Description Of Parameters Research Articles

Comparison of seven genomic DNA isolation techniques from internal organs, gills and muscle tissues of Notopterus notopterus (Notopteridae) using PCR amplification and Nanodrop

The techniques and the principles used in DNA isolation play a vital role in the obtaining of a purified genetic material. In present study, we investigated the efficiency of seven genomic DNA isolation techniques in terms of isolated DNA concentration, yield and purity from internal organs, gills and muscle tissues of Notopterus notopterus. Isolated DNA quality was analysed through Nanodrod and PCR using mitochondrial COI genetic markers. Results showed that GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit was found significantly higher in terms of isolated DNA concentration (1200-1288 ng.ul-1), yield (257.6 ng.ul-1) and purity (1.91-2.00), and also successful in PCR amplification as compared to other evaluated six traditional DNA isolation methods. The nucleotide minimum bands range was observed 200 base pairs in heart sample and maximum 600 base pair was observed in intestine. There is no data on description of parameters analysed in this work to date, neither the evaluation of isolated DNA using PCR amplification of mitochondrial COI gene for the species N. notopterus. Present study also revealed that the traditional DNA isolation methods are the secondary choice for isolation of DNA. The data of present study also indicated that the GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit is useful for DNA isolation and can be used best in genetic applications for fishes.

Geothermal Potential of the Lublin Trough is Low-temperature and North-concentrated. What May Be Environmental Impact of Their Use?

The geothermal potential is challenging to assess, as on the one hand it requires subsurface parametric description; on another – the variable surface influences the potential and geological conditions. In the article, the author presents a novel method for assessing geothermal potential and its environmental impact. The procedure is implemented to evaluate the geothermal potential of the Lublin trough. Geological modelling and GIS analyses are used to determine prospective areas where geothermal water accessibility and sufficient head demand occur in the direct vicinity. Maximal geothermal heat production is estimated, and upon that – possible avoided emissions of air pollutants. The study results indicate that this region's geothermal resources are of low temperature (<50°C), so the only opportunity for exploitation is the direct use of geothermal water in objects or the operation of ultra-low-temperature district heating systems. The main geothermal energy production potential of the Lublin trough is in its northern part, close to the Warszawa trough and nearby main fracture zones. In total, up to 300 GWh of geothermal heat per year might be produced and consumed in the study area if residential and commercial objects could take advantage of ultra-low-temperature district heating system. It would lead to locally significant limitation of air pollutant emissions and decreased fossil fuel consumption.

A non-parametric approach to the relation between the halo mass function and internal dark matter structure of haloes

Context. Galaxy cluster masses are usually defined as the mass within a spherical region enclosing a given matter overdensity (in units of the critical density). Converting masses from one overdensity definition to another can have several useful applications. Aims. In this article we present a generic non-parametric formalism that allows one to accurately map the halo mass function between two different mass overdensity definitions using the distribution of halo sparsities defined as the ratio of the two masses. We show that changing mass definitions reduces to modelling the distribution of halo sparsities. Methods. Using standard transformation rules of random variates, we derive relations between the halo mass function at different overdensities and the distribution of halo sparsities. Results. We show that these relations reproduce the N-body halo mass functions from the Uchuu simulation within the statistical errors at a few percent level. Furthermore, these relations allow the halo mass functions at different overdensities to be related to parametric descriptions of the halo density profile. In particular, we discuss the case of the concentration-mass relation of the Navarro-Frenk-White profile. Finally, we show that the use of such relations allows us to predict the distribution of sparsities of a sample of haloes of a given mass, thus opening the way to inferring cosmological constraints from individual galaxy cluster sparsity measurements.

Observation of the dead cone effect in charm and bottom quark jets and its QCD explanation

The production of a heavy quark is accompanied by gluon bremsstrahlung which is suppressed at small angles $\Theta\lesssim M_Q/E$ for mass $M_Q$ and high energy $E$ according to perturbative Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) (``dead cone effect''). As particles at small angles typically have large momenta, the heavy quark mass also causes a suppression of high momentum particles. In this paper, we studied this effect in c- and b-quark events using data from Z boson decays in $e^+e^-$ annihilation. The heavy quark fragmentation function for charged particles is reconstructed in the momentum fraction variable $x$ or $\xi=\ln(1/x)$ by removing the decays of the heavy quark hadrons. Indeed, we find an increasing suppression of particles with rising $x$ down to a fraction of $\lesssim 1/10$ for particles with $x\gtrsim0.2$ in b-quark and $x\gtrsim0.4$ in c-quark jets in comparison to light quark fragmentation. The sensitivity to the dead cone effect in the present momentum analysis is considerably increased in comparison to the recently presented angular analysis. This amount of suppression and the differences between c- and b-quark fragmentation are in good quantitative agreement with the expectations based on perturbative QCD within the Modified Leading Logarithmic Approximation (MLLA) in the central kinematic region. The data also support a two parameter description in the MLLA of these phenomena (``Limiting Spectrum''). The sensitivity of these measurements to the heavy quark mass is investigated.

Identifying Optimal Cell Size for Geodiversity Quantitative Assessment with Richness, Diversity and Evenness Indices

The importance of quantitatively assessing the spatial patterns of geodiversity, and their intrinsic relationship with biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided to society, has been signalized by several authors, due to the relevance of this information in territorial management, the planning of environmental and conservation strategies. Within geodiversity method assessments, the grid system is the most widely used GIS spatial approach to calculate a geodiversity index. Preferred for its simplicity, it implies the fundamental decision of choosing the scale of the analysis, defined by the selection of cell size, determinant for the accuracy and correctness of the final maps. Although this topic has been occasionally approached by some authors within geodiversity assessments, there is no formal procedure for cell size selection. This is a key issue, and, in the scope of the present work, an empirical procedure to select optimal cell size(s) was tested on the national scale in Portugal, in lithology and geomorphology datasets. The quantitative method based on geodiversity indices was applied, using richness, diversity and evenness indices, in a hexagonal analytical grid, through eight cell dimensions. Several descriptive statistical parameters were analyzed, with particular emphasis on dispersion statistical measures. Optimal cell size corresponded to the minimum cell size, once dispersion values were significatively reduced or stabilized, and distributions from evenness and diversity indices were closer to symmetry, which provided more accurate results and higher spatial differentiation, although the final decision should always consider the main purposes of the analysis.

Phenological growth stages of sacred Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. ex G. Don (Rudraksha) using the extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie scale

AbstractA standard extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale is developed for an important tree species, that is, Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. ex G. Don (Synonym: Elaeocarpus serratus L.) commonly known as Rudraksha. We propose a detailed description of phenological stages and climatic parameters delineating Rudraksha's major key physiological changes. Phenological factors will aid in developing measures for protecting this endangered ethnobotanical significant tree species. This manuscript proposes a monograph consisting of eight Principal Growth Stages out of 10 BBCH stages with different plant growth stages and their descriptors with specific codes. This study is the first of its kind for Rudraksha, and it will help researchers and biologists gain further insights into this sacred tree and related studies about the behaviour of this plant in changing climatic conditions.

Reliability of Ahmed glaucoma valve surgical videos for educational purposes.

The use of video-based social media platforms is increasing among trainee residents, fellows, and practicing ophthalmologists. In this study, we objectively evaluate the quality of Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation videos on open access, video-based internet platforms. Internet-based cross-sectional study. Not applicable. In this cross-sectional study, 23 websites publishing medical surgery training video content were queried using the keyword "Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation". The descriptive statistics of video parameters were noted, and the videos were assessed using established scoring systems-Sandvik, Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HON code), mDISCERN, and Global Quality Score (GQS) scores. Video Quality Score (VQS) was determined based on the 14 steps per the AGV implantation rubric. One hundred and nineteen videos were evaluated, and 35 were excluded. The total quality of all 84 videos according to their Sandvik, HON Code, GQS, DISCERN, and VQS scores was 11.79 ± 1.70 (excellent quality), 6.86 ± 0.75 (excellent quality), 3.97 ± 0.93 (good quality), 3.26 ± 0.66 (fair quality) and 11.45 ± 2.67 (good quality), respectively. No significant correlation was found between the descriptive parameters and video quality score. However, no significant correlation was found between the descriptive parameters and video quality score. The objective analysis showed that the video quality ranged from good to excellent. AGV implantation videos were sparse on exclusive ophthalmology surgical video portals. Therefore, more peer-reviewed videos following standardized rubric are needed on open-access surgical video platforms.

The Laplace Virtual Fields Method for the direct extraction of viscoelastic properties of materials

This work proposes a new method aiming at the direct identification of viscoelastic properties of materials with a Laplace formalism implemented in the Virtual Fields Method and named L-VFM. Using a single test, this formalism allows for a direct extraction of the different viscoelastic properties without any parametric description of their time dependency. The Laplace transform enables the use of theory of elasticity in the Laplace domain. The constitutive equations are expressed in the plane stress framework with the 2D plane stress stiffness coefficients. The conversion from the 2D plane stress stiffness coefficients to the bulk and shear moduli as well as Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus is realised in the Laplace domain. The inverse Laplace transform is then applied to these functions in order to obtain the temporal evolution of the material properties. The L-VFM changes the viscoelastic identification from a non-linear to a linear process.

Pre-Swirl Ducts, Pre-Swirl Fins and Wake-Equalizing Ducts for the DTC Hull: Design and Scale Effects

A pre-swirl fin (PSF), pre-swirl duct (PSD) and wake-equalizing duct (WED) energy-saving devices (ESD) are designed for the Duisburg Test Case (DTC). To this aim, a simulation-based design optimization method, combining RANSE analyses (ship resistance) with BEM calculations (unsteady propeller performances) in a simplified optimization process realized through a parametric description of ESD geometries, was employed. Fully resolved RANSE analyses were used to validate the outcomes of this affordable design process, which identifies devices capable of saving energy in the delivered power for this type of challenging test case by up to 2.6%. Comparisons with model-scale calculations, furthermore, permit us to discuss the influence of each appendage in different flowfields (model- and full-scale, as well as under the action of the simplified or the resolved propeller) and the reliability of the full-scale extrapolation methods recently proposed for these types of devices.

154 Toward a General Approach to Risk Assessment of Naturally Occurring Asbestos and Asbestos-Like Minerals: the case of Fibrous Antigorite

Abstract The natural occurrence of asbestos and asbestos-like minerals (NOA) poses a risk to the environment and human health, notably when natural processes and anthropic activities promote fibre dispersion. Hundreds of potentially hazardous elongated mineral particles (EMPs, NIOSH 2011 definition) exist, and their toxicological profile is often unknown. We aim here to define a general approach, from field analysis to nano-structural investigation, to assess whether a fibrous mineral occurring in a specific site could pose a risk to human health. To evaluate the hazard associated with NOA, a multi-scale and multi-analytical integrated approach was adopted. Specifically, the geological factors that control the occurrence and distribution of NOA on site, and the mechanisms of formation and liberation of airborne fibres were investigated. In parallel, we explored the key bulk and surface properties of several natural mineral fibres and defined crystallographic, chemical, and morphological aspects that should be considered during hazard assessment. Also, the effect of standardized mechanical stress was used to simulate variation on morphometric parameters of investigated minerals and allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the potency to generate inhalable fibres. This property was connected with the mineral characteristic and the rock fabric. Isolated fibre specimens were used to assess solubility in simulated body fluids, surface reactivity, and toxicological endpoints in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings allowed us to build a multidimensional description of the hazard parameters of a mineral fibre and paved the way for a science-based risk assessment in an unexplored NOA site.

Pediatric and Adolescent Flatfoot: A Questionnaire Based Middle East and North Africa Study.

Flatfoot is commonly seen in the community and is a common cause of concern for parents because it could become symptomatic and lead to decreased quality of life. One of the most used management approaches is foot orthoses, although no clear evidence supports their use. We aimed to study flatfoot symptoms' prevalence, effect on activities of daily living, and the use and effectiveness of orthoses. This was a cross-sectional study that included five countries from the Middle East and North Africa region (Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Iraq). Data were collected using an online questionnaire directed toward parents of children aged 0 to 16 from September to December 2020. The demographic factors were expressed as frequencies (percentages) using standard descriptive statistical parameters, and Pearson's chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between study factors. 1256 participants were recruited using this online survey. The majority (29.6%) of children were diagnosed in the age group of 0 to 2. The abnormal appearance of the foot was the most common (78.7%) complaint. Overall, 54.2% of patients were prescribed orthoses, of which 36.8% noticed improvement in flatness and 37.6% reported relief of symptoms. This study demonstrated that most participants have no or minimal symptoms and that there is a mismatch between participants' expectations and the actual effectiveness of orthoses. Taking into consideration that there is no clear evidence to support the corrective effect of orthoses, we recommend that physicians prescribing them adhere more to their proper indications and spend more time and effort counseling and addressing patients' and parents' concerns about this developmental stage.

Ancestry resolution of South Brazilians by forensic 165 ancestry-informative SNPs panel.

Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) includes biogeographic ancestry (BGA) inference and externally visible characteristics (EVCs) prediction directly from an evidential DNA sample as alternatives to provide valuable intelligence when conventional DNA profiling fails to achieve identification. In this context, the application of Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) methodologies, which enables simultaneous typing of multiple samples and hundreds of forensic markers, has been gradually implemented in forensic genetic casework. The Precision ID Ancestry Panel (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) is a forensic multiplex assay consisting of 165 autosomal SNPs designed to provide biogeographic ancestry information. In this work, a sample of 250 individuals from Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, southern Brazil, apportioned into four main population groups (African-, European-, Amerindian-, and Admixed-derived Gauchos), was evaluated with this panel, to assess the feasibility of this approach in a highly heterogeneous population. Forensic descriptive parameters estimated for each population group revealed that this panel has enough polymorphic and informative SNPs to be used as a supplementary instrument in forensic individual identification and kinship testing regardless of ethnicity. No statistically significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed after Bonferroni correction. However, seven loci pairs displayed linkage disequilibrium in pairwise LD testing (p<3.70× 10-6). Interpopulation comparisons by FST analysis, MDS plot, and STRUCTURE analysis among the four RS population groups apart and along with 89 reference worldwide populations demonstrated that Admixed- and African-derived Gauchos present the highest levels of admixture and population stratification, whereas European- and Amerindian-derived exhibit a more homogeneous genetic conformation.

Droplet Collection Efficiency Regularity of NACA0012 Airfoil Based on the Eulerian Method

Obtaining droplet collection efficiency (DCE) is vital for icing numerical simulations. A droplet impact model based on the Eulerian two-phase flow model was established in this work to analyze the influence of different incoming flow parameters on DCE. Then, the mathematical regularity of the DCE distribution was explored using the parametric description, and the functional relation of the regularity between the incoming condition and the DCE distribution was accomplished. The results showed that the calculated DCE of NACA0012 and the two-dimensional cylinder matched well with the test data. The incoming flow velocity and droplet size, rather than the liquid water content (LWC) of the incoming flow, affected the collection efficiency significantly. The DCE distribution under different conditions was normalized to the same mathematical form with the peak collection efficiency and maximum position. The mathematical form had a highly normal distribution, which was expressed with good regularity of the Reynolds number and droplet diameter. Regularity can greatly reduce the amount of calculation and improve the calculation accuracy, which plays a positive role in the numerical prediction of the icing problem.

A new framework for the assessment of model probabilities of the different crystal plasticity models for lamellar grains in Titanium alloys

This paper presents a novel framework for assessing the relative accuracy of the different slip transfer criterion in modeling the constitutive response of the lamellar morphology grains in Titanium alloys. The main steps involved in the proposed framework include: (i) rigorous statistical evaluation of the salient morphological characteristics of the lamellar grains using image processing techniques, (ii) modeling the effects of dislocation slip transfer as additive penalties to the critical resolved shear strengths of the different slip systems in each phase, (iii) consideration of multiple geometric slip transfer criteria for the numerical evaluation of the different penalty terms, and (iv) the Bayesian calibration of the material parameters in the constitutive descriptions using spherical nanoindentation experimental data on a polycrystalline Ti-6Al-4V sample. Step (iv) described above involves the construction and refinement of a Gaussian process (GP) surrogate model for the indentation measurements, which is trained on crystal plasticity finite element simulations incorporating the constitutive descriptions selected in Steps (ii) and (iii). The GP surrogates are then combined with Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques to calibrate the parameters in the various constitutive models studied in this work. Additionally, we have computed the posterior model probabilities for all the constitutive models considered and identified the most plausible slip transfer criterion. This specific constitutive model is then utilized to present a homogenized crystal plasticity model for the lamellar morphology. The proposed framework presents a robust scale-bridging protocol for incorporating the uncertain information obtained from lower scales.

Quality Determination of a High-Pressure Processed Avocado Puree-Based Smoothie Beverage

The aim was to study the quality stability of a high-pressure (HP) processed avocado puree-based smoothie beverage and to determine its shelf life. To achieve this mathematical description of HP process parameters (pressure, temperature, and pH conditions) on polyphenoloxidase (PPO) inactivation of avocado-puree (base of the smoothie beverage), use of the appropriate kinetic models was undertaken. Inactivation rate constants were obtained for combinations of constant pressure (600, 700, 750 MPa) and temperature (25, 35, 45 °C) for pH values 4 and 5. According to the Eyring and Arrhenius equations, activation volumes and activation energies, respectively, representing pressure and temperature dependence of the inactivation rate constant, were calculated for all temperatures and pressures studied. The combined use of HP led to PPO inactivation (&lt;10% remaining PPO activity). An increase in the temperature at pressure 600 or 750 MPa caused an increase in PPO inactivation (4.5 and 9.0%, respectively). The ultimate goal was to produce a HP processed avocado puree-based smoothie beverage (containing acid whey and other ingredients) with superior quality and increased shelf life (under refrigeration). The blended ingredients were HP processed in PET packages (600 MPa-25 °C-10 min, 600 MPa-35 °C-10 min, 750 MPa-25 °C-5 min, 750 MPa-35 °C-5 min) based on PPO inactivation as well as industrial practices. Non-processed as well as thermally (TM) processed (90 °C-5 min) samples were used as control samples. No significant differences were found in sensorial attributes between non-processed and HP samples, although the aroma and acceptability scores decreased significantly for thermally pasteurized smoothies. Based on the data obtained, 600 MPa-25/35 °C-10 min are sufficient to obtain safe smoothies (of pH 5 approximately) (up to 6 months) whose organoleptic properties are equally as acceptable to consumers as freshly made smoothies.

Differences between Elite and Professional Male Handball Players in Kinematic Parameters of Single Fake Movement

Feint movement is an important factor for offensive players to outplay their guard, and score. So far, there is no evidence of feint biomechanical analysis on a sample of elite players in handball or other team sports. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate kinematic parameters of single side fake movement between elite and professional level handball players. The sample of participants consisted of 10 handball players divided into two subsamples: elite handball players (100.00 ± 8.00 kg; 196.00 ± 4.64 cm) and professional handball players (91.20 ± 3.42 kg; 192.4 ± 7.30 cm). The kinematic analysis was conducted using a GAIT-LaBACS software system. Variables consisted of two phases (fake phase and actual phase) of feint single change of direction. Both phases included seven kinematic parameters that were observed. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistic parameters. The differences between elite and professional handball players were analyzed by multivariate and univariate variance analysis. Results showed significant differences between elite and professional players (λ = 0.44, p = 0.00), in fake phase (i.e., 1. Phase). The results also indicate that in there is no statistically significant difference between both groups (λ = 0.64, p = 0.22). Two variables had significant differences between elite and professional players (i.e., step length of the stride leg (p = 0.02) and moving the leg opposite the throwing arm in space (p = 0.00)). To conclude, the article examines specific movement patterns of single side fake movement in elite players and the confirmed importance of efficient skill execution in top level handball. On the contrary, less skilled players use more space for the same technical element.

The Role of Cytomorphometric Image Analysis in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules.

Introduction Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays a vital role in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. However, it is challenging due to the heterogeneity of thyroid nodules, overlapping cytomorphological features, and interobserver variability. Cytomorphometric analysis turns subjective observations into quantitative values. In this study, we performed cytomorphometric image analysis on cytological smears of thyroid nodules, classified according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). Materials and methods A retrospective analysis of Papanicolaou (PAP) and Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) stained fine needle aspirate smears from 50 patients with thyroid nodules with available follow-up histopathology was performed for a period of two years (March 2021 - March 2023), after obtaining approval from the institutional human ethical committee (IHEC-LOP/2020/IM0355). The nodules were categorized according to TBSRTC and werethen subjected to cytomorphometric image analysis. Each nucleus was analyzed for 14 parameters, including aspect ratio, intensity, diameter, perimeter, roundness, area, fractal dimension, feret diameter, circularity, radii, fournier description, and chromatin texture parameters such as heterogeneity and clumpiness. The data obtained was analyzed through relevant statistical methods using SPSS version 23 (IBM Inc., Armonk, New York) and was compared by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and post hoc test. Results Our results revealed that cytomorphometric image analysis not only distinguishes benign and malignant thyroid nodules but also can aid in categorizing thyroid nodules with predominant follicular patterns, such as follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma (p<0.001). Conclusions Morphometric analysis of cytological smears combined with cytomorphology has the potential to be an important tool in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. It can improve diagnostic accuracy for better treatment and improved prognosis.

Reflect–Express–Transform: Investigating Speech-Based Iterative Digital Design for Young Designers

Abstract We investigate speech-based input as a means to enable reflective thinking for younger individuals (middle- and high-school students) during design iterations. Verbalization offers a unique way to externalize ideas in early design and could therefore lead to new pathways for exploration and iteration, especially for K-12 students who possess the creative potential but are not technically trained in the design process. Interactive design systems, however, by-and-large utilize sketching, multitouch, and gestural inputs. As a result, (1) there is little know-how regarding how to operationalize verbal inputs as a meaningful way to facilitate idea exploration and (2) there is little fundamental understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms for iteration through verbal communication. We take the initial steps toward these gaps by first designing and implementing the ShapOrator interface that takes verbal descriptions of geometric parameters (shape, size, instances) in a semi-natural language form and determines the appropriate transformations to a given design artifact modeled as a shape assembly. By using ShapOrator as our experimental setup, we conducted an in-depth observational study on ten middle- and high-school students tasked with designing spaceships. Our study revealed that participants were able to create a variety of designs while associating functional and topical contexts to their spaceships throughout the design iteration process.

ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF PARTICIPANTS OF EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF INTEGRATING MOVEMENT IN WORK WITH CHILDREN

The aim of this research is to determine the profile of preschool teachers who have enrolled in the education for Leader of Kinesiological Activities for Early and Preschool Children at the Faculty of Teacher Education of the University of Rijeka, as well as to predict it for future cycles. As many as 171 preschool teachers who completed their education for Leader of Kinesiological Activities for Early and Preschool Children, i.e. lifelong training programme, participated in the research. The basic descriptive parameters were calculated, and to determine the correlation between certain variables the Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used, the differences were determined by the Student’s t-test for independent samples, and to predict the future preschool teachers’ profile the linear regression analysis was used. The results indicate that the attendants were statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.00) according to the criterion of completed study, i.e. preschool teachers with a completed graduate study are averagely seven years younger and have almost seven years of working experience less. A further trend of enrolment anticipates preschool teachers with less years of service and a completed graduate study. The greatest contribution offered by this research lies in the proven need of the participants for further training on the topic of integrated movement, while the large age span indicates a huge interest of preschool teachers with more, but also fewer years of service.

Performance Analysis of the Physical Layer of Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

This research starts with a brief introduction to generations of mobile communications along with their standards, the modulation technique multiple access schemes, and the basics of wireless communication, including noise and fading. It contains an introduction to LTE physical layer for both downlink and uplink transmission. It also describes in detail the two multiple access schemes (OFDMA &amp; SC-FDMA) used in LTE on the physical layer. After that, it illustrates the design analysis of both multiple access techniques i.e., SCFDMA and OFDMA with block diagrams. It also contains the description of performance parameters used for performance evolution i.e., equations, and formulas of PAPR, SNR, and probability of error. In the end, it contains a result analysis of the graphs based on MATLAB simulation of the above-described parameters. These graphs are taken for different modulation schemes i.e., BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. Finally, it shows the set of conclusions of our research work based on the result analysis.