Descriptive Words Research Articles

Linguogeographical description of professional words in the northern dialects of the karakalpak language (on the example of words related to the profession of fishing and farming)

This article discusses the problem of studying the fishing and agricultural vocabulary of the northern dialect of the Karakalpak language, as well as in the Turkic languages, in this case, the Karakalpak language. Words related to fishing and farming in the Karakalpak language are presented, with examples of their use in other Turkic languages and differences in their use in the conversations of the northern dialect of the Karakalpak language. The areal of distribution of dialect professional words associated with cattle breeding are also given on the basis of linguistic maps showing the distribution of the population of the northern regions of Karakalpakstan, where the northern dialect regions of the Karakalpak language were calculated.The difference in the use of words related to agriculture in the northern dialect of the Karakalpak language, firstly, creates the possibility of creating dialectological dictionaries based on the division of professional words related to the Karakalpak language into thematic groups, and secondly, the fact that words related to agricultural professions are used in our language today, they are not exaggerated in our literary language, but instead of dialect words, as a result of its use, it is noted that it ensures the activity of the word in society. The maps clearly show the limits of the distribution of professional dialectisms associated with fishing, the broad or narrow meaning of the field of application, the dialect names and dialect meanings related to this profession. If you pay attention to the lingua-areal distribution of some words used in the conversations of the Karakalpak language, to the differences in them - the appearance of different terms on the boundary lines depending on the location of the isoglosses, the different use of professional words in each conversation, and their manifestations on linguistic maps are shown in the appendices.

Validation of the Korean version of Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale for assessment of postoperative pain: a prospective observational cohort study.

The Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) is a pain assessment tool combining a numerical rating scale (NRS) with descriptive words, colors, and facial expressions. This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the DVPRS (K-DVPRS) for postoperative pain assessment. This study included patients who underwent elective laparoscopic or robotic abdominal surgery. The original DVPRS was translated into Korean using a forward-backward method. Pain intensities at rest and during coughing were assessed at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively using the NRS and K-DVPRS, respectively. The EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire was also used. The validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the K-DVPRS were evaluated. Of the 174 patients screened, 150 were enrolled, and 148 completed the study. The K-DVPRS had strong convergent validity with the NRS at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively (ρ: 0.75 to 0.78, all P < 0.001). Construct validity was confirmed by significant differences in pain scores based on surgical extent and duration. The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha: 0.77 and 0.85 at 24 and 48 hours, respectively), and test-retest reliability at 24 hours was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.90 at rest and 0.95 during coughing). Responsiveness, measured by Cliff's effect size, was high from preoperative to 24 hours postoperatively and moderate from 24 to 48 hours. At 48 hours, the K-DVPRS had stronger correlations with the EQ-5D-5L index and EQVAS than with the NRS. The K-DVPRS is a valid, reliable, and responsive tool for assessing postoperative pain in Korean patients.

Epic word: a comparative analysis of the nominations of the &lt;i&gt;world&lt;/i&gt; in the Elder and Younger Eddas

The authorʼs goal is to compare the nominations of the world in the “Elder” and “Younger Edda”, including three types of objects: lexeme (hel, Hel ‘hel; owner of another worldʼ), combination of words (Ginnunga gap ‘gaping abyssʼ), composite (Ás-garðr ‘aces' fenced spaceʼ, etc.). A comparison of the designations of the world in the analyzed texts is quite justified, since only the “Elder” and “Younger Edda” represent a corpus of texts reflecting information about Scandinavian mythology as a system, therefore, in the absence of data from other Old Germanic areas, they become the only source for the reconstruction of German mythology, meaning which is difficult to overestimate. In addition, references to the “Elder Edda” constantly appear in the “Younger Edda”, therefore, the idea of comparison seemed relevant to its author himself, and experts have no right to ignore this circumstance. The research method is implemented in a scheme for describing an epic word, which arose on the basis of lexicological studies of a number of key concepts in the ancient Indian “Rigveda” and a thesaurus description of a folk word, which have undergone fundamental processing. Summing up the results of the comparative analysis of the designations of the world in the “Elder” and “Younger Eddas”, we can state a more archaic stage recorded in the Old Icelandic prose monument, manifested in the presence of nominations of the original loci of cosmogenesis (Mú-spellz-heimr ‘points (in space) destruction of the worldʼ, Nifl-heimr ‘fog worldʼ) and the place of their interaction (the World Abyss), the description of which as an object of the cosmic universe is given in sufficient detail; in the presentation of the opposition between one’s own and someone else’s space, fundamental to the mythopoetic model of the world (Mið-garðr ‘middle enclosed space’ – Út-garðr ‘outer enclosed space’); a more detailed and specific description of the corresponding lexemes and a wider range of their mythological connotations, as well as the factor of theocentrism, in which the reference point is the location of the dwelling of the gods (Ás-garðr ‘the enclosed space of the Asesʼ), for example, in relation to hel ‘another world, the afterlife’.

Real-Time Radar Classification Based on Software-Defined Radio Platforms: Enhancing Processing Speed and Accuracy with Graphics Processing Unit Acceleration.

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of real-time radar classification using software-defined radio (SDR) platforms. The transition from analog to digital technologies, facilitated by SDR, has revolutionized radio systems, offering unprecedented flexibility and reconfigurability through software-based operations. This advancement complements the role of radar signal parameters, encapsulated in the pulse description words (PDWs), which play a pivotal role in electronic support measure (ESM) systems, enabling the detection and classification of threat radars. This study proposes an SDR-based radar classification system that achieves real-time operation with enhanced processing speed. Employing the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm as a robust classifier, the system harnesses Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) parallelization for efficient radio frequency (RF) parameter extraction. The experimental results highlight the efficiency of this approach, demonstrating a notable improvement in processing speed while operating at a sampling rate of up to 200 MSps and achieving an accuracy of 89.7% for real-time radar classification.

A Study on Patents Invalidation Reexamination Decisions for Discussing Variance between Strong Utility Models and Weak Utility Models

Abstract 19,082 China utility model patents were retrieved from invalidation reexaminations decisions. A thorough analysis using ANOVA was conducted across nine technology areas for discussing the variances between weak utility models, in any of which all claims were invalid through the reexaminations, and strong utility models, in any of which at least one claim was remaining valid. Four high value indicators for classifying utility models were found, including description word count, examination duration, figure count and claim count, to respectively show significance in five technology areas; wherein the strong patents showed significantly higher means of indicators in every technology areas of significance. Two fair value indicators for classification were found, including IPC count and abstract word count, to respectively show significance in three technology areas. Two low value indicators for classification were found, including inventor count and applicant count, showing significance in two or less technology areas. Technology distinction was shown. The overall technology and technology G (physics) were respectively provided with the most number of five valuable indicators, while technology C (chemistry and metallurgy) and D (textiles; paper) were respectively provided with the least number of three valuable indicators. The technologies provided with more valuable indicators were more applicable for classifying strong/weak utility models. The strong utility models were shown to be provided with more claim terms, more figures, richer description content and longer examination duration. The criteria for classification was therefore obtained. JEL classification: C38, C46, G11, G12. Keywords: Patent, ANOVA, Utility Model, Reexamination, Invalidation.

Exploring the development of safety culture among physicians with text mining of patient safety reports: a retrospective study.

Safety culture development is essential for patient safety in healthcare institution. Perceptions of patient safety and cultural changes are reflected in patient safety reports; however, they were rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of physicians and to explore the development of safety culture using quantitative content analysis for patient safety reports. A retrospective analysis of free descriptions of harmful patient safety reports submitted by physicians was performed. Natural language processing and text analysis were conducted using the "KH Coder." A co-occurrence analysis was performed in each period to identify and analyze the safety concepts. The study period was grouped into three for comparison. The patient safety reports from physicians were collected between April 2004 and March 2020. Of these, 3351 reports were harmful: 839 reports were included in period 1, 1016 reports in period 2, and 1496 reports in period 3. Natural language processing identified 316 307 words in the free descriptions of 3351 reports. We identified seven concepts from the cluster in co-occurrence analysis as follows: "explanation of adverse event to patients and families," "central venous catheter," "intraoperative procedure and injury," "minimally invasive surgery," "life-threatening events," "blood loss," and "medical emergency team and critical care." These seven concepts showed significant differences among the three periods, except for "blood loss." The "explanation of adverse event to patients and families" decreased in proportion from 11.3% to 8.8% (P < .05). The "central venous catheter" decreased from 17.3% to 11.3% (P < .01). Meanwhile, "minimally invasive surgeries" and "intraoperative procedures" increased from 3.9% to 12.9% (P < .01) and from 10.8% to 14.6% (P < .05), respectively. Focusing on patients' events, "life-threatening events" decreased from 13.0% to 8.1% (P < .01); however, "medical emergency teams and critical care" increased from 3.3% to 10.6% (P < .01). Free description in patient safety reports is useful for evaluating the safety culture. Co-occurrence analysis revealed multiple concepts of physicians' perceptions. Quantitative content analysis revealed changes in perceptions and attitudes, and a disclosure policy of adverse events and the priority of patient care appeared with the development of safety culture.

Wybrane problemy opisu neologizmów środowiskowych w słowniku Obserwatorium Językowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

SELECTED PROBLEMS OF DESCRIBING SOCIOLECTAL NEOLOGISMS IN THE DICTIONARY CREATED BY THE LANGUAGE OBSERVATORY AT THE WARSAW UNIVERSITY The article is devoted to some questions connected with lexicographic description of new sociolectal words. The selection of effective methods for this description is discussed by Obserwatorium Językowe UW (Language Observatory at the Warsaw University; Polish abbreviation: OJ UW), creating a dictionary of Polish neologisms (obserwatoriumjezykowe.uw.edu.pl). The author of the article presents the solutions developed by the OJ UW and considers such aspects as various possibilities of interpreting sociolectisms or the problem of relative neologisms. The focus is not only on the vocabulary of traditionally understood sociolects, but also on the lexis used within communities of interest.

Understanding Gender Beyond Sex: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives on Equality and Justice

Abstract: In a world where more diversified voices are being heard, people tend to mix up important concepts. Misunderstanding often cause problems: stereotypical impression, incorrect behaviors and reactions, discrimination and inequality, and even warfare and hatreds. As the term feminism getting a higher frequency of use, and as more and more women winning their power, people start to reflect on this social group. They fight for gender equality, pursuing their aims of social justice. But when referring to gender equality, it is often that people mistakenly link it to the equality between biological female and male. That is, separating gender from sex, and view social problems through the idea of gender instead of sex is still something in need of discussion. This essay tends to clarify such misunderstanding, discusses how gender is different from sex and why is gender important from both philosophical and historical perspectives. In these analysis, this essay also includes the discussion of femininity and masculinity, making a point on the proper use of these descriptive words. In the end, this essay also tries to give practical political and societal solutions to achieve a higher level of social equality and justice.

The effects of promotional narratives in entrepreneurial financing: Evidence from pre-sale crowdfunding

Based on a sample of pre-sale crowdfunding projects launched on the Kickstarter platform between 2009 and 2021, we find that using promotional words in project descriptions positively affects crowdfunding performance and the effect becomes stronger over time. We also find that, when lying cost is high, when the proportion of naïve investors is high, or when there exists a contemporaneous signal, the positive association between the use of promotional words and crowdfunding performance is more pronounced, implying that investors discount founder’s promotional narratives less in these cases. Finally, we find that the use of promotional words is correlated with a higher probability of delayed delivery and refund requests, suggesting the employment of promotional narratives reduces the efficiency of resource allocation. The above findings are inconsistent with the classical signaling theory but consistent with the theory of cheap talk communication with lying costs. Overall, this study expands the research on signaling behavior in entrepreneurial financing by incorporating the theory of cheap talk communication with lying costs into this field.

Cultural Component in the Semantics of a pragmatically marked Word: Methods of Identification and Lexicography in an Active Type Dictionary

This article presents the electronic lexicographic project «Pragmatically marked vocabulary: lexicographic description of the national-cultural component in the semantics of a word» and covers a number of key issues related to the definition of the concept of «national-cultural / cultural-specific» in words semantic and searching for possible ways of lexicography. As part of the heterogeneous lexical meaning, denotative and pragmatic macrocomponents are distinguished, between which there are complex and not always obvious semantic connections. The pragmatic macrocomponent includes many microcomponents (evaluative, ideological, gender, social, national-cultural, etc.). The national-cultural component represents special information in the semantics, which indicates the perception of the world inherent in a particular linguistic society through the prism of the national language. We are talking about universal and unique features of the semantics of pragmatically marked vocabulary. This is what makes lexicography particularly difficult. The lexicographic description is preceded by a special comparative study, including a comparative analysis of correlated lexical meanings in different European languages. In addition, component and corpus methods are used. The electronic lexicographic resource consists of two parts: 1) materials from classical explanatory dictionaries, 2) lexicography of pragmatically marked meaning, taking into account its variable potential. Turning to explanatory dictionaries from different periods allows us 1) to identify dynamic processes in this fragment of the lexical system and 2) explore possible ways of describing pragmatic information in a word. We propose to represent the national-cultural component in a special area of the dictionary entry in the Database of pragmatically marked vocabulary of the Russian language, comparing it with the semantic specificity of equivalent units of other languages. The result of this study is a lexicographic description of words from different thematic groups that contain national-cultural (national-specific) information in their meanings.

EVALUATION OF THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC

The subject of the study is the investment climate of the country, region and investment attractiveness of the enterprise. The article is aimed at substantiating a fuzzy logical model for assessing the investment climate of a country, region and investment attractiveness of an enterprise under the influence of three groups of factors: economic, organizational and psychological. The hypothesis of the study is that it is possible to define the investment climate (IC) and make decisions on foreign direct investment (FDI) based on data on indicators of influence factors, even if these indicators are not clearly quantified. The division of all influence factors into three groups: economic, organizational and psychological, and the definition of linguistic assessments for those factors that do not have a natural quantitative scale, allows taking into account the expert assessment of those aspects of the investment climate that are not assessed by statistical data and cannot be expressed quantitatively, but only with the help of descriptive words based on a sense of the situation. The developed model allows determining the state of the investment climate or attractiveness under the influence of a set of factors that the user determines, depending on the country, territory, enterprise and the availability of statistical and expert information. A review of previous studies shows that the development of models based on the theory of fuzzy logic, as opposed to regression analysis, allows not only to use a larger number of indicators, but also to take into account the so-called qualitative indicators that were previously not taken into account due to the impossibility of their quantitative measurement. The objective of the study is to build a model based on fuzzy modelling, which is the method of this research. The results of the study show that the use of the obtained model can help determine the investment climate based on the analysis of factors. Practical implications – obtaining a built-in model for assessing the investment climate for making investment decisions. Value/originality of the study: the developed model, unlike similar ones, is flexible, i.e. it can include any number of factors and can be used by specialists of different levels, from civil servants to entrepreneurs. The model also allows for the inclusion of any factors that the researcher deems necessary, as they can be assessed on any scale.

A retrospective feedback analysis of objective structured clinical examination performance of undergraduate medical students.

Feedback is an essential component of medical education, enhancing the quality of students' knowledge and skills. However, providing effective feedback, particularly in clinical skills assessments like Objective Structured Clinical Examinations [OSCEs], often poses challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the content of OSCE feedback given to undergraduate medical students over five years. A retrospective analysis of 1034 anonymised medical students' OSCE performance was conducted, focusing on written feedback. The written feedback data were randomly selected from OSCE sessions, collected from university assessment records and anonymised for ethical considerations. R software was used to identify the most frequently repeated words in the examiners' feedback text, and word cloud charts were created to visualise the responses. Word clouds generated from the top 200 most frequently used terms provided visual insights into common descriptive words in feedback comments. The most frequently repeated word over five years was "good," indicative of potentially non-specific feedback. The high frequency of non-specific terms like "good" suggests a need for more specific, constructive feedback. However, such generic terms can offer some positive reinforcement, more than they may be needed to foster significant improvement. As previously proposed in the literature, adopting structured feedback forms may facilitate the delivery of more specific, actionable feedback. This study emphasises the importance of providing specific, actionable feedback in medical education to facilitate meaningful student development. As medical education continues to evolve, refining feedback processes is crucial for effectively guiding students' growth and skill enhancement. Using structured feedback forms can be a beneficial strategy for improving feedback quality.

Analisis Konflik Sosial dalam Novel Saga dari Samudra karya Ratih Kumala: Kajian Sosiologi Sastra

Conflict is a social phenomenon that still often occurs in society, and novels can serve as an effective educational medium to introduce various types of social conflicts to students. This research aims to describe the social conflict contained in the novel Saga of the Ocean by Ratih Kumala. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with literary sociology approach. The data collected is in the form of descriptions of words and images, not in the form of numbers, relating to social conflicts identified through the analysis of the novel. This research analyzes social conflicts using Alwi's theory of conflict, which classifies conflicts based on the nature and position of the perpetrators. The findings of this research identify different types of conflicts that are relevant to be studied in the context of society. In addition, this research also reveals the attitudes of the characters in dealing with problems or conflicts, which can be an example for readers. From the classification results, readers can understand the causal relationship behind the conflict.

Emitter Signal Deinterleaving Based on Single PDW with Modulation-Hypothesis-Augmented Transformer

Radar emitter signal deinterleaving based on pulse description words (PDWs) is a challenging task in the field of electronic warfare because of the parameter sparsity and uncertainty of PDWs. In this paper, a modulation-hypothesis-augmented Transformer model is proposed to identify emitters from a single PDW with an end-to-end manner. Firstly, the pulse features are enriched by the modulation hypothesis mechanism to generate I/Q complex signals from PDWs. Secondly, a multiple-parameter embedding method is proposed to expand the signal discriminative features and to enhance the identification capability of emitters. Moreover, a novel Transformer deep learning model, named PulseFormer and composed of spectral convolution, multi-layer perceptron, and self-attention based basic blocks, is proposed for discriminative feature extraction, emitter identification, and signal deinterleaving. Experimental results on synthesized PDW dataset show that the proposed method performs better on emitter signal deinterleaving in complex environments without relying on the pulse repetition interval (PRI). Compared with other deep learning methods, the PulseFormer performs better in noisy environments.

Performing sentiment analysis to trace the history of identity and belonging in ancient Greek literature

Abstract This paper presents a Natural Language Processing approach for the in-depth study of ancient Greek literature. Specifically, our project mines the largest data collection of ancient Greek literature to extract descriptive words and their contextual collocations. We then present the Python libraries developed to perform sentiment analysis with a focus on words about gender, race, religion, ethnicity, and other distinguishable characteristics and how they were used by Greek authors. Finally, we showcase some initial findings as a proof of concept.

An end-to-end radar pulse deinterleaving structure based on point cloud mapping

Radar pulse deinterleaving is a critical technology of electronic reconnaissance equipment. This paper proposes an end-to-end radar pulses deinterleaving structure based on point cloud mapping. The core idea is mapping radar pulse description word (PDW) to a point cloud for mimetic vision, which converts the radar pulse deinterleaving task into a point cloud segmentation task. This structure is characterized by lightweight and strong generalization compared to the image segmentation-based deinterleaving structure. Then this paper proposes a multi-stage graph convolution network (MSGCN) based on graph convolution for point cloud segmentation, which utilises the message passing mechanism of the graph structure to effectively extract, pass and fuse the features of different pulses, thus achieving better segmentation performance. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the deinterleaving of densely interleaved and overlapped pulses, and the method has an excellent robustness in pulse missing and spurious pulse interference scenarios.

Language or rating scales based classifications of emotions: computational analysis of language and alexithymia

Rating scales are the dominating tool for the quantitative assessment of mental health. They are often believed to have a higher validity than language-based responses, which are the natural way of communicating mental states. Furthermore, it is unclear how difficulties articulating emotions—alexithymia—affect the accuracy of language-based communication of emotions. We investigated whether narratives describing emotional states are more accurately classified by questions-based computational analysis of language (QCLA) compared to commonly used rating scales. Additionally, we examined how this is affected by alexithymia. In Phase 1, participants (N = 348) generated narratives describing events related to depression, anxiety, satisfaction, and harmony. In Phase 2, another set of participants summarized the emotions described in the narratives of Phase 1 in five descriptive words and rating scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, SWLS, and HILS). The words were quantified with a natural language processing model (i.e., LSA) and classified with machine learning (i.e., multinomial regression). The results showed that the language-based responses can be more accurate in classifying the emotional states compared to the rating scales. The degree of alexithymia did not influence the correctness of classification based on words or rating scales, suggesting that QCLA is not sensitive to alexithymia. However, narratives generated by people with high alexithymia were more difficult to classify than those generated by people with low alexithymia. These results suggest that the assessment of mental health may be improved by language-based responses analyzed by computational methods compared to currently used rating scales.

Planning and caring: A reflection

The terms ‘care’ and ‘caring’, and the strong normative emphasis in much of planning theory writing, implies that planners ‘care about’ how place futures evolve, who benefits from such evolutions, and how actions now affect our collective planetary future. But while there is an extensive literature on places, place qualities, planning as place-shaping and place-making; on values and ethics; and on the affective as well as intellectual dimensions of place-making activity, little use has been made of care and caring as orienting concepts in our field. Should we treat the terms as just useful descriptive words, with many synonyms? Or do they signal a new perspective which could inspire and orient place-shaping work? Or do they add and enrich ideas already developing within the field of planning theory and practice? With reference to some recent contributions to the planning literature, this essay reflects on these questions.

Rekayasa Genetik pada Nyamuk Penyebab Malaria: Kajian Literatur

Indonesia is a country with a heterogeneous tropical climate and is also vulnerable to the impacts of regional and global climate change. Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles sp mosquito, the clinical and pathological symptoms of malaria are almost exclusively caused by the asexual phase of plasmodium in erythrocytes. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, because the data used comes from descriptions of words, with the type of library research or literature review. Library research and library searches are not only carried out as initial steps in preparing a research framework but also serve as library sources that are used as sources of research data. Search for data via Google Scholar using the keywords "genetic engineering" and "malaria mosquito" then select and eliminate data sources that are appropriate to the topic, namely genetic engineering of mosquitoes that cause malaria. The results of the literature review found that: (1) Genetic engineering is a technology that involves the manipulation of DNA molecules, which is also known as recombinant DNA technology; (2) Various terms in gene molecular manipulation techniques, such as DNA recombination, gene cloning, and gene modification; (3) Genetic engineering using basic methods, such as DNA isolation, PCR, RT-PCR, hybridization techniques, and RFLP analysis; and (4) Genetic engineering of mosquitoes can be done in several ways, namely: the sterile male technique, the distribution of mosquitoes with dominantly lethal genes, and coding genes (Gen Drives).

PENAFSIRAN AKTIVIS FEMINIS TERHADAP AYAT WARIS (PEMIKIRAN SITI MUSDAH MULIA DAN AMINA WADUD TERHADAP Q.S AN-NISA AYAT 11)

ABSTRACT The division of inheritance which refers to inheritance verses still leaves unresolved problems, such as the 2:1 division between men and women which is considered gender biased. Surah an Nisaayat 11 which explains that men's share is twice that of women is the maximum limit. Under certain conditions a woman has the potential to have more shares. This research aims to determine the distribution of inheritance. This research method uses a type of library research. Library research or library research using methods of collecting library data, reading, taking notes and processing research materials. This research uses a qualitative approach because the data source and research results in the library research that the researcher will carry out are in the form of descriptions of words. Data sources in this research consist of primary and secondary sources. The results of this research show that the main principle that must be guided by the distribution of inheritance in Islamic law is justice. The most prominent provision in the inheritance distribution system in Islamic law is found in Surah an-Nisa verse 11, where one man's share is the same as the share of two women or in a ratio (2:1), textually this provision does seem unfair and exclude women more. However, the justice contained in this verse is not justice based on numbers and quantities, but by looking at the functions, duties, roles and responsibilities of men and women. The portion of justice for humans is certainly different from justice in the eyes of Allah SWT.