Descriptive Categories Research Articles

Classifying coping strategies from suicide prevention safety plans.

Understanding the specific strategies individuals use to cope with their suicidal thoughts may have implications for suicide prevention. This study developed a classification system of coping strategies and applied this system to individual coping behaviors documented in a safety planning intervention smartphone application called Beyond Now. 725 Beyond Now safety planning app users, aged 16 to over 55 years, entered coping strategies that were used to develop a classification system through content analysis. Entries were either user generated or selected from a list of suggested coping strategies, and 2960 entries were classified using the system. Our classification system featured 11 distinct descriptive categories, with media consumption being the most popular coping strategy among Beyond Now users, followed by relaxation and self-care activities, exercise and creative activities. More than half (57%) of the entries were suggested coping strategies with the remainder being user-generated entries (43%). A wide range of coping strategies were entered into safety plans, with activities that aim to either distract or provide reductions in emotional arousal common. Future research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of the coping strategies listed in safety plans.

Older women’s perceptions of HPV self-sampling and HPV-sampling performed by a midwife – a phenomenographic study

BackgroundCervical cancer is a global disease and it is well established that cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). In Sweden self-sampling for HPV is now used as a complement to sampling performed by a midwife. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how older women perceive the self-sampling compared to the sampling performed by a midwife. Therefore, the aim of the study was to describe how women, aged 64 years and older, perceived the process of self-sampling and sampling performed by a midwife for HPV-testing.MethodsEighteen women were included in a qualitative interview study, and a phenomenographic approach was used for the analysis of the interviews.ResultsThree descriptive categories emerged: Confidence in sampling, Facilitating participation and Being informed. Within the categories, eight conceptions emerged describing the variation relating to how the women perceived the process of self-sampling and sampling performed by a midwife.ConclusionsWomen in this study describe confidence in self-sampling for HPV-testing and that the self-sampling was saving time and money, both for themselves and for society. Information in relation to an HPV-positive test result is of importance and it must be kept in mind that women affected by HPV may feel guilt and shame, which health care professionals should pay attention to. This knowledge can be used in education of health care staff.Trial registrationhttps://researchweb.org/is/fourol/project/228071. Reg. no 228,071.

You’re Hired! A Phenomenographic Study of Undergraduate Students’ Pathways to Job Attainment in Computing

Although there is a great demand for graduates in computing fields, companies frequently struggle to find enough workers. They may also grapple with obtaining racial, ethnic, and gender diversity in representation. It has been suggested that the hiring process further contributes to these inequities. This study examined undergraduate computing students’ experiences with technical interviews and their pathways to job attainment, focusing on men and women who identify as Black or African American, Hispanic or Latinx, Asian, and mixed-race. We applied the community cultural wealth framework and employed the methodology of phenomenography to investigate the different assets that students leveraged to succeed in obtaining a position. Our investigation centered around the conceptions of sixteen computing students, all of whom completed at least one technical interview and received at least one job offer. We conducted semi-structured interviews to explore their interpretations of the hiring process, the resources they utilized, and their perceptions of inclusivity in the field. The findings illustrated that students’ support mechanisms included the following categories of description: intrinsic characteristics, capitalizing on experience, community, preparation, and organizational. They relied heavily on distinct forms of capital, particularly social and navigational, to attain a job in computing. Peers and clubs or groups were essential for students to learn about what to expect during the hiring process, to help them prepare, and to make connections with employers. They also helped the students cope with the discrimination they faced throughout their professional trajectories. By investigating the various experiences students have, we contribute to the understanding of how hiring practices may be viewed as well as possible ways to provide support. While students must study for technical interviews and refine their skills and pertinacity in the face of obstacles, industry and academia should consider their role in hiring and its impact. Transparency in what to expect and enhanced preparation opportunities could serve to make the process more equitable for all job candidates.

Positiivinen näkökulma konfliktijohtamiseen – esimiesten onnistumiset ristiriitatilanteiden ratkaisussa

A positive view on conflict management – resolving conflict situations successfullyThis research aims to reveal managers’ conceptions about the successful ways of resolving conflict situations between employees. The research question is “What conceptions do managers associate with the successful ways of resolving conflict situations between employees? ” The research data was collected through a questionnaire posted to managers in the public health care sector. Out of 47 managers, 20 responded to the questionnaire. Eventually, 19 responses were included in the analysis, which we conducted using the phenomenographic approach. On the basis of the analysis, the following three description categories were formed: a manager’s own action; cooperation between a manager and both parties of a conflict; and a resolution by a third party. A manager’s interaction and attitude proved to be important factors in resolving conflicts. Using the accrued data, we formed four classes – diplomatic, assertive, empathic, and delegative

Current practices of psychoeducation interventions with persons with bipolar disorders: a literature review.

This review sought to summarize the literature on current practices and forms of psychoeducation in the management of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), including only randomized controlled trials to ensure the best level of evidence. An extensive review of the available literature was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and PsychInfo databases from inception to April 28th, 2022. The search yielded 381 studies. Seventy articles were included after removing duplicates and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. A best-evidence synthesis was used to identify the key results of each study and summarize the outcomes. Eleven descriptive categories were made. They encompass different forms of psychoeducation compared or combined with other psychosocial interventions, varying in setting (individual or group), with or without family members, structured or unstructured, mediated or not by digital tools (smartphone, internet). Globally, these studies show that psychoeducation is important in the treatment of BD, as it leads to a decrease in relapses, mood episodes, hospitalizations, and improved functioning or quality of life. Some studies also showed the benefits of psychoeducation on the patient's level of knowledge of pharmacological treatment and the disorder or compliance with medication, as well as reduced self-stigma. The limitations of this review are linked to the selection of only RCTs and the reliance on their post-hoc analyses. This review confirms the benefit of psychoeducation and psychosocial interventions on the evolution of BD (in different outcomes, including quality of life, relapse, and rehospitalization rates, for example). More recent interventions, such as mindfulness or online psychoeducation, represent an interesting option but more evidence is needed.

Symbolic access: medical students’ awareness of institutional culture and its influence on learning, a phenomenographic study

BackgroundThe discussion of access in medical education has its focus largely on physical and epistemological access, leaving a qualitative gap regarding sociocultural factors which enable access in this context. This study introduces and defines symbolic access, a concept with a specific lens on sociocultural inclusion, and the influence it has on student learning within the South African medical education landscape.MethodsA phenomenographic design was used to explore students’ conceptions of symbolic access and its impact on learning. One-on-one exploratory interviews were conducted with fifteen final year medical students at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Interviews were analysed using Sjöström and Dahlgren‘s seven-step phenomenography model.ResultsFour categories of description were induced, which described students’ understanding of symbolic access, these were rejection, disregard, invalidation, and actualization. Four dimensions of variation were discovered expressing the diversity of events which informed the collectives’ understanding of the phenomenon. These dimensions were; interactions with educators, peer relationships, educational environment, and race. Categories of description and dimensions of variation formed the Outcome Space, a visual representation of the student experience of symbolic access. The outcome space had a double narrative related to symbolic access; exclusion (major) and actualization (minor). Medical student’s chief experience within the medical community was exclusion, however clinical immersion, meaningful participation, peer-relationships, and clinical skills lessons facilitated community enculturation, and impacted learning.ConclusionDespite deeply exclusionary experiences throughout their programme, medical students articulated a paradox of both awareness and no awareness of symbolic access. The awareness of symbolic access was predominantly influenced by clinical experiences and clinical immersion during the pre-clinical and clinical years of study. Further, descriptions of valuable learning experiences were connected to clinical events and the involvement with patient care. This study suggests that the actualization of symbolic access and description of meaningful learning experiences are linked. Medical educationalists should design undergraduate curricula with early clinical immersion at the fore and explore symbolic concepts pertaining to access, as they are linked to transformative learning experiences for the medical student.

Kontribusi Industri Nasional Terhadap Pembangunan Di Indonesia

This research falls into the qualitative descriptive category using primary and secondary data in order to analyze the development of manufacturing industry in Indonesia which tends to deindustrialization, whereas the manufacturing industry has a big contribution to the Gross Domestic Product, the absorption of employment, the income tax and the foreign exchange, the creation Value added, and technology transfer. The results of the research show that in order to create a tough industry in 2035, a strong foundation is required, and an inclusive transformation of Indonesia's economy in the manufacturing industry through the use of added value natural resources, the readiness of human resources and the supply of energy from renewable sources. The industry structure that Indonesia needs is an industry that has strong and synergistic links between industrial sub-sectors and with various other economic sectors, has high local content, can grow sustainably, and has resistance to the world economic turmoil.

Pain in Inflammatory and Degenerative Joint Diseases

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) agreed in 2020 on a revised definition of pain: “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage”. Patients with rheumatic diseases frequently report pain as a primary symptom. However, rheumatology healthcare providers often lack the training to adequately differentiate between different causes of pain, which are mandatory for optimal treatment. IASP classifies pain into 3 descriptive categories: nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain. A recent review (Murphy AE et al, Arthritis Care & Research, 2023) gives a nice overview of these different forms of pain. Nociceptive pain derives from tissue injury, with subsequent sensation of pain by nociceptors. It is usually well-localized and can be precisely described by patients (i.e. rheumatoid arthritis, primary osteoarthritis) and there are localized pathologies that explain the pain symptoms. Neuropathic pain occurs with injury or insult to a peripheral or central nerve. There may be pressure on the nerve as in carpal tunnel syndrome, or changes in nerves caused by diabetes or other causes of nerve pathologies like mononeuritis multiplex. The pain and paresthesia typically follow the distribution of peripheral nerves in a dermatomal distribution. Nociplastic pain describes pain characterized by altered nociceptive processing (e.g., hypersensitivity), suggestive of dysregulation of CNS pain processing pathways. Nociplastic pain likely encompasses many different CNS pathways that lead to amplified processing of pain signals, decreased inhibition of pain, or both. Prototypical nociplastic pain conditions include both widespread (e.g., fibromyalgia) and localized conditions (e.g., chronic temporomandibular pain disorders and irritable bowel syndrome). Patients with inflammatory or degenerative joint diseases may have one, two or three of the presently described forms of pain, and an important objective for the rheumatologists is to understand which types of pain our patients are suffering from. About one-quarter of the patients with inflammatory rheumatic joint diseases have additional fibromyalgia causing increased scores of patient-reported outcomes like patient’s global VAS and number of tender joints, and this results in elevated composite scores independent on the degree of inflammation. Thus, rheumatologists must try to differentiate between nociceptive pain caused by inflammatory or degenerative pathologies which may be treated by different ant-inflammatory treatments, neuropathic pain which may need operative of medical treatment, or nociplastic pain which should be non-medically treated.

Influences affecting decision-making regarding use of pre-exposure prophylaxis among black men who have sex with men in the USA: a systematic review and meta-synthesis

AimTo systematically identify, evaluate, and synthesise qualitative research examining positive and negative influences affecting decision-making behaviour among black men who have sex with men (BMSM) in the USA regarding use...

Strengths and Limitations of Web-Based Cessation Support for Individuals Who Smoke, Dual Use, or Vape: Qualitative Interview Study.

Tobacco use has shifted in recent years, especially with the introduction of e-cigarettes. Despite the current variable and intersecting tobacco product use among tobacco users, most want to quit, which necessitates cessation programs to adapt to these variable trends (vs focusing on combustible cigarettes alone). The use of web-based modalities for cessation support has become quite popular in recent years and has been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, understanding the current strengths and limitations of existing programs to meet the needs of current various tobacco users is critical for ensuring the saliency of such programs moving forward. The purpose of this study was to understand the strengths and limitations of web-based cessation support offered through QuitNow to better understand the needs of a variety of end users who smoke, dual use, or vape. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 36 nicotine product users in British Columbia. Using conventional content analysis methods, we inductively derived descriptive categories and themes related to the strengths and limitations of QuitNow for those who smoke, dual use, or vape. We analyzed the data with the support of NVivo (version 12; QSR International) and Excel (Microsoft Corporation). Participants described several strengths and limitations of QuitNow and provided suggestions for improvement, which fell under 2 broad categories: look and feel and content and features. Shared strengths included the breadth of information and the credible nature of the website. Individuals who smoke were particularly keen about the site having a nonjudgmental feeling. Moreover, compared with individuals who smoke, individuals who dual use and individuals who vape were particularly keen about access to professional quit support (eg, quit coach). Shared limitations included the presence of too much text and the need to create an account. Individuals who dual use and individuals who vape thought that the content was geared toward older adults and indicated that there was a lack of information about vaping and personalized content. Regarding suggestions for improvement, participants stated that the site needed more interaction, intuitive organization, improved interface esthetics, a complementary smartphone app, forum discussion tags, more information for different tobacco user profiles, and user testimonials. Individuals who vape were particularly interested in website user reviews. In addition, individuals who vape were more interested in an intrinsic approach to quitting (eg, mindfulness) compared with extrinsic approaches (eg, material incentives), the latter of which was endorsed by more individuals who dual use and individuals who smoke. The findings of this study provide directions for enhancing the saliency of web-based cessation programs for a variety of tobacco use behaviors that hallmark current tobacco use.

A scoping review to identify and organize literature trends of bias research within medical student and resident education

BackgroundPhysician bias refers to the unconscious negative perceptions that physicians have of patients or their conditions. Medical schools and residency programs often incorporate training to reduce biases among their trainees. In order to assess trends and organize available literature, we conducted a scoping review with a goal to categorize different biases that are studied within medical student (MS), resident (Res) and mixed populations (MS and Res). We also characterized these studies based on their research goal as either documenting evidence of bias (EOB), bias intervention (BI) or both. These findings will provide data which can be used to identify gaps and inform future work across these criteria.MethodsOnline databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, WebofScience) were searched for articles published between 1980 and 2021. All references were imported into Covidence for independent screening against inclusion criteria. Conflicts were resolved by deliberation. Studies were sorted by goal: ‘evidence of bias’ and/or ‘bias intervention’, and by population (MS or Res or mixed) andinto descriptive categories of bias.ResultsOf the initial 806 unique papers identified, a total of 139 articles fit the inclusion criteria for data extraction. The included studies were sorted into 11 categories of bias and showed that bias against race/ethnicity, specific diseases/conditions, and weight were the most researched topics. Of the studies included, there was a higher ratio of EOB:BI studies at the MS level. While at the Res level, a lower ratio of EOB:BI was found.ConclusionsThis study will be of interest to institutions, program directors and medical educators who wish to specifically address a category of bias and identify where there is a dearth of research. This study also underscores the need to introduce bias interventions at the MS level.

Peranan Kepemimpinan Dalam Meningkatkan Disiplin Kinerja Pegawai Fraksi DPRD Provinsi Sumatera Utara Melalui Fungsi Pengawasan

The purpose of this research is to determine the role of leaders in efforts to improve employee work discipline through the role of supervisory functions. This research also examines the obstacles that hinder leadership from improving employee work discipline. This research uses a qualitative approach and is included in the qualitative descriptive research category. The data used was obtained from interviews with Gerindra Faction employees. Research shows that the Gerindra Faction is carrying out its duties well as leaders. However, faction employees continue to report to the office not on time, thereby disrupting employee discipline. In the Gerindra Fraction Office, the role of leadership is very important because it helps optimize work efficiency and effectiveness. Furthermore, leaders can reduce the level of employee indiscipline by providing punitive sanctions.

»Ein Bild von ihm … wird immer belehrend und erquickend bleiben. Sein Leben lehrte.« David Friedländers biographische Fragmente über Moses Mendelssohn

Abstract A few years after Moses Mendelssohn’s death (1786) David Friedländer wrote life-history descriptions in which he took a fragmentary look at Mendelssohn’s personality and emphasized that he had succeeded in approaching moral perfection as a human being and as a merchant to a high degree. With the virtuous perfection pattern Moses Mendelssohn (Vollkommenheitsmuster Moses Mendelssohn) designed by him, Friedländer initially pursued two intentions: on the one hand, he established a modern Jewish educational ideal, and on the other hand, his image of Mendelssohn served him to combat prejudice among non-Jews. Three decades later, Friedländer published further biographical fragments about Mendelssohn, this time appearing in a distinctly educational context, and again presenting Mendelssohn as an educational ideal. The article analyzes Friedländer’s ›Platonic‹ mode of presenting Mendelssohn and questions the significance of his parallelization of Mendelssohn with Socrates. In addition, it examines Friedländer’s choice of the fragment as a descriptive category and form of biographical representation, with which he functionalizes Mendelssohn for his pedagogical aims.

739. Impact of Alcohol-based Nasal Decolonization’s Method of Documentation in Reducing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Hospital-associated Infections

Abstract Background Infections related to multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) are increasingly difficult to treat and contribute to elevated mortality, prolonged length of stay and financial burden. At a 382-bed academic medical center, universal decolonization using an alcohol-based nasal decolonizing agent is performed twice daily on all inpatients, as well as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing on select populations. Numerous studies cite decolonization as an effective reduction method for MDRO such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Unfortunately, documentation method is a seldomly considered variable. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the impact of documentation method for an alcohol-based nasal decolonization agent in reducing MRSA hospital-associated infections. Methods The study included all National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) defined hospital associated laboratory identified (Lab ID) MRSA blood infections from July 2019 through March 2023. Data was divided into descriptive categories with number of infections noted. The baseline period included population specific decolonization (n=35), followed by universal decolonization documentation via nursing task list (n=13), and concluded with electronic medication administration record (EMAR) implementation (n=7). The Kruskal Wallace Test was utilized for evaluation due to non-normative distribution. Results A Kruskal Wallace H Test indicated a statistical significance in medians between the task list and EMAR H(1) =5.10, p=0.024. There was no significance noted between the baseline and task list H(1 =0.04), p=0.841. Medians between baseline and EMAR approached significance but did not meet for this study H(1) =3.24, p=0.072. Clinically, there was a reduction in MRSA Lab ID of 48% between baseline and task list, followed by a 46% reduction between task list and EMAR. Overall reduction from baseline to EMAR was 80%. Conclusion Reduction of infection is crucial for patient safety and quality outcomes. Documentation is not typically highlighted as a risk reduction method. This study noted a significant decrease in hospital-associated MRSA Lab ID events after transition of documentation from the nursing task list to the EMAR. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Description of Capital Structure and Financial Performance of Sharia Bank in Indonesia

An optimal capital structure can provide maximum profits for the company. So, it requires company value and reduces the risk of bankruptcy. This paper aims to describe the capital structure and financial performance of Sharia Banks in Indonesia. The method of study and data analysis means this research is included in the descriptive research category, which identifies various variables. The method used is survey research for which secondary data is available. The population used in this research is Sharia Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2022, publish financial reports, and are registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) during the 2013-2022 period. The results of the analysis of this research description show that capital market growth has a role in financial performance. This means that the development of the capital market creates wider funding opportunities for Sharia Banks in Indonesia. With more accessible access to the capital market through the issuance of shares or bonds on the capital market, Islamic banks can expand their funding sources to support operational activities and business growth. This can help increase liquidity and financial stability at Sharia Banks in Indonesia to optimize capital market potential. Sharia Banks need to pay attention to and utilize capital market potential effectively. In this case, they can increase collaboration with capital market institutions, carry out a public offering (IPO) program, or use other cap

The experiences of migrant pharmacists: A phenomenographical study

ObjectivesTo understand the experiences of migrant pharmacists in Ireland as they applied for recognition of their qualifications and registration with the national accrediting body. MethodsSemi structured interviews were conducted with eight participants recruited using purposive sampling. Interview transcripts were subject to a phenomenographic study using a stepwise, inductive approach. ResultsData analysis led to the development of a number of categories or descriptions of understanding that provided insight into the ways that participants experienced and conceptualised the phenomenon under study. Five categories of description were identified. These are (1) the migrator, (2) the navigator, (3) the student again, and (4) the registrant. For some, an additional category, (5) the mentee, was experienced. Within these categories, variation in participants' experiences was explored. ConclusionsParticipants reported a variety of reasons for migration, and upon embarking on the process, applicants were required to take on a variety of roles, with variation within each role dependent on a number of personal and external factors. Applicants faced personal, administrative, experiential and regulatory hurdles prior to registration, all of which should inform the development of future iterations of this and similar processes.

The role of illness perceptions in delayed care-seeking in heart failure: A mixed-methods study

BackgroundUnclear illness perceptions are common in heart failure. The self-regulation model of illness behaviour highlights factors that may impact how people with chronic illness choose to cope with or manage their condition and has been used to study pre-hospital delay for stroke and acute myocardial infarction. The principles of self-regulation can be applied in heart failure to help illuminate the link between unclear illness perceptions and sub-optimal symptom self-management. ObjectiveInformed by the self-regulation model of illness behaviour, this study examines the role of illness perceptions in coping responses that lead to delayed care-seeking for heart failure symptoms. DesignMixed-methods phenomenological study. Setting(s)Quaternary referral hospital - centre of excellence for cardiovascular care and heart transplantation. ParticipantsSeventy-two symptomatic patients with heart failure participated in a survey assessing illness perceptions. A subset of fifteen individuals was invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. MethodsIllness perceptions were assessed using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to elicit previous care-seeking experiences and decision-making that led to a passive, or active coping response to worsening symptoms. Descriptive statistics were used to report questionnaire findings, and open-ended responses were grouped into descriptive categories. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was undertaken on interview transcripts. ResultsParticipants perceived little personal control over their condition and mostly attributed heart failure to lifestyle factors such as diet and lack of activity. Cognitive dissonance between perceived self-identity and heart failure-identity led to a highly emotional response which drove coping towards avoidance strategies and denial. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the use of the principles of self-regulation in heart failure and offers a framework to understand how patient representations and emotional responses can inform behaviour in illness. Findings highlight the value of empowering patients to take control of their health and the need to help align values (e.g. independence) with behaviours (e.g. actively addressing problems) to facilitate optimal symptom self-management.

Pengaruh Kecemasan Menghadapi Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Karyawan Hotel di Kota Padang

In March 2020, Covid-19 entered Indonesia. The widespread spread of COVID-19 has had an impact on society, the economy and business. Previously, businesses could function independently; Now, to stop the spread of disease, businesses must provide dedicated, adaptable physical environments and allow employees to work from home. Hotels need staff members who perform well in running hotel operations. Human resources (HR) are now viewed by organizations and businesses as important assets, not just as resources in the current era of globalization. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of anxiety due to layoffs on the motivation of hotel employees in Padang City to maintain their jobs. This research uses quantitative methods, a form of research that is included in the descriptive research category. This particular method uses a correlational approach. A simple regression analysis method was used to analyze the research. Based on the research results of the anxiety variable with a t-value of 2.188 and a sig value (0.031 < 0.05) with df = 100-2 = 98, a t table of 1.960 is obtained. From the results above it can be seen that tcount > ttable or 2,188 > 1,960, meaning that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So it can be concluded that anxiety about facing layoffs has a positive and significant effect on the work motivation of hotel employees in Padang City.

The Art of Asking Good Questions in the Classroom: A Phenomenographic Study of Teacher Educators’ Recommendations

Purpose This study has two objectives. The first is to describe the conceptual diversification embedded in reported documentation of teacher educators regarding the conception/phenomenon of good question-asking. Second, based on systematically observed and qualitatively analyzed diversifications, this study aims to portray the conceptual sophistication of participants’ experience-based awareness of good question-asking by constructing a hierarchical illustration. Design/Approach/Methods A total of 56 participants were selected based on a maximum variation strategy to capture more diversified conceptions of good question-asking. Qualitative data were collected through one-on-one phenomenographic interviews. Inductive data analysis was conducted in three phases: open coding (extracting ways of experiencing), axial coding (collapsing categories of descriptions), and diagrammatizing (establishing an outcome space). Findings Seven conceptual meaning clusters were gathered around four hierarchically sophisticated themes: monological (level-1 sophistication, “lowest”) (diagnostic tool), declarative (level-2 sophistication) (cognitive-emotional, pre-organizer), dialogical (level-3 sophistication) (structural qualities, typological qualities, multivocality, negotiation, internalization), and metacognitive (level-4 sophistication, “highest”) (pedagogical content knowledge of question-asking and teachers’ meta-noticing regarding question-asking). Originality/Value Participants’ conceptions of good question-asking showed monological and dialogical dimensions in addition to transitional (declarative) and metacognitive comprehensions. Educational recommendations are offered, especially for developing teacher educators’ question-asking noticing.

Mathematics Education Amidst the Pandemic: The Experiences of Freshmen University Students Challenged at the Margin

This phenomenography describes and analyses the experiences of geographically challenged students in learning mathematics during the pandemic. The sample includes six geographically challenged first-year Bachelor of Secondary Education University students in a public State University in the Philippines. Data is collected using a semi-structured interview guide. Data was analysed using phenomenographic data analysis. Results show that the experiences of these geographically challenged students fall within three qualitatively different categories of description. These are new modalities and new mathematics learning experiences, mathematics difficulty vis-a-vis teaching styles and struggling, coping, and persisting. Challenges like personal, financial, technological, instructional, socio-economic, and geographic location persist as they pursue education in the new normal. These students attribute course difficulty in mathematics to pedagogical aspects, teaching approaches of instructors, personally challenging situations, and the inability to blend with the trend. Hence, school administrators may strengthen the quality of mathematics instruction in the university by considering the voices of the marginalised and not just offering a one-size-fits-all policy to make the mathematics curriculum flexible, inclusive, and equitable. This will address the demands and needs of the learners, especially the geographically challenged ones.