Description Of Structure Research Articles

A Cognitive View on Prominence Relations

The present paper proposes a cognitive view on prominence relations of utterances by treating them as prosodic relations with weak-strong metrical structure. Considering this aspect, prosodic relations have a cognitive structure and a prominence structure, both of them reflecting the structures of cognitive relations generated at cortical level during the evocation of auditory objects corresponding to speech constituents. Ladd (2008) introduces two types of relations in the F0 contour description, prosodic and prominence relations, but we suggest a single type of relation between speech constituents, named prosodic relation, and consider it is in the same time a prominence relation due to its weak-strong metrical structure. In section 2, the paper presents the cognitive model of information structure by defining the categories used for the description of cognitive and prominence structures of prosodic relations. In section 3, the cognitive and prominence structures of four utterances of the word permit as noun and verb, in descending and ascending F0 contours, are compared with those of four utterances of certain small statements and questions having words as constituents. All the contours mentioned are useful for understanding how utterances can be decomposed into binary hierarchies of prosodic relations with local or global prominent (strong) constituent, aiming to motivate researchers to take into account the cognitive interpretation of F0 contours.

Идентичность как проявление целостности личности

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Consideration of the phenomenon of identity in the context of integrity as a fundamental characteristic of personality; discussion of the thesis on the possibility of understanding identity as a manifestation of personality wholeness. <br><strong>Background.</strong> The consequence of the transition from structural descriptions of personality with an emphasis on its stable characteristics to processual-dynamic descriptions, characteristic of modern personality psychology, is an increased attention to the fundamental properties of personality and a revision of a number of traditional views about personal phenomenology. These fundamental properties include the wholeness of the personality. The development of approaches to the study of wholeness is the most important task of psychology, since it is the "separation" of personality into separate mental formations that is considered one of the main causes of the methodological crisis of psychology of the twentieth century. The description of the wholeness of the personality can be carried out by analyzing personal phenomena that are manifestations of the wholeness of the personality. It is proposed to consider personality identity as the main manifestation of personality wholeness in personal phenomenology. <br><strong>Methodology.</strong> A system approach to personality, methodological principles of the processual approach.<br><strong>Conclusions.</strong> In modern psychology, the concepts of personal wholeness and identity lose their structural certainty and are considered as dynamic formations. Recognition of its contextual nature is essential for the study of identity. In interaction with the context, identity performs the function of "gathering" a personality, ensuring its integrity.</p>

Detailing a Pilot Study: The "Code of Reality" Protocol, A Phenomenon of N,N-DMT Induced States of Consciousness

This article reports on the discovery of a recurring visual phenomenon observed by individuals under the influence of exogenous N,N- Dimethyltryptamine (N,N- DMT) when observing a diffracted light pattern generated by a collimated 650 nm laser. Using a structured protocol, a pilot study revealed consistent descriptions of coherent geometric structures and symbols resembling "code." This report shares the protocol employed to make this discovery, outlines the experimental setup, and discusses potential implications for understanding altered states of consciousness. The findings offer valuable insights into the neural, psychological, and cognitive mechanisms underlying altered states of consciousness.

Design strategies and applications of cyanine dyes in phototherapy.

Cyanine dyes have been widely used in phototherapy in recent years due to their excellent optical properties and diverse modifiable structures. This review provides detailed descriptions of the basic structures of various cyanines and their derivatives as well as their optical properties. It summarizes the strategies for constructing cyanine dyes for phototherapy and discusses their structure-effect relationship. Furthermore, a comprehensive classification and summary of the applications of cyanine dyes in phototherapy are presented. Importantly, this review also addresses both the advances made in this field as well as the challenges that need to be overcome. We hope that these profound insights into phototherapy using cyanine dyes will facilitate the design of future systems for clinical applications based on these compounds.

Temperature-induced mobility in octacalcium phosphate impacts crystal symmetry: water dynamics studied by NMR crystallography.

Octacalcium phosphate (OCP, Ca8(PO4)4(HPO4)2·5H2O) is a notable calcium phosphate due to its biocompatibility, making it a widely studied material for bone substitution. It is known to be a precursor of bone mineral, but its role in biomineralisation remains unclear. While the structure of OCP has been the subject of thorough investigations (including using Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction data, and NMR crystallography studies), important questions regarding the symmetry and H-bonding network in the material remain. In this study, it is shown that OCP undergoes a lowering of symmetry below 200 K, evidenced by 1H, 17O, 31P and 43Ca solid-state NMR experiments. Using ab initio molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations and gauge including projected augmented wave (GIPAW) DFT calculations of NMR parameters, the presence of rapid motions of the water molecules in the crystal cell at room temperature is proved. This information leads to an improved description of the OCP structure at both low and ambient temperatures, and helps explain long-standing issues of symmetry. Remaining challenges related to the understanding of the structure of OCP are then discussed.

Plagioclase feldspars (Ca1-x Na x )(Al2-x Si2+x )O8: synthesis and characterizations of mechanical weathering relevant to Martian regolith

Abstract Plagioclase feldspars draw intensive research attention in planetary sciences because of their abundance in the Martian regolith. Crystal chemical studies on plagioclase feldspars would be of crucial importance for possible in situ resource utilization for future human settlement on Mars. This study focuses on the synthesis of representative plagioclase feldspars followed by simulation of mechanical weathering using ball milling. A series of (Ca1-x Na x )(Al2-x Si2+x )O8 plagioclase feldspars is synthesized perfoming the solid-state method, where the endmembers are the anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and albite (NaAlSi3O8). The bulk chemical composition, particularly the Al/Si ratio, of each member is determined from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which is supported by X-ray powder diffraction data Rietveld refinements. Selective plagioclase members (x = 0.0, 0.4 and 1.0) are mechanically weathered using high-energy ball milling, leading to significant changes of microstructural features such as average crystallite size and micro-strain. Total scattering data are collected using in-house X-ray facilities and analyzed by pair distribution function refinements. The vibrational modes of the samples are evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, complementing the local structural description.

Formation of the university as the core of innovative development of the region's economy of the sixth technological order

Subject. The article addresses the innovative activities of higher educational institutions in the development of regional and national economies, aimed at scientific, educational, and technological leadership of Russia. Objectives. The study aims at substantiating the formation of the university as the core of innovative development of the regional economy of the sixth technological paradigm. Methods. The study employs statistical data from rating agencies, methods of analysis, generalization, and synthesis of conceptual solutions, systematization of data, dialectical and systems approaches, methods of comparative and content analysis. Results. The paper presents a unique definition of the core of innovative development, a brief description of technological structures, compares the core of innovative development with each technological structure, specifies aspects of innovative trajectory of the region's development, identifies the core of innovative development of the region, considering the specifics of industrial and technological development. It notes that universities are becoming the subjects of socio-economic and innovative development of the region's economy, which contributes to the technological sovereignty of the country, and shows that universities become the core of the innovative development of the region's economy of the sixth technological order with their close cooperation with the government, financial structures, and the society. Conclusions. The formulated theoretical provisions contribute to the identification of the core of innovative development of each specific region.

THE STIFFNESS OF STEEL-PLATE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR SHORT-TERM LOADS

The features of the behavior of steel-plate composite walls for static short-term loads are considered. Based on the analysis of modern technical and regulatory documentation, the rationale for the chosen research topic is given. A review of the literature is performed, and the features of development are noted. Description and features of the experimental structures are presented. Analytical and numerical calculations of structures for central compression have been performed. A description of the calculation complex is presented; a description of numerical models, features of their construction and calculation are given. Calculation results are presented – features of changes in structural rigidity during load application. The general types of experimental models tested for central compression are presented, and the destruction pattern is shown. The analysis of the experimental data obtained and their comparison with analytical and numerical calculations are performed. An assessment of the features of modeling steel-plate composite structures in software complexes is given.

A {Cr4Ln2} Complex with Exchange Coupled {Cr2} Units: Structural Description and Magnetic Study.

We have prepared and structurally characterized pivalate based {CrIII 4LnIII 2} complexes with Ln = Dy and Gd as well as the Y analogue, with the overall formula [CrIII 4LnIII 2(mdea)2(piv)10(OH)4], Ln = Gd, Dy and Y. We are reporting a detailed experimental magnetic properties study, including magnetization relaxation dynamics and calorimetric data, supported with quantum chemical calculations. The synthesis of the Y derivative, allowed to precisely identify the Cr(III)-Cr(III) exchange interaction magnitude which proved moderately strong and in agreement with known magneto-structural correlations. This result agrees with the observed double bridged {Cr2-μOH-μOR} units within the {Cr4Ln2} complexes. The Gd(III) complex magnetic properties can be properly described with the already established exchange coupled {Cr2} units, and a unique Gd(III)-Cr(III) exchange coupling parameter which proved anti-ferromagnetic in nature. The MCE characterization of this complex based on magnetization and calorimetric data down to 2 K affords a moderate entropy change value, mainly affected by the strong Cr-Cr exchange interaction. The complex with Ln = Dy, showed SMM behaviour below 10 K under 0 DC applied field with negligible field dependence up to 3000 Oe and 10 kHz of AC field frequency. Two relaxation processes are clearly distinguished, with thermal barriers for an Orbach mechanism of ca. 20 cm-1 and 40 cm-1.

Cultural and religious structures influencing the use of maternal health services in Nigeria: a focused ethnographic research

BackgroundCultural and religious structures encompass a set pattern of values, beliefs, systems and practices that define a community's behaviour and identity. These structures influence women's health-seeking behaviour and access to maternal health services, predisposing women to preventable maternal health complications. However, most maternal health policies have focused on biomedical strategies, with limited attention to women’s cultural challenges around childbirth. The overall aim of this paper is to provide a thick description and understanding of cultural and religious structures in Nigeria, their meaning and how they influence women’s use of maternal health services.MethodsRoper and Shapira’s (2000) focused ethnography comprising 189 h of observation of nine women from the third trimester to deliveries. Using purposive and snowballing techniques, 21 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions comprising 13 women, were conducted in two Nigerian primary healthcare facilities in rural and urban area of Kogi State. Data was analyzed using the steps described by Roper and Shapira.ResultsUsing the PEN-3 cultural model, nine themes were generated. Positive factor, such as the language of communication, existential factor, such as religion, and negative factors, such as the use of prayer houses and lack of women’s autonomy, were either positive or negative enablers influencing women’s use of maternal health services. Additionally, women's perceptions, such as their dependency on God and reliance on cultural norms were significant factors that influence the use of maternal health services. We also found that the use of herbal medicine was a negative enabler of women’s access to facility care. At the same time, family support was also a positive and a negative nurturer that could influence how women use facility care. Finally, factors such as religion, Ibegwu, and male child syndrome were negative nurturers influencing women’s contraceptive use.ConclusionCultural and religious structures are significant factors that could promote or limit women’s use of maternal health services. Further studies are needed to understand culturally focused approaches to enhance women’s use of maternal health services in Nigeria.

High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure of Al3BO6

Abstract Orthorhombic Al3BO6 was synthesized in a Walker-type multianvil apparatus under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions of 5 GPa and 1,200 °C, respectively. Its structure has been determined via single-crystal diffraction and is isotypic to M 3BO6 (M = Cr, Fe) and homeotypic to the natural mineral norbergite (Mg3SiO4(OH)2). Thereby, we could complement the first report of Al3BO6 by Capponi et al. in 1972 (Capponi, J.-J.; Chenavas, J.; Joubert, J.-C. Eur. J. Mineral. 1972, 95, 412–417.) by providing a precise structure description. Al3BO6 crystallizes in the space group Pnma (no. 62) with 4 formula units per unit cell and the lattice parameters a = 9.5060(5), b = 8.1058(4) and c = 4.2899(2) Å. Infrared spectroscopy (powder sample) and high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction further characterize the compound.

INTERPRETING FAULT DYNAMICS IN TERMS OF HYPOCENTER RELOCATION AND FAULT CHARACTERIZATION

Southeast and Central Sulawesi are the areas characterized by high tectonic activity due to the presence of the active Matano fault. The seismicity along this fault is high. However, the initial hypocenter often deviates from the fault’s trend line, thus causing the need for earthquake relocation with an improved local structure description. The double difference method stands out as a precise technique for hypocenter relocation, utilizing the data on relative travel time between hypocenter pairs. After relocation, the selected hypocenter facilitates the derivation of a focal mechanism, crucial in determining fault types. In this research, we relocated the hypocenters of 485 events of January 2009 to December 2016, ranging in magnitude from M2 to M6.1, 427 of which showed a pattern close to the general trend of major and minor faults. Seismic offsets along the Matano fault are predominantly oriented in the southeast or northwest direction. Moreover, most of the earthquake activity recorded at a depth of 10 km before relocation is no longer visible. Based on the statistics, the time residuals from –2.5 to +2.5 ms resulting from the relocation procedure are better close to 0 than those of –4.5 to +4.5 ms for the events before relocation. The focal mechanism solutions of 16 events of final relocation are dominated by strike-slip faulting. The Matano fault is predominantly sinistral-type. The seismicity along this fault zone results from an activity of this fault, which is the main source of earthquakes, and from its interaction with the neighboring Palu-Koro and Sorong faults.

A Novel Technique for Handwritten Signature Recognition

Handwritten signature recognition (HSR) is a critical component of biometric systems, widely used for securing financial transactions and identity verification. However, the variability of handwritten signatures, influenced by individual writing styles, inconsistencies, and environmental factors, presents significant challenges for recognition systems. Despite these obstacles, signatures remain a reliable and popular biometric trait. This paper introduces a novel deep learning approach utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture specifically designed for HSR. The proposed method was validated using two prominent datasets, MCYT-75 and GPDS-300, with detailed descriptions of the CNN structure. Experiments, conducted on a personal computer equipped with an NVIDIA Quadro M1200 GPU, an Intel i7 processor, and 32 GB of RAM, demonstrated the model’s exceptional performance, achieving validation accuracies of 99.60% on the MCYT-75 dataset and 99.80% on the GPDS-300 dataset. These results reflect the model’s robustness and minimized error rates, outperforming existing techniques and underscoring the effectiveness of deep learning for signature recognition. This study highlights the proposed model's potential for real-world applications and paves the way for further advancements in biometric authentication technologies.

Speech and language therapist-led clinics for low-risk suspected head and neck cancer referrals: A qualitative study of ear, nose and throat surgeons' views.

Over 200,000 patients are referred onto the suspected head and neck cancer (HNC) pathway annually in the UK, with around 3% receiving a cancer diagnosis. With new HNC advancements in identifying patients at low risk of a cancer diagnosis, one proposal is a speech and language therapy (SLT)-led first point of contact clinic for low-risk patients presenting with voice or swallowing symptoms. To explore ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeons' views regarding this model. The study used a qualitative study design using semi-structured interviews. Transcribed responses were analysed using thematic analysis. A total of 11 UK ENT surgeons participated. Themes included the positives and challenges of the proposed model; existing facilitators that increase the likelihood of success; and the requirements for successful implementation. Service variation impacted level of interest. Waiting times were problematic at some sites more than others; SLT workforce issues were of differing prevalence; SLT competence and interest differed; and support from organizational leaders varied. Participants' personal views also varied, for example, acceptability of the model to patients, or what governance structure is required. There was no single SLT-led clinic model suitable for all centres; however, some general principles were identified to inform further evaluation and implementation of this model. Principles included the deployment of SLTs experienced in laryngeal examination and flexible nasendoscopy; dedicated job plans and workforce; professional and regulatory body recognition and support; and clear training, supervision structure and job description for the role. Service outcomes, training protocol and competencies require robust evaluation. What is already known on this subject During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a risk calculator tool was developed to identify patients at highest risk of cancer who were referred to the 2-week-wait (2ww) ENT pathway. These patients require urgent face to face ENT assessment. Lower risk patients with voice and swallowing difficulties still require management of their symptoms and an SLT-led clinic model is one potential solution for this population. While SLTs' views of this model have been explored with a UK-wide survey and focus groups, ENT surgeons' perspectives are yet to be investigated. What this study adds to the existing knowledge This study explores ENT surgeons' views regarding SLT-led clinics for patients who are referred through the 2ww ENT pathway, stratified as being at low risk of cancer, and with voice and/or swallowing symptoms of likely benign aetiology. Participants shared many positive perceptions of the clinic along with factors that they felt would enhance its success (facilitators). Key requirements for the success of this clinic model were also highlighted, along with challenges that need to be addressed. What are the practical and clinical implications of this work? The need for this clinic model varied by centre. However, general principles included the importance of a dedicated workforce with pre-existing relevant expertise; and a clear role profile, training process and competencies framework. Professional, statutory and regulatory bodies' recognition of the role is required, and robust evaluation of the model is necessary.

Structure of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage 80α neck shows the interactions between DNA, tail completion protein and tape measure protein.

Tailed bacteriophages with double-stranded DNA genomes (class Caudoviricetes ) play an important role in the evolution of bacterial pathogenicity, both as carriers of genes encoding virulence factors and as the main means of horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in many bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus . The S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs), including SaPI1, are a type of MGEs are that carry a variable complement of genes encoding virulence factors. SaPI1 is mobilized at high frequency by "helper" bacteriophages, such as 80α, leading to packaging of the SaPI1 genome into virions made from structural proteins supplied by the helper. 80α and SaPI1 virions consist of an icosahedral head (capsid) connected via a unique vertex to a long, non-contractile tail. At one end of the tail, proteins associated with the baseplate recognize and bind to the host. At the other end, a connector or "neck" forms the interface between the tail and the head. The neck consists of several specialized proteins with specific roles in DNA packaging, phage assembly, and DNA ejection. Using cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction, we have determined the high-resolution structure of the neck section of SaPI1 virions made in the presence of phage 80α, including the dodecameric portal (80α gene product (gp) 42) and head-tail-connector (gp49) proteins, the hexameric head-tail joining (gp50) and tail terminator (gp52) proteins, and the major tail protein (gp53) itself. We were also able to resolve the DNA, the tail completion protein (gp51) and the tape measure protein (gp56) inside the tail. This is the first detailed structural description of these features in a bacteriophage, providing insights into the assembly and infection process in this important group of MGEs and their helper bacteriophages.

HSPA: High-Throughput Sparse Polynomial Multiplication for Code-based Post-Quantum Cryptography

Increasing attention has been paid to code-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC) schemes, e.g., HQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic) and BIKE (Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation), since they’ve been selected as the fourth-round National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) PQC standardization candidates. Though sparse polynomial multiplication is one of the critical components for HQC and BIKE, hardware-implemented high-performance sparse polynomial multiplier is rarely reported in the literature (due to its high-dimension and sparsity of polynomials involved in the computation). Based on this consideration, in this article, we propose two novel H igh-throughput S parse P olynomial multiplication A ccelerators (HSPA) for the mentioned two code-based PQC schemes. Specifically, we have designed the two accelerators based on two different implementation strategies targeting potential applications with different resource availability, i.e., one accelerator deploys a memory-based structure for computation while the other does not need memory usage. We have proposed three layers of coherent interdependent efforts to obtain the proposed accelerators. First, we have proposed two implementation strategies to execute the targeted sparse polynomial multiplication, i.e., a new parallel segment based accumulation (PSA) approach and a novel permutating-with-power (PWP)-based method. Then, the proposed two hardware accelerators are presented with detailed structural descriptions. Finally, field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based implementation is presented to showcase the superior performance of the proposed accelerators. A proper comparison is also carried out to confirm the efficiency of the proposed designs. For instance, the proposed accelerator (using memory-based structure) has 56.84% and 80.25% less area-delay product (ADP) than the existing memory-based design (an extended high-speed version) on the UltraScale+ device, respectively, for n =17,669 and ω =75 (HQC) and n = 12,323 and ω =142 (BIKE). The proposed design strategy fits well with the two targeted code-based PQC schemes, which can be extended further to construct high-performance hardware cryptoprocessors. We hope the results of this work will be useful for the ongoing NIST PQC standardization process.

J.R.R. TOLKIEN "THE FALL OF GONDOLIN": FORAYS INTO THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

How can the narrative and thematic elements in "The Fall of Gondolin" by J.R.R. Tolkien be utilized as innovative pedagogical tools for teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics? This was the guiding question for this text. The general objective was to analyze how the narrative and thematic elements in "The Fall of Gondolin" by J.R.R. Tolkien can be utilized as innovative pedagogical tools for teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics. The specific objectives were to identify scientific and mathematical concepts present in "The Fall of Gondolin," investigate the descriptions of natural phenomena and architectural structures in the work, relating them to concepts of geology, biology, physics, and mathematics, develop pedagogical activities based on the narrative elements of the work as propositions for the teaching practices of Basic Education teachers, and create a guide of best practices for the use of "The Fall of Gondolin" in the teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Regarding the methodological aspects of the research, it is a study that uses a qualitative methodology. The main stages and methods of the study include: Content Analysis, with the objective of identifying and categorizing narrative and thematic elements of "The Fall of Gondolin" that can be correlated with concepts of geology, biology, physics, and mathematics, the development of Pedagogical Activities, with the objective of creating pedagogical activities based on the narrative elements identified in the content analysis, and the development of the Best Practices Guide for teaching Natural Sciences and Mathematics. The results of this study indicate that integrating narrative and thematic elements of "The Fall of Gondolin" into the teaching of Natural Sciences and Mathematics can promote an interdisciplinary approach that stimulates curiosity, engagement, and the development of critical and scientific skills among students. By connecting fantasy with scientific reality, Tolkien's work provides an engaging and meaningful context for learning, making scientific concepts more accessible and interesting.

Unifying the landscape of nucleon structure: An infrared-safe evolution scheme

A novel approach for describing the evolution of nucleon structure from low-Q2 regime to high-Q2 asymptotic region is proposed. This infrared-safe scheme modifies the parton distribution evolution equations to incorporate the corrections from emergent hadron mass mechanisms and parton-parton recombination at low Q2. The effective quark mass, generated by dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, slows the evolution of parton distributions in the infrared region, causing the Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi evolution to freeze when Q2≪Mq/g. Notably, this scheme renders the high-Q2 parton distributions insensitive to the choice of input hadronic scale. The parton-parton recombination effect is crucial in suppressing the rapid growth of parton distributions at small x, consistent with experimental data. When applied to three valence quark distributions derived from a quark model, our scheme yields parton distributions that agree well with deep-inelastic scattering data in both large-x and small-x regions, providing a unified description of nucleon structure across the entire Q2 range. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Experiencing School Leadership A Phenomenological Study of the Mental Models of Secondary School Principals in Karachi

School leadership has been studied extensively in recent decades. There is, however, a lack of research on the mental models of school leadership, particularly in the context of a developing country like Pakistan. In this qualitative phenomenological study, we explored the mental models of school leadership among 14 secondary school principals working in the private sector in Karachi, Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. A step-by-step phenomenological data analysis was conducted, incorporating processes such as epoché, horizonalization, thematic portrayal, textural description, structural description and textural-structural synthesis. The study revealed seven major themes: enormous responsibility, sacred work, change is indispensable, troubling experiences with teachers and parents, principals as leaders in multiple roles, support needed from staff and parents, and challenging areas of school management. Recommendations of the study were – but not limited to – that school principals should reflect on their thinking, views, beliefs and assumptions related to school leadership to see how their mental models are affecting their leadership practices either positively or negatively.

Typical Structure of Hereditary Graph Families. I. Apex‐free Families

ABSTRACTA family of graphs is hereditary if is closed under isomorphism and taking induced subgraphs. The speed of is the sequence , where denotes the set of graphs in with the vertex set . Alon et al. (2011) gave a rough description of typical graphs in a hereditary family and used it to show for every proper hereditary family there exist and an integer such that The main result of this paper gives a more precise description of typical structure for a restricted class of hereditary families. As a consequence we characterize hereditary families with the speed just above the threshold , generalizing a result of Balogh and Butterfield (2011).