptoms (Beta = 0.992, p < 0.001), explaining 55.2% of the variance.ConclusionThe study underscores the crucial influence of early maladaptive schemas on the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It proposes that considering early maladaptive schemas, such as emotional self-awareness, failure, and vulnerability to harm, can aid in gauging the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. Moreover, the study’s findings are of significant importance to mental health professionals, researchers, and individuals involved in the treatment and management of obsessive-compulsive disorder, as they provide a deeper understanding of the condition and suggest practical approaches for its management.

School Heads’ Leadership Style and Teachers’ Performance

The leadership style adopted by school heads can significantly impact teachers’ performance and overall school climate. In this context, this study aimed to determine the school heads’ leadership styles and their relation to teachers’ performance in a medium-sized division in a component city in the central Philippines. Data for this descriptive-correlational study was collected from 84 respondents using a survey questionnaire that has passed the rigorous validity and reliability tests. Data gathered showed that participative leadership style was the most prevalent among school heads. Furthermore, the teachers’ performance was very satisfactory for the Academic Year 2021- 2022. Authoritarian and delegative leadership styles were not significant in the comparative analysis of the level of school heads’ leadership styles. Subsequently, there was a significant relationship between school heads’ leadership styles and the level of teachers’ performance. The result of this study calls for strengthening the seminars and training to equip the school heads and to expand their leadership style in managing their respective schools to maximize their full potential in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities. Keywords: School heads’ leadership styles, teachers’ performance, autocratic leadership style, participative leadership style, delegative leadership style, Negros Occidental, Philippines

The Relationship Between Perceived Comfort Level with Moral Sensitivity and Moral Distress Among Oncology Nurses: A Descriptive Correlational Study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived comfort level with moral distress and moral sensitivity among oncology nurses MethodsThis is a descriptive-correlational study on 210 oncology nurses. The samples were selected through the convenience method from September 2020 to February 2022 in the oncology centers of Ahvaz, Iran. Data were collected via a demographic form, Lutzen's Modified Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, Corley's Moral Distress Scale, and Kolcaba's Nurses Comfort Questionnaire (NCQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS V24, descriptive statistics, Independent t, Mann-Whitney-U, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and linear regression tests. ResultsNurses experienced a moderate level of perceived comfort (67.91 ± 8.75), moral sensitivity (58.4 ± 13.3), and moral distress (57.54.8 ± 8.9). Moral sensitivity was significantly inversely related to the intensity of moral distress (P < .001). A statistically significant relationship was found between nurses' perceived comfort level with frequency of distress (P < .001) and moral sensitivity (P = .046). Moral distress explained 13.8% of changes in perceived comfort level (R2 = 0.138, F = 6.51, sig < 0.001, R = 0.371). ConclusionNurses’ perceived comfort level, moral sensitivity, and moral distress were at a moderate level and intercorrelated. It is suggested that factors contributing to moral distress should be eliminated. Also, moral sensitivity should be refined as a decisive factor. Implication for Nursing PracticeOncology nurses are exposed to morally distressing situations that may be a source of discomfort. This study guides nurses, managers, planners, and policymakers to identify the contributing factors and use strategies and solutions to enhance nurses' perceived comfort level.